CONSTRUCTION PLANNING & MANAGEMENT EATHWORK EQUPMENT

1. CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS IN
EARTHWORK
BY ABHISHEK KADVE

2.  Selection of equipment for earth work
 Earth moving operations
 Types of earthwork equipment
 Tractors
 Motor graders
 Scrapers
 Front end waders
 Earth movers
 Equipment for foundation and pile driving.
 Equipment for compaction
 Batching and mixing and concreting
 Equipment for material handling and erection of
structures
 Equipment for dredging, trenching, tunneling,

3. 1. USE OF EQUIPMENT AVAILABLE WITH THE
ORGANIZATION.
2. SUITABILITY FOR JOB CONDITION WITH
SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CLIMATIC AND
OPERATING CONDITIONS.
3. UNIFORMITY OF TYPE.
4. SIZE OF EQUIPMENT.
5. USE OF STANDARD EQUIPMENT.
6. COUNTRY OF ORIGIN.
7. UNIT COST OF PRODUCTION.
8. AVAILABILITY OF SPARE PARTS AND
SELECTION OF MANUFACTURERS.
9. SUITABILITY OF LOCAL LABOUR FOR
OPERATION.

4. 1. EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENT.
2. HAULING EQUIPMENT.
3. CONVEYING EQUIPMENT.
4. AGGREGATE AND CONCRETE
PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT.
5. PILE DRIVING EQUIPMENT.
6. TUNNELING AND ROCK DRILLING
EQUIPMENT.
7. PUMPING AND DEWATERING
EQUIPMENT.

5. CLASSIFICATION:
 EXCAVATING EQUIPMENT.
 EXCAVATING AND EARTH MOVING
EQUIPMENT.

6. 1. POWER SHOVEL.
2. BACK HOE.

7. LONG-LASTING.
EXCAVATE ALL TYPES OF EARTH EXCEPT HARD
ROCK.
TYPES:
WHEEL MOUNTED (HIGH SPEED).
CRAWLER MOUNTED (LOW SPEED).
BASIC PARTS:
*TRACK SYSTEM *CABIN
*CABLES *RACK & STICK
*BOOM FOOT PIN *SADDLE BLOCK
*BOOM POINT SHEAVE *BUCKET
OPERATION:
 CABLE CONTROLLED.
APPLICATIONS:
 CLOSE RANGE OF WORK.
 VERY HARD MATERIALS, BIG SIZED BOULDERS.
FACTORS CONTROLLING OUTPUT:
*CLASS OF MATERIAL *DEPTH OF CUTTING
*ANGLE OF SWING *SKILL OF OPERATOR

9.  ALSO TERMED AS HOE, BACK SHOVEL AND
PULL SHOVEL.
 USED TO EXCAVATE BELOW THE SURFACE
OF EQUIPMENT-IT CAVES INTO THE
GROUND.
BASIC PARTS:
*BOOM *JACK BOOM
*BOOM FOOT DRUM *BOOM SHEAVE
*STICK, BUCKET *BUCKET SHEAVE
OPERATION:
SIMILAR TO SHOVEL EXCEPT IT MAKES
OUTWARD STROKES WHILE DIGGING.
APPLICATION:
TRENCHES, FOOTINGS, BASEMENTS.
TO TRIM THE SURFACE.

11.  MOTOR GRADERS.
 CRANES.

12.  THEY MAY BE EITHER TOWED OR MOTORISED.
 USUALLY SELF PROPULSIVE.
CONSTRUCTION:
 FRONT OF THE GRADER FRAME IS SUPPORTED ON A PAIR
OF FRONT WHEELS & REAR ON TANDEM WHEELS.
 CURVED BLADE IS SUPPORTED ON THE CIRCLE AND BE
TURNED THROUGH 360 DEGREE.
 BLADE HAS REPLACEBLE EDGES.
CUTTING DEPTH - 2-4CMS.
SPEED
LIGHT DUTY - 6-10 KM/HR.
HEAVY DUTY - 2-3 KM/HR.
NORMAL DUTY - 4-6 KM/HR.
USES:
*GRAVEL ROAD REPAIRING *ROAD SHOULDER RESHAPING
*BANK CUTTING *DITCH FILLING
*BASE COURSE SPREADING *MATERIAL MIXING
*SNOW, LAND CLEARANCE *FROZEN TOP SOIL, ASPHALT
BREAKING

14.  USED IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS, SHIPPING,
INDUSTRIES ETC.
 THEY MAY BE ELECTRICALLY OPERATED, DIESEL
OPERATED OR DIESEL-ELECTRIC DRIVE.
CLASSIFICATION:
 DERRICK CRANES.
 MOBILE CRANES.
 OVERHEAD OR GANTRY CRANES.
 TRAVELLER CRANES.
 TOWER CRANES.

15. PARTS:
 MAST.
 BOOM.
 BULL WHEEL.
TYPES:
 GUY-DERRICK.
 STIFF LEG DERRICK.
OPERATION:
 THE BOOM CAN REVOLVE THROUGH 360 DEGREE.
 IT CAN CARRY LOADS UPTO 200 TONS.
 WHEN THE LOAD IS LESS THAN 50 TONS GUY ROPES ARE
REPLACED BY TRUSSED STRUCTURE.
 STIFF LEG DERRICK CAN CARRY 7-50 TONS.
USES:
 LOADING AND UNLOADING CARGOES AT PORTS.
 TO HANDLE LOOSE MATERIALS LIKE SAND, BALLAST,
COAL.
 IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS, INDUSTRIAL,
MULTISTOREYED BUILDING CONSTRUCTION.
 PLANT ERRECTION.

17.  THEY ARE EITHER CRAWLER MOUNTED
OR WHEEL MOUNTED.
 CRAWLER MOUNTED ARE HIGHLY
MANEOUVERABILE AND OPERATE ON
UNMADE GROUND.
 SUITABLE FOR ROUGH TERRAINS.
 OPERATE IN A LIMITED AREA.
 TRUCK MOUNTED CRANES HAVE HIGH
MOBILITY.
SPEED
70-75 KM/HR.

19.  USED FOR HANDLING LOADS OVER A LONG
RECTANGULAR AREA.
 IT CONSISTS OF STRUCTURAL BRIDGE
SUPPORT ON ELEVATED TRACTS AND
SUPPORTING A LIFTING BLOCK.
TRAVELLER CRANES
 THESE HAVE THEIR CRABS MOVING ON
GIRDERS SUPPORTED ON LEGS.
TOWER CRANES
 IT HAS A TRUSS STRUCTURE WELDED FROM
ANGLE BARS AND CHANNELS.
 LADDERS ARE PROVIDED FOR EASE.
 THEY CAN BE ASSEMBLED AND DISMENTLED.

22.  SCRAPERS.
 BULL DOZERS.
 TRACTORS.

23.  COMPROMISE BETWEEN BEST LOADING AND BEST
HAULING MACHINES.
 UNIQUE FOR LONG DISTANCE HAULING
 IT ITSELF DIGS, HAULS, DEPOSIT THE MATERIALS IN
UNIFORM THICK LAYERS.
TYPES:
 CRAWLER TRACTOR PULLED.
 WHEEL TRACTOR PULLED.
BASIC PARTS:
 BOWL, APRON, EJECTOR (TAIL GATE).
CAPACITY:
 HEAPED CAPACITY OF THE BOWL.
OPERATION:
 WHILE DIGGING CUTTING EDGE ENTERS THE GROUND BY
LOWERING THE BOWL, THE FRONT APRON IS RAISED
 EDGE IS RAISED, APRON IS LOWED WHILE HAULING.
 WHILE DUMPING EJECTOR IS USED.

25.  VERSATILE EQUIPMENT- ESSENTIALLY A HEAVY STEEL BLADE
MOUNTED ON THE FRONT OF TRACTOR.
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON:
 POSITION OF BLADES - PERPENDICULAR BLADES.
- BLADES AT AN ANGLE.
 MOUNTING -WHEEL MOUNTED.
-CRAWLER MOUNTED.
 CONTROL -CABLE CONTROL.
-HYDRAULIC CONTROL.
CONSTRUCTION:
CONSIST OF HEAVY BLADE WITH CONCAVE PROFILE.
BLADE IS ATTACHED TO THE BODY WITH TWO ARMS, A
SUPPORTING FRAME & HELD BY TWO PUSH ARMS
APPLICATION:
 SPREADING EARTH FILL.
 CLEARING, OPENING UP PILOT ROADS.
 BACK FILLING TRENCHES.

27.  MULTI PURPOSE MACHINES MAINLY
USED FOR PULLING AND PUSHING OTHER
MACHINES FOR AGRICULTURAL
PURPOSES.
TYPES:
1. WHEEL TYPE
2. CRAWLER TYPE

28. CRAWLER TYPE WHEELED TYPE
1. SLOW SPEED
2. CAN HANDLE HEAVY
JOBS
3. COSTLY
4. REQUIRES SKILL TO
OPERATE
5. STICK CONTROL FOR
STEERING
6. ONLY ON ROUGH
ROADS
1. GREATER SPEED
2. ONLY LIGHTER JOBS
3. CHEAPER
4. LESSER SKILL FOR
OPERATION
5. WHEEL CONTROL
FOR STEERING
6. ON ROUGH AS WELL
AS GOOD ROADS

31. 1. SMOOTH – WHEEL ROLLERS
2. SHEEP – FOOT ROLLERS
3. PNEUMATIC TYRED ROLLERS

32.  PLAIN STEEL ROLLERS
 SELF – PROPELLED (5 TO 25 TONNES)
 NO DEEP COMPACTION
 REAR WHEELS ARE LARGER IN DIAMETER
AND THE FRONT ONES ARE WIDER
 DIESEL ENGINE TYPE
 COMPACTION IS BY STATIC WEIGHT OF
ROLLER
SUITABILITY:
1. GRANULAR SOILS
2. SAND
3. GRAVEL
4. CRUSHED STONES

34. *HOLLOW STEEL DRUM WITH PROJECTED
FEET MOUNTED AT 100 TO 200 MMC/C
*WEIGHT 15TONNES
*SPEED 25KM/HR
*COMPACTION IS BY KNEADING ACTION
*IN CONVERTIBLE ROLLERS THE FOOT
PLATE CAN BE REMOVED
*IN TURN FOOT ROLLERS THE INDIVIDUAL
SHEEP FOOT CAN BE CHANGED
SUITABILITY:
CLAY,PREDOMINANTLY COHESIVE AND
IMPERVIOUS SOIL

36. *CONSISTS OF A BASE PLATFORM MOUNTED
BETWEEN TWO AXLES
*TRACKS OF THE REAR WHEEL LIE
INBETWEEN THE TRACKS OF THE FRONT
WHEEL
*COMPACTION IS BY CONTROLLING THE
GROUND CONTACT PRESSURE
*WEIGHT OR WIDTH OF THE WHEEL CAN BE
SUITABLY INCREASED
SUITABILITY:
FINE GRAINED AND WELL GRADED
SANDS

39.  DUMP TRUCKS
 DUMPERS
 CONVEYORS

40. TYPES
1. SIDE DUMP TRUCK
2. BOTTOM DUMP TRUCKS
SIDE DUMP TRUCK:
*DUMPING IS THROUGH THE SIDES OF THE
TRUCK
*SUITABLE FOR HAULING WET CLAY, SAND,
GRAVEL, QUARRY ROCKS.
BOTTOM DUMP TRUCKS:
*DUMPING IS BY OPENING THE BOTTOM OF THE
TRUCK
*SUITABLE FOR FREE FLOWING MATERIALS
SUCH AS SAND, GRAVEL, DRY EARTH, HARD
CLAY.

43. *HIGH SPED PNEUMATIC WHEELED TRUCKS
WITH SHORT CHASIS.
*SUITABLE FOR SHORT HAULS ON ROUGH
ROADS AND SPECIALLY WHERE A
SHUTTLE MOVEMENT IS REQUIRED

44. *TRANSMITTING MATERIALS OVER A
STATIONARY STRUCTURE
ADVANTAGES:
1. INCREASES OUTPUT
2. CONTINUITY IN OPERATION
3. TIME SAVING
TYPES:
1. BELT CONVEYOR
2. SCREW CONVEYOR
3. BUCKET CONVEYOR

45. *MOST POPULAR
* CONSISTS OF A BELT RUNNING OVER A PAIR
OF END DRUMS SUPPORTED BY A SERIES OF
ROLLERS CALLED IDLERS
*MIDDLE SAG IS PROVIDED TO PREVENT THE
SPILLING OF MATERIALS
ADVANTAGES:
 CAN HANDLE LIGHT,HEAVY, DRY, WET,
SOFT, COARSE MATERIALS
 HIGH SPEED
 CARRIES HORIZONTALLY AND INCLINED
 LIGHTER IN WEIGHT
 CONTROLLED DISCHARG

47. *USED FOR HANDLING GRANULAR OR
PULVARISED MATERIALS
*LOW COST
*CONSISTS OF A HELIX MOUNTED ON A
BEARING AT THE ENDS AND AT
INTERMEDIATE POINTS
*LENGTH IS 65M WITH AN INCLINATION
UPTO 35 DEGREES

49. *MATERIAL IS TRANSFERRED THROUGH A
SERIES OF BUCKETS
*LENGTH IS LIMITED TO 25M
*WEIGHT DEPENDS UPON THE STRENGTH
OF CHAINS
*MAINLY USED FOR HANDLING COAL

51. *PROPORTIONATING THE INGREDIENTS OF
CONCRETE FOR A PARTICULAR MIX
*WEIGH BATCHING IS COMMONLY USED
TYPES:
1. MANUAL BATCHING
2. SEMI - AUTOMATIC BATCHING
3. AUTOMATIC BATCHING

53. *MIXING ALL THE INGREDIENTS OF CONCRETE
TO MAKE A MIX OF SPECIFIED CONSISTENCY
FACTORS GOVERNING MIXING:
1. CORRECT SETTING OF MACHINE
2. PROPER CLEANING OF BLADES
3. SEQUENCE OF MATERIAL CHARGED
4. TIMELY SUPPLY OF WATER
5. DIRECTION OF IN - FLOW
6. SPEED AND TIME OF MIXING
TYPES:
 DRUM TYPE MIXERS - *TILTING
*NON - TILTING
 PAN TYPE MIXERS

55.  USUALLY DONE THROUGH BUCKETS
CARRIED ON RAIL ROADS OR TRACKS
 DUMP TRUCKS AND BELT CONVEYORS
ARE ALSO USED
 CABLE WAYS CAN BE USED OR THE
HOISTING OF BUCKETS MAY BE DONE
WITH THE HELP OF CRANES

57.  THESE ARE HEAVY DIRECT PUMPS USED IN
INACCESIBLE SITES SUCH AS TUNNELS,
UNDERWATER, SUBWAYS
 PUMPS CAN BE MOUNTED ON TRUCKS OR
TRAILERS
PNEUMATIC CONCRETE
PLACERS
 IT CONSISTS OF A PRESSURE VESSEL OPEN AT
THE TOP AND CONICAL AT THE BOTTOM
 COMPRESSED AIR IS USED TO PUSH THE
CONCRETE THROUGH PIPELINES

58.  PILE IS A STRUCTURAL MEMBER DRIVEN
INTO THE GROUND FOR THE PURPOSE OF
TRANSFERRING SURFACE LOADS
 THEY ARE EFFECTIVE AT AN
ECONOMICAL COST
TYPES:
1. PILE DRIVEN RIGS
- SKID MOUNTED
- CRANE MOUNTED
- FLOATING RIGS
2. PILE DRIVING HAMMERS

60.  USED FOR EXCAVATION FROM RIVER BED,
LAKE, SED FOR THE PURPOSE OF
DEEPENING THEM
TYPES:
1. DIPPER DREDGER
2. LADDER DREDGER
3. SUCTION DREDGER

62.  IT IS USUALY MOUNTED ON A FLOATING
PLATFORM
 THE BOOM CAN ROTATE THROUGH 180
DEGREES
 PRODUCTION RATE - 50 CU M/HR
 BUCKET SIZE - 12.5 CU M
 DUMPING RANGE - 30 M
 DEPTH - 15 TO 18 M

63.  IT IS EQUIPED WITH BUCKET ELEVATOR
MOUNTED ON A BARGE
 IT IS SUSPENDED ON A STEEL LADDER
 SUITABLE FOR EXCAVATING SOFT
GROUND, SAND OR GRAVEL
SUCTION DREDGER
1. SIMILAR IN OPERATION EXCEPT IT
CONSISTS OF A PUMP EXCAVATOR
MOUNTED ON A BARGE WITH SUCTION
LINE,SUPPORTED ON A LADDER.

64.  IT HAS A LIGHT CRANE BOOM AND THE BUCKET IS
LOOSLY ATTACHED TO THE BOOM THROUGH
CABLES
BASIC PARTS:
*BOOM *HOIST CABLE
*DRAG CABLE *DRAG CHAIN
*BUCKET
TYPES:
1. WHEEL MOUNTED
2. TRUCK MOUNTED
3. CRAWLER MOUNTED
OPERATION:
CABLE OPERATED
FACTORS AFFECTING OUTPUT:
*LENGTH OF BOOM *ANGLE OF SWING
*DEPTH OF CUT *SIZE OF UNIT

66.  THE BUCKET RESEMBLES TO A CALM WHICH IS
LIKE SHELL – FISH
BASIC PARTS
*CLOSING LINE *HOIST LINE
*SHEAVES *BRACKETS
*SHELL *HINGE
OPERATION
BY MANIPULATING THE CABLES SUITABLY
USES
1. FOR CRUSHED STONES, GRAVEL, COAL
2. FOR VERTICAL LIFTING OF MATERIALS
3. FOR REMOVING MATERIALS FROM COFERDAMS,
SEWER MANHOALS, WELL FOUNDATIONS.

69.  CONSISTS OF A PAIR OF CIRCULAR RIMS
CONNECTED BY U SHAPED BUCKETS OR
CUTTERS
 SELF PROPELLED
 THE EXCAVATING DEVICE IS CONNECTED TO A
MEANS OF CONVEYING
WIDTH - 12 M
DEPTH - 3 M
OPERATION
CABLE DRIVE
USES
FOR LAYING
1. WATER, GAS, OIL PIPE LINES
2. TELEPHONE CABLES
3. DRINAGE
4. SEWERS

71.  SIMILAR TO WHEEL TRENCHER EXCEPT
BUCKETS ARE PROVIDED WITH CHAIN
LINKS ON LADDER TYPE FRAME OR BOOM
ADVANTAGES:
1. FASTER AND CHEAPER
2. DIGS NECESSARY DEPTH
3. CONTINUOUS PROCESS

72. NEED FOR TUNNELLING
 FOR UNDERGROUND TRAFIC
 CONDUIT FOR WATER
 ACCESS TO MINES
 CONDUIT FOR UTILITY SERVICES
 SUBWAYS,UNDERGROUND TRAFFIC

73. 1. CIRCULAR
2. ELLIPTICAL
3. SEMICIRCULAR
4. ARCH
5. CIRCULAR ARCH
6. SEMICIRCULAR ARCH
7. HORSE – SHOE SHAPED

74.  FULL FACE HEADING
 HEADING AND BENCH METHOD
 DRIFTS METHOD
 PILOT TUNNEL METHOD

75. 1. SETTING UP AND DRILLING
2. LOADING THE HOLES WITH EXPLOSIVES
AND FIRING
3. VENTILATING AND REMOVING DUST
4. LOADING AND HAULING THE MUCK
5. REMOVING GROUNDWATER IF NECESSARY
6. ERRECTION OF SUPPORTS
7. PLACINF REINFORCEMENTS
8. PLACING CONCRETE LINING
9. CURRING
10. SHUTTERING REMOVAL

76.  THE MODERN TREND IS THE USE OF
LASER
 THESE ARE ACCURATE TO POSITION AND
PROVIDE CORRECT DIRECTION
 HELPS IN GUIDING THE MOLE IN
CORRECT DIRECTION AS NOT IN
CONVENTIONAL METHOD OF
TUNNELING