This document discusses the selection and analysis of various types of construction equipment. It covers factors to consider in equipment selection such as cost, suitability for the job, availability and maintenance. It then provides details on common equipment used in earthwork, excavation, hauling, compaction and finishing. This includes scrapers, dozers, loaders, dump trucks, rollers, graders and conveyors. The key factors in selecting the appropriate equipment for a construction job are analyzed.

2. • Factors affecting selection
• Investment and operating cost
• Output of various equipments
• Brief study of equipments required for various jobs
such as –
• Earth work
• Dredging
•Compaction
• Conveyance
• Concreting
• Hoisting
• Pile driving
• Grouting.

4. 1. EQUIPMENT AVAILABILITY
2. SUITABILITY FOR JOB CONDITION WITH
SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CLIMATIC AND
OPERATING CONDITIONS.
3. UNIFORMITY OF TYPE.
4. SIZE OF EQUIPMENT.
5. USE OF STANDARD EQUIPMENT.
6. COUNTRY OF ORIGIN.
7. UNIT COST OF PRODUCTION.
8. AVAILABILITY OF SPARE PARTS AND
SELECTION OF MANUFACTURERS.
9. SUITABILITY OF LOCAL LABOUR FOR
OPERATION.

5. 10. After sales services, resale value
11. Delivery time
12. Cost- benefit analysis
13. Record of machinery previous usage
14. Useful life of equipment
15. Duration of project
16. Whether equipment is to be rented, purchased
or leased
17. Final selection based on careful analysis,
technical & economical suitability for a
particular job.

6. A. Earthmoving Equipments
B. Excavation Equipments
C. Loaders
D. Hauling Equipments
E. Earth Compaction Equipments
F. Finishing Equipments

7. SCRAPERS.
DOZERS.
TRACTORS.

8.  COMPROMISE BETWEEN BEST LOADING AND BEST
HAULING MACHINES.
 UNIQUE FOR LONG DISTANCE HAULING
 IT ITSELF DIGS, HAULS, DEPOSIT THE MATERIALS IN
UNIFORM THICK LAYERS.
TYPES:
 CRAWLER TRACTOR PULLED.
 WHEEL TRACTOR PULLED.
 BASIC PARTS:
 BOWL, APRON, EJECTOR (TAIL GATE).
CAPACITY:
 HEAPED CAPACITY OF THE BOWL.
OPERATION:
 WHILE DIGGING CUTTING EDGE ENTERS THE GROUND BY
LOWERING THE BOWL, THE FRONT APRON IS RAISED
 EDGE IS RAISED, APRON IS LOWED WHILE HAULING.
 WHILE DUMPING EJECTOR IS USED.

9. 1. SELF LOADING
2. CONVENTIONAL PUSHER LOADED TYPE
A. SINGLE POWERED
B. TANDEN POWERED
OPERATIONS –
 DIGGING
 LOADING
 HAULING
 DISCHARGE

12.  TYPES –
 BULLDOZER
 ANGLE DOZER
 TREE DOZER
OPERATION –
 SHALLOW EXCAVATION & HAULING FOR
SHORT DISTANCE

13.  VERSATILE EQUIPMENT- ESSENTIALLY A HEAVY STEEL BLADE
MOUNTED ON THE FRONT OF TRACTOR.
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON:
 POSITION OF BLADES - PERPENDICULAR BLADES.
 - BLADES AT AN ANGLE.
 MOUNTING -WHEEL MOUNTED.
 -CRAWLER MOUNTED.
 CONTROL -CABLE CONTROL.
 -HYDRAULIC CONTROL.
CONSTRUCTION:
 CONSIST OF HEAVY BLADE WITH CONCAVE PROFILE.
 BLADE IS ATTACHED TO THE BODY WITH TWO ARMS, A
SUPPORTING FRAME & HELD BY TWO PUSH ARMS
APPLICATION:
 SPREADING EARTH FILL.
 CLEARING, OPENING UP PILOT ROADS.
 BACK FILLING TRENCHES.

15.  MULTI PURPOSE MACHINES MAINLY
USED FOR PULLING AND PUSHING OTHER
MACHINES FOR AGRICULTURAL
PURPOSES.
TYPES:
1. WHEEL TYPE (aka PNEUMATIC TYPE)
2. CRAWLER TYPE (aka TRUCK TYPE)

16. CRAWLER TYPE WHEELED TYPE
1. SLOW SPEED
2. CAN HANDLE HEAVY
JOBS
3. COSTLY
4. REQUIRES SKILL TO
OPERATE
5. STICK CONTROL FOR
STEERING
6. ONLY ON ROUGH
ROADS
1. GREATER SPEED
2. ONLY LIGHTER JOBS
3. CHEAPER
4. LESSER SKILL FOR
OPERATION
5. WHEEL CONTROL
FOR STEERING
6. ON ROUGH AS WELL
AS GOOD ROADS

19. 1. SHOVEL FAMILY
HYDRAULIC EXCAVATORS
2. SPECIALITY EXCAVATORS

20. I. POWER SHOVEL
II. BACK HOE
III. CLAM SHELL
IV. DRAG LINE

21.  LONG-LASTING.
 EXCAVATE ALL TYPES OF EARTH
EXCEPT HARD ROCK
 SIZE VARIES FROM 0.375m3 to 5m3
TYPES:
 WHEEL MOUNTED (HIGH SPEED).
 CRAWLER MOUNTED (LOW SPEED).
BASIC PARTS:
 *TRACK SYSTEM
*CABIN
*CABLES
*RACK & STICK
*BOOM FOOT PIN
*SADDLE BLOCK
*BOOM POINT SHEAV
*BUCKET
OPERATION:
 CABLE CONTROLLED.
APPLICATIONS
 CLOSE RANGE OF WORK.
 VERY HARD MATERIALS, BIG SIZED
BOULDERS.
FACTORS CONTROLLING OUTPUT:
 *CLASS OF MATERIAL
*DEPTH OF CUTTING
*ANGLE OF SWING
*SKILL OF OPERATOR

24.  ALSO TERMED AS HOE, BACK SHOVEL AND
PULL SHOVEL.
 USED TO EXCAVATE BELOW THE SURFACE
OF EQUIPMENT-IT CAVES INTO THE
GROUND.
BASIC PARTS:
 BOOM JACK BOOM
 BOOM FOOT DRUM BOOM SHEAVE
 STICK, BUCKET BUCKET SHEAVE
OPERATION:
 SIMILAR TO SHOVEL EXCEPT IT MAKES
OUTWARD STROKES WHILE DIGGING.
APPLICATION:
 TRENCHES, FOOTINGS, BASEMENTS.
 TO TRIM THE SURFACE.

27.  This is so named due to resemblance of its
bucket to a clam which is like a shell-fish with
hinged double shell.
 The front end is essentially a crane boom with a
specially designed bucket loosely attached at
the end through cables as in a drag line.
 The capacity of a clam shell bucket is usually
given in cubic meters.
 The basic parts of clam shell bucket are the
closing line, hoist line, sheaves, brackets,
tagline, shell and hinge.

28.  APPLICATIONS –
 Used for handling loose material such as
crushed stone, sand, gravel, coal etc.
 Main feature is vertical lifting of material from
one location to another.
 Mainly used for removing material from coffer
dam, sewer main holes, well foundations etc.

30.  THE BUCKET RESEMBLES TO A CLAM WHICH IS
LIKE SHELL – FISH
BASIC PARTS
*CLOSING LINE *HOIST LINE
*SHEAVES *BRACKETS
*SHELL *HINGE
OPERATION
BY MANIPULATING THE CABLES SUITABLY
USES
1. FOR CRUSHED STONES, GRAVEL, COAL
2. FOR VERTICAL LIFTING OF MATERIALS
3. FOR REMOVING MATERIALS FROM
COFFERDAMS, SEWER MANHOLES, WELL
FOUNDATIONS.

32.  The drag line is so name because of its prominent
operation of dragging the bucket against the
material to be dug.
 Unlike the shovel, it has a long light crane boom
and the bucket is loosely attached to the boom
through cables.
 Because of this construction, a dragline can dig and
dump over larger distances than a shovel can do. •
 Drag lines are useful for digging below its track
level and handling softer materials.
 The basic parts of a drag line including the boom,
hoist cable, drag cable, hoist chain, drag chain and
bucket.

33.  It is the most suitable machine for dragging
softer material and below its track level
 It is very useful for excavating trenches when
the sides are permitted to establish their angle
of repose without shoring.
 It has long reaches.
 It is mostly used in the excavation for canals
and depositing on the embankment without
hauling units.

35.  IT HAS A LIGHT CRANE BOOM AND THE BUCKET IS
LOOSELY ATTACHED TO THE BOOM THROUGH
CABLES
BASIC PARTS:
*BOOM *HOIST CABLE
*DRAG CABLE *DRAG CHAIN
*BUCKET
TYPES:
1. WHEEL MOUNTED
2. TRUCK MOUNTED
3. CRAWLER MOUNTED
OPERATION:
CABLE OPERATED
FACTORS AFFECTING OUTPUT:
*LENGTH OF BOOM *ANGLE OF SWING
*DEPTH OF CUT *SIZE OF UNIT

38. i. DREDGER
ii. DITCHER OR TRENCHER
iii. VACCUM EXCAVATOR
iv. RIPPERS

39.  A suction hopper dredger is usually used for
maintenance dredging.
 A hopper dredge usually has doors in its
bottom to empty the dredged materials, but
some dredges empty their hoppers by splitting
the two halves of their hulls on giant hydraulic
hinges.
 TYPES –
i. Dipper
ii. Ladder
iii. Suction or Hydraulic

41.  USED FOR EXCAVATION FROM RIVER BED,
LAKE, SIDE FOR THE PURPOSE OF
DEEPENING THEM
TYPES:
1. DIPPER DREDGER
2. LADDER DREDGER
3. SUCTION DREDGER

43.  IT IS USUALY MOUNTED ON A FLOATING
PLATFORM
 THE BOOM CAN ROTATE THROUGH 180
DEGREES
 PRODUCTION RATE - 50 CU M/HR
 BUCKET SIZE - 12.5 CU M
 DUMPING RANGE - 30 M
 DEPTH - 15 TO 18 M

44.  IT IS EQUIPED WITH BUCKET ELEVATOR
MOUNTED ON A BARGE
 IT IS SUSPENDED ON A STEEL LADDER
 SUITABLE FOR EXCAVATING SOFT GROUND,
SAND OR GRAVEL
SUCTION DREDGER
1. SIMILAR IN OPERATION EXCEPT IT CONSISTS
OF A PUMP EXCAVATOR MOUNTED ON A
BARGE WITH SUCTION LINE,SUPPORTED ON
A LADDER.

49. a. TRUCKS
b. DUMP TRUCKS
c. DUMPERS
d. TRAILERS

50.  CAPACITY – 0.4 to 20 m3
 COULD RUN AT SPEEDS – 10 to 100 kmph
 TYPES –
 LIGHT
 MEDIUM
 HEAVY

51. TYPES
1. SIDE DUMP TRUCK
2. BOTTOM DUMP TRUCKS
3. REAR DUMP TRUCKS
SIDE DUMP TRUCK:
*DUMPING IS THROUGH THE SIDES OF THE TRUCK
*SUITABLE FOR HAULING WET CLAY, SAND, GRAVEL,
QUARRY ROCKS.
BOTTOM DUMP TRUCKS:
*DUMPING IS BY OPENING THE BOTTOM OF THE TRUCK
*SUITABLE FOR FREE FLOWING MATERIALS SUCH AS
SAND, GRAVEL, DRY EARTH, HARD CLAY.
*COULD CARRY AS FAR AS 53 TONNES, EG. USED IN
MINING

55. *HIGH SPED PNEUMATIC WHEELED
TRUCKS WITH SHORT CHASIS.
*SUITABLE FOR SHORT HAULS ON
ROUGH ROADS AND SPECIALLY
WHERE A SHUTTLE MOVEMENT IS
REQUIRED
*CAPACITY – 4.5 m3
*CAN DO LOADING, TRANSPORTING &
DUMPING IN QUICK SUCCESION
*TYPES-
FRONT, REAR

58.  TYPES –
 TRACTOR DRIVEN
 WAGONS
 AUTOMATIC TRAILERS

59. FOUR OPERATIONS ARE INVOLVED IN
COMPACTION –
1. ROLLING
2. KNEADING
3. VIBRATION
4. RAMMING

60. 1. SMOOTH – WHEEL ROLLERS
2. SHEEP – FOOT ROLLERS
3. PNEUMATIC TYRED ROLLERS

61.  PLAIN STEEL ROLLERS
 SELF – PROPELLED (5 TO 25 TONNES)
 NO DEEP COMPACTION
 REAR WHEELS ARE LARGER IN DIAMETER
AND THE FRONT ONES ARE WIDER
 DIESEL ENGINE TYPE
 COMPACTION IS BY STATIC WEIGHT OF
ROLLER
SUITABILITY:
1. GRANULAR SOILS
2. SAND
3. GRAVEL
4. CRUSHED STONES

63. *HOLLOW STEEL DRUM WITH PROJECTED
FEET MOUNTED AT 100 TO 200 MMC/C
*WEIGHT 15TONNES
*SPEED 25KM/HR
*COMPACTION IS BY KNEADING ACTION
*IN CONVERTIBLE ROLLERS THE FOOT
PLATE CAN BE REMOVED
*IN TURN FOOT ROLLERS THE INDIVIDUAL
SHEEP FOOT CAN BE CHANGED
SUITABILITY:
CLAY,PREDOMINANTLY COHESIVE AND
IMPERVIOUS SOIL

66. *CONSISTS OF A BASE PLATFORM MOUNTED
BETWEEN TWO AXLES
*TRACKS OF THE REAR WHEEL LIE
INBETWEEN THE TRACKS OF THE FRONT
WHEEL
*COMPACTION IS BY CONTROLLING THE
GROUND CONTACT PRESSURE
*WEIGHT OR WIDTH OF THE WHEEL CAN BE
SUITABLY INCREASED
SUITABILITY:
FINE GRAINED AND WELL GRADED
SANDS

68.  GRADERS.
 TRIMMERS
 GRADALLS

69.  THEY MAY BE EITHER TOWED OR MOTORISED.
 USUALLY SELF PROPULSIVE.
CONSTRUCTION:
 FRONT OF THE GRADER FRAME IS SUPPORTED ON A PAIR
OF FRONT WHEELS & REAR ON TANDEM WHEELS.
 CURVED BLADE IS SUPPORTED ON THE CIRCLE AND BE
TURNED THROUGH 360 DEGREE.
 BLADE HAS REPLACEBLE EDGES.
 CUTTING DEPTH - 2-4CMS.
SPEED
LIGHT DUTY - 6-10 KM/HR.
HEAVY DUTY - 2-3 KM/HR.
NORMAL DUTY - 4-6 KM/HR.
USES:
*GRAVEL ROAD REPAIRING *ROAD SHOULDER RESHAPING
*BANK CUTTING *DITCH FILLING
*BASE COURSE SPREADING *MATERIAL MIXING
*SNOW, LAND CLEARANCE *FROZEN TOP SOIL, ASPHALT
BREAKING

70. OPERATIONS –
• Grading
• Spreading
• Side cutting
• Road crowning
• Bank dressing
• Mixing Materials

73.  GRADALLS is the combination of hoe, drag line, grader etc. which is
quite expensive machine.

74. 1. BELT CONVEYORS
2. SCREW CONVEYORS
3. BUCKET CONVEYORS
4. AERIAL CONVEYORS

75. *TRANSMITTING MATERIALS OVER A
STATIONARY STRUCTURE
ADVANTAGES:
1. INCREASES OUTPUT/ PRODUCTIVITY
2. CONTINUITY IN OPERATION
3. TIME SAVING
TYPES:
1. BELT CONVEYOR
2. SCREW CONVEYOR
3. BUCKET CONVEYOR
4. AERIAL CONVEYOR

76. *MOST POPULAR
* CONSISTS OF A BELT RUNNING OVER A PAIR
OF END DRUMS SUPPORTED BY A SERIES OF
ROLLERS CALLED IDLERS
*MIDDLE SAG IS PROVIDED TO PREVENT THE
SPILLING OF MATERIALS
ADVANTAGES:
 CAN HANDLE LIGHT,HEAVY, DRY, WET,
SOFT, COARSE MATERIALS
 HIGH SPEED
 CARRIES HORIZONTALLY AND INCLINED
 LIGHTER IN WEIGHT
 CONTROLLED DISCHARGE

78. *USED FOR HANDLING GRANULAR OR
PULVERISED MATERIALS
*LOW COST
*CONSISTS OF A HELIX MOUNTED ON A
BEARING AT THE ENDS AND AT
INTERMEDIATE POINTS
*LENGTH IS 65M WITH AN INCLINATION
UPTO 35 DEGREES

80. *MATERIAL IS TRANSFERRED THROUGH A
SERIES OF BUCKETS
*LENGTH IS LIMITED TO 25M
*WEIGHT DEPENDS UPON THE STRENGTH
OF CHAINS
*MAINLY USED FOR HANDLING COAL

83. 1. CONCRETE MIXERS
2. CONCRETE BATCHERS
3. CONCRETE PLACING
EQUIPMENTS / PUMPS
4. CONCRETE COMPACTION
EQUIPMENTS

84. *MIXING ALL THE INGREDIENTS OF CONCRETE
TO MAKE A MIX OF SPECIFIED CONSISTENCY
FACTORS GOVERNING MIXING:
1. CORRECT SETTING OF MACHINE
2. PROPER CLEANING OF BLADES
3. SEQUENCE OF MATERIAL CHARGED
4. TIMELY SUPPLY OF WATER
5. DIRECTION OF IN - FLOW
6. SPEED AND TIME OF MIXING
TYPES:
 DRUM TYPE MIXERS - *TILTING
*NON - TILTING
 PAN TYPE MIXERS
 TRANSIT MIXERS – FOR TRANSPORTING

88. *PROPORTIONING THE INGREDIENTS OF
CONCRETE FOR A PARTICULAR MIX
*WEIGH BATCHING IS COMMONLY USED
TYPES:
1. MANUAL BATCHING
2. SEMI - AUTOMATIC BATCHING
3. AUTOMATIC BATCHING

91. BATCHING

93.  USUALLY DONE THROUGH BUCKETS
CARRIED ON RAIL ROADS OR TRACKS
 DUMP TRUCKS AND BELT CONVEYORS
ARE ALSO USED
 CABLE WAYS CAN BE USED OR THE
HOISTING OF BUCKETS MAY BE DONE
WITH THE HELP OF CRANES

96.  THESE ARE HEAVY DIRECT PUMPS USED IN
INACCESIBLE SITES SUCH AS TUNNELS,
UNDERWATER, SUBWAYS
 PUMPS CAN BE MOUNTED ON TRUCKS OR
TRAILERS
PNEUMATIC CONCRETE
PLACERS
 IT CONSISTS OF A PRESSURE VESSEL OPEN AT
THE TOP AND CONICAL AT THE BOTTOM
 COMPRESSED AIR IS USED TO PUSH THE
CONCRETE THROUGH PIPELINES

98.  Can be either –
1. External
i. Surface or form vibrators – Table, Plate
2. Internal
 For cast in-situ works – Needle immersion or Poker
Vibrators

101. 1. PULLEYS & SHEAVES
2. CHAIN HOIST
3. WINCHES
4. X CRANES

102. PULLEYS OR SHEAVES
 Are used in rough surfaces for lifting heavy
objects
CHAIN HOIST
 If pulleys are to be used then these chain hoists
are used.
 They can lift loads up to 50 tones
 They are of following types –
 Load Chain
 Hard Chain , Types -
 Differential
 Screw geared
 Spur geared
 Pull lift

104. WINCHES –
 Combination of gears, dutches, breaks, other
small machines and equipments.
 They are either diesel or electric operated
 Can be of the following types –
 Derrick poles
 Shear legs
 Fork lift
 Self propelled (up to 06 tones wt.)
 Manual (up to 100 Kg wt.)

106.  USED IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS, SHIPPING,
INDUSTRIES ETC.
 THEY MAY BE ELECTRICALLY OPERATED, DIESEL
OPERATED OR DIESEL-ELECTRIC DRIVE.
CLASSIFICATION:
A-
 DERRICK CRANES / STATIONARY
 MOBILE CRANES – WHEEL OR CRAWLER TYPE
 WHIRLER CRANES (COMBO OF ABOVE TWO)
B -
 HYDRAULIC CRANES
 OVERHEAD OR GANTRY CRANES.
 TRAVELLER CRANES.
 TOWER CRANES.

107. PARTS:
 MAST.
 BOOM.
 BULL WHEEL.
TYPES:
 GUY-DERRICK.
 STIFF LEG DERRICK.
OPERATION:
 THE BOOM CAN REVOLVE THROUGH 360 DEGREE.
 IT CAN CARRY LOADS UPTO 200 TONS.
 WHEN THE LOAD IS LESS THAN 50 TONS GUY ROPES ARE
REPLACED BY TRUSSED STRUCTURE.
 STIFF LEG DERRICK CAN CARRY 7-50 TONS.
USES:
 LOADING AND UNLOADING CARGOES AT PORTS.
 TO HANDLE LOOSE MATERIALS LIKE SAND, BALLAST,
COAL.
 IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS, INDUSTRIAL,
MULTISTOREYED BUILDING CONSTRUCTION.
 PLANT ERECTION.

109.  THEY ARE EITHER CRAWLER MOUNTED
OR WHEEL MOUNTED.
 CRAWLER MOUNTED ARE HIGHLY
MANEOUVERABLE AND OPERATE ON
UNMADE GROUND.
 SUITABLE FOR ROUGH TERRAINS.
 OPERATE IN A LIMITED AREA.
 TRUCK MOUNTED CRANES HAVE HIGH
MOBILITY.
SPEED
70-75 KM/HR.

111.  USED FOR HANDLING LOADS OVER A LONG
RECTANGULAR AREA.
 IT CONSISTS OF STRUCTURAL BRIDGE
SUPPORT ON ELEVATED TRACTS AND
SUPPORTING A LIFTING BLOCK.
TRAVELLER CRANES
 THESE HAVE THEIR CRABS MOVING ON
GIRDERS SUPPORTED ON LEGS.
TOWER CRANES
 IT HAS A TRUSS STRUCTURE WELDED FROM
ANGLE BARS AND CHANNELS.
 LADDERS ARE PROVIDED FOR EASE.
 THEY CAN BE ASSEMBLED AND DISMENTLED.

116. 1. PILE RIGS
2. HAMMERS

117.  PILE IS A STRUCTURAL MEMBER DRIVEN
INTO THE GROUND FOR THE PURPOSE OF
TRANSFERRING SURFACE LOADS
 THEY ARE EFFECTIVE AT AN
ECONOMICAL COST
 THE RIGS CONSISTS OF FRAMES, LEEDS,
WINCHES & VARIOUS SMALL MACHINES
TYPES:
1. PILE DRIVEN RIGS
- SKID MOUNTED
- CRANE MOUNTED
- FLOATING BARGE
2. PILE DRIVING HAMMERS

121.  DROP HAMMER
 SINGLE / DOUBLE ACTING HAMMERS
 DIFFERENTIAL ACTING HAMMERS
 VIBRATING HAMMERS
 DIESEL OPERATED HAMMERS
 HYDRAULICALLY OPERATED HAMMERS
 SONIC HAMMERS
 USES SONIC RAYS

125.  GROUTING PUMPS
 GROUTING MORTAR PUMPS
 GROUTING CEMENT PUMPS
 GROUTING CONCRETE PUMPS
 PRESSURE GROUTING MACHINES
 LOW PRESSURE
 HIGH PRESSURE
 CEMENT GROUTING MACHINE
 HYDRAULIC GROUTING MACHINE