CTEP - UNIT-V - CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS PDF

CONSTRUCTION
EQUIPMENTS
BY
K.R.SHANKAR M.E.,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
EBET GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
TRIPPUR DISTRICT
TAMUL NADU, INDIA – 638108
Email ID – krs.civil@ebet.edu.in
Construction Equipments
1

CLASSIFICATION OF CONSTRUCTION
EQUIPMENTS
1. EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENT
2. HAULING EQUIPMENT
3. HOISTING EQUIPMENT
4. CONVEYING EQUIPMENT
5. AGGREGATE AND CONCRETE PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT
6. PILE DRIVING EQUIPMENT
7. TUNNELING AND ROCK DRILLING EQUIPMENT
8. PUMPING AND DEWATERING EQUIPMENT
9. DREDGING EQUIPMENT
2

FACTORS AFFECTING SELECTION OF
CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
 USE OF EQUIPMENT AVAILABLE WITH THE ORGANIZATION
 SUITABILITY FOR JOB CONDITION WITH SPECIAL
REFERENCE TO CLIMATIC AND OPERATING CONDITIONS
 UNIFORMITY OF TYPE
 SIZE OF EQUIPMENT
 USE OF STANDARD EQUIPMENT
 COUNTRY OF ORIGIN
 UNIT COST OF PRODUCTION
 AVAILABILITY OF SPARE PARTS AND SELECTION OF
MANUFACTURERS
 SUITABILITY OF LOCAL LABOUR FOR OPERATION

EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENTS:
The equipment which perform excavation,
digging of large quantities of earth , moving them to
distances , placement , compacting, leveling,
dozing, grading, hauling etc., are called earth
moving equipment.
CLASSIFICATION:
 EXCAVATING EQUIPMENT
 EXCAVATING AND EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENT
4

FACTORS AFFECTING SELECTION OF EARTH
MOVING EQUIPMENT
 VOLUME OF MATERIAL TO BE REMOVED
 HEIGHT OF THE EXCAVATION
 DISPOSAL OF THE EXCAVATED MATERIAL
 DISTANCE OF EXCAVATION SITE TO HAULING UNITS
 MATERIAL TO BE REMOVED FROM SITE
 TYPE OF SOIL TO BE EXCAVATED
 DUARATION OF PROJECT (FOR EXCAVATION)

TYPES OF EARTH EXCAVATION
EQUIPMENTS
1. POWER SHOVEL
2. BACK HOE
3. DRAG LINE
4. CLAM SHELL
6

POWER SHOVEL
 LONG-LASTING.
 EXCAVATE ALL TYPES OF EARTH EXCEPT HARD ROCK
TYPES:
 WHEEL MOUNTED (HIGH SPEED - FIRM GROUND)
 CRAWLER MOUNTED (LOW SPEED - UNSTABLE SOIL)
BASIC PARTS:
* TRACK SYSTEM * CABIN
* CABLES * RACK & STICK
* BOOM FOOT PIN * SADDLE BLOCK
* BOOM POINT SHEAVE * BUCKET ( Size = .375 m3 to 5 m3)
7

OPERATION:
CABLE CONTROLLED & IT MAKES OUTWARD STROKES WHILE DIGGING.
APPLICATIONS:
CLOSE RANGE OF WORK.
VERY HARD MATERIALS, BIG SIZED BOULDERS.
DIGGING IN GRAVEL BANKS, CLAY PITS, CUTS IN ROAD WORKS, ROAD
SIDE BERMS Etc.,
FACTORS CONTROLLING OUTPUT:
* CLASS OF MATERIAL * DEPTH OF CUTTING
* ANGLE OF SWING * SKILL OF OPERATOR
* SIZE OF HAULING UNITS * JOB CONDITION
POWER SHOVEL
8

POWER SHOVEL
9

POWER SHOVEL
10

POWER SHOVEL
11

BACK HOE
• ALSO TERMED AS HOE, BACK SHOVEL AND PULL SHOVEL.
• USED TO EXCAVATE BELOW THE SURFACE OF EQUIPMENT - IT CAVES INTO THE
GROUND.
BASIC PARTS:
* BOOM * JACK BOOM
* BOOM FOOT DRUM * BOOM SHEAVE
* STICK, BUCKET * BUCKET SHEAVE
OPERATION:
• SIMILAR TO SHOVEL EXCEPT IT MAKES INWARD STROKES WHILE DIGGING.
APPLICATION:
• DIGGING BELOW MACHINE LEVEL LIKE TRENCHES, FOOTINGS, BASEMENTS.
• TO TRIM THE SURFACE (DRESSING).
12

BACK HOE
13

BACK HOE
14

BACK HOE
15

DRAG LINE
• The drag line is so name because of its prominent
operation of dragging the bucket against the material to
be dug.
• Unlike the shovel, it has a long light crane boom and the
bucket is loosely attached to the boom through cables.
• Because of this construction, a dragline can dig and
dump over larger distances than a shovel can do.
• Drag lines are useful for digging below its track level and
handling softer materials.
16

DRAG LINE
BASIC PARTS:
* BOOM * HOIST CABLE
* DRAG CABLE * HOIST CHAIN
* DRAG CHAIN * BUCKET
APPLICATIONS:
o Dragging softer material and below its track level
o It is very useful for excavating trenches when the sides are
permitted to establish their angle of repose without shoring.
o It has long reaches.
o Excavation for canals and depositing on the embankment
without hauling units.
17

FACTORS CONTROLLING OUTPUT:
• TYPE OF MATERIAL
• DEPTH OF CUTTING
• SIZE AND TYPE OF BUCKETS
• SKILL OF OPERATOR
• SIZE OF HAULING UNITS & METHOD
• ANGLE OF SWING
• LENGTH OF CRANE BOOM
• JOB CONDITION
DRAG LINE
18

DRAG LINE
20

DRAG LINE
21

CLAM SHELL
• This is so named due to resemblance of its bucket to a
clam which is like a shell-fish with hinged double shell.
• The front end is essentially a crane boom with a specially
designed bucket loosely attached at the end through
cables as in a drag line.
• The capacity of a clam shell bucket is usually given in
cubic meters.
• The basic parts of clam shell bucket are the closing line,
hoist line, sheaves, brackets, tagline, shell and hinge.
22

Application:
• Used for handling loose material such as crushed
stone, sand, gravel, coal etc.
• Main feature is vertical lifting of material from one
location to another.
• Mainly used for removing material from coffer dam,
sewer main holes, well foundations etc.
CLAM SHELL
23

CLAM SHELL
24

CLAM SHELL
25

CLAM SHELL
26

COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT TYPES OF
EQUIPMENT
S.No. Items of comparison
Power
shovel
Back hoe Drag line Clam shell
1
Excavation in hard soil or
rock
Good Good Not good Poor
2
Excavation in wet soil or
mud
Poor Poor
Moderately
good
Moderately
good
3
Distance between footing
and digging
Small Small Long Long
4 Loading efficiency Very good Good
Moderately
good
Precise but
slow
5 Footing required Close to work Close to pit
Fairly away
from pit
Fairly away
from pit
6 Digging level
Digs at or
above footing
level
Digs below
footing level
Digs below
footing level
Digs at or
below footing
level
7 Cycle time Short
Shortly more
than power
shovel
More than
power shovel
More than the
other
equipmentConstruction Equipments
27

TYPES OF EXCAVATING AND EARTH
MOVING EQUIPMENT
1. MOTOR GRADERS
2. SCRAPERS
3. BULL DOZERS
4. TRACTORS
28

MOTOR GRADERS
o THEY MAY BE EITHER TOWED OR MOTORISED.
o USUALLY SELF PROPULSIVE.
CONSTRUCTION:
• FRONT OF THE GRADER FRAME IS SUPPORTED ON A PAIR OF
FRONT WHEELS & REAR ON TANDEM WHEELS.
• CURVED BLADE IS SUPPORTED ON THE CIRCLE AND BE
TURNED THROUGH 360 DEGREE.
• BLADE HAS REPLACEBLE EDGES.
• CUTTING DEPTH - 2-4CMS.
29

SPEED:
 LIGHT DUTY - 6-10 KM/HR.
 HEAVY DUTY - 2-3 KM/HR.
 NORMAL DUTY - 4-6 KM/HR.
USES:
* GRAVEL ROAD REPAIRING * ROAD SHOULDER RESHAPING
* BANK CUTTING * DITCH FILLING
* BASE COURSE SPREADING * MATERIAL MIXING
* SNOW, LAND CLEARANCE * FROZEN TOP SOIL, ASPHALT
BREAKING
MOTOR GRADERS
30

MOTOR GRADERS
31

MOTOR GRADERS
32

SCRAPERS
 COMPROMISE BETWEEN BEST LOADING AND BEST HAULING
MACHINES
 UNIQUE FOR LONG DISTANCE HAULING
 IT ITSELF DIGS, HAULS, DEPOSIT THE MATERIALS IN UNIFORM
THICK LAYERS
TYPES:
• CRAWLER TRACTOR PULLED
• WHEEL TRACTOR PULLED
BASIC PARTS:
• BOWL, APRON, EJECTOR (TAIL GATE).
33

CAPACITY:
• HEAPED CAPACITY OF THE BOWL.
OPERATION:
• WHILE DIGGING CUTTING EDGE ENTERS THE GROUND BY
LOWERING THE BOWL, THE FRONT APRON IS RAISED
• EDGE IS RAISED, APRON IS LOWED WHILE HAULING.
• WHILE DUMPING EJECTOR IS USED.
SCRAPERS
34

SCRAPERS
35

SCRAPERS
36

SCRAPERS
37

SCRAPERS
38

BULL DOZERS
• VERSATILE EQUIPMENT- ESSENTIALLY A HEAVY STEEL BLADE
MOUNTED ON THE FRONT OF TRACTOR.
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON:
POSITION OF BLADES - PERPENDICULAR BLADES
- BLADES AT AN ANGLE
MOUNTING - WHEEL MOUNTED
- CRAWLER MOUNTED
CONTROL - CABLE CONTROL
- HYDRAULIC CONTROL
39

CONSTRUCTION:
 CONSIST OF HEAVY BLADE WITH CONCAVE PROFILE.
 BLADE IS ATTACHED TO THE BODY WITH TWO ARMS, A
SUPPORTING FRAME & HELD BY TWO PUSH ARMS
APPLICATION:
 SPREADING EARTH FILL
 CLEARING, OPENING UP PILOT ROADS
 BACK FILLING TRENCHES
 CLEARING CONSTRUCTION SITES
BULL DOZERS
40

BULL DOZERS
41

BULL DOZERS
42

BULL DOZERS
43

TYPES OF BULL DOZERS BLADE
44

TYPES OF BULL DOZERS BLADE
45

TRACTORS
 MULTI PURPOSE MACHINES MAINLY USED FOR PULLING AND
PUSHING OTHER MACHINES FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES.
TYPES:
1. WHEEL TYPE ( <50 km/Hr )
2. CRAWLER TYPE ( <12 km/Hr )
APPlCATIONS:
 CLEARING & EXCAVATING MACHINERY
 HAULING & CONVEYING MACHINERY
46

CRAWLER TRACTOR
47

WHEEL TRACTOR
48

COMPARISON BETWEEN CRAWLER AND
WHEELED TRACTORS
CRAWLER TYPE WHEELED TYPE
1. Slow speed 1. Greater speed
2. More compact and powerful and
can handle heavier jobs
2. Con handle only lighter jobs
3. Costly 3. Cheaper
4. Cost of operation and
maintenance is high
4. Operational and maintenance cost
is less
5. Stick control for steering 5. Wheel steering control
6. Moves on rough roads only
6. Moves on rough as well as good
roads
7. Used for short distances 7.Used for longer distances
8. Requires skillful operation,
maintenance and repairs
8. Lesser skills required for
operations, maintenance and repairs
49

EARTH COMPACTION
EQUIPMENTS
1. SMOOTH – WHEEL ROLLERS
2. SHEEP – FOOT ROLLERS
3. PNEUMATIC TYRED ROLLERS
50

SMOOTH – WHEEL ROLLERS:
 PLAIN STEEL ROLLERS
 SELF – PROPELLED (5 TO 25 TONNES)
 NO DEEP COMPACTION
 REAR WHEELS ARE LARGER IN DIAMETER AND THE FRONT ONES ARE
WIDER
 DIESEL ENGINE TYPE
 COMPACTION IS BY STATIC WEIGHT OF ROLLER
SUITABILITY:
 GRANULAR SOILS
 SAND
 GRAVEL
 CRUSHED STONES
51

SMOOTH WHEEL ROLLER
52

SMOOTH WHEEL ROLLER
53

SMOOTH WHEEL ROLLER
54

SHEEP – FOOT ROLLERS
 HOLLOW STEEL DRUM WITH PROJECTED FEET MOUNTED AT
100 TO 200 MMC/C
 WEIGHT - 15 TONNES
 SPEED - 25 KM/HR
 COMPACTION IS BY KNEADING ACTION
 IN CONVERTIBLE ROLLERS THE FOOT PLATE CAN BE
REMOVED
 IN TURN FOOT ROLLERS THE INDIVIDUAL SHEEP FOOT CAN
BE CHANGED
SUITABILITY:
CLAY, PREDOMINANTLY COHESIVE AND IMPERVIOUS SOIL
55

56

57

PNEUMATIC TYRED ROLLERS
 CONSISTS OF A BASE PLATFORM MOUNTED BETWEEN TWO
AXLES
 TRACKS OF THE REAR WHEEL LIE INBETWEEN THE TRACKS
OF THE FRONT WHEEL
 COMPACTION IS BY CONTROLLING THE GROUND CONTACT
PRESSURE
 WEIGHT OR WIDTH OF THE WHEEL CAN BE SUITABLY
INCREASED
SUITABILITY:
FINE GRAINED AND WELL GRADED SANDS
58

PNEUMATIC TYRED ROLLER
59

PILE DRIVING EQUIPMENT
• PILE IS A STRUCTURAL MEMBER DRIVEN INTO THE GROUND
FOR THE PURPOSE OF TRANSFERRING SURFACE LOADS
• THEY ARE EFFECTIVE AT AN ECONOMICAL COST
EQUIPMENTS NEEDED:
 PILE DRIVEN RIGS
1. SKID MOUNTED 2. CRANE MOUNTED 3. FLOATING RIGS
 GUIDE LEADERS
 PILE DRIVING HAMMERS
 ADDITIONAL AIDS FOR PREBORING, JEETING ETC.,
 BOILER FOR STEAM RAISING OR AIR COMPRESSOR.
60

PILE DRIVEN RIGS
• Pile Driving Rigs provide basic operation of lifting the pile,
holding the pile in position, hammering it into the ground
or of pulling it out of the ground and guiding the pile in the
desired direction of movements.
• It supports the boom, the winch, mechanism, driving
hammer, the guiding leaders and a platform for mounting
the auxiliary equipment such as jet pumps, drilling auger
etc.,
61

SKID MOUNTED RIGS
62

SKID MOUNTED RIGS
63

CRANE MOUNTED RIGS
64

CRANE MOUNTED RIGS
65

FLOATING RIGS
66

GUIDING LEADERS
• The leaders guide the pile and the hammer during
operation which extents to the entire height of the
rigs.
• In case pile driven below the rigs in to excavations or
trenches extensible leaders are used.
• It enable hammer to deliver blow axially to pile.
67

GUIDING LEADERS
68

GUIDING LEADERS
69

TYPES OF HAMMERS
1. DROP HAMMER:
o No external source needed.
o Mechanism to lift the hammer
by a cable.
o Drop it by gravity only.
o Solid mass of Metal or Cast
Iron of weight – 1 to 4 Tonnes
o Height of Fall – 1.5 to 6 m
o No. of blows – 4 to 8 per min
o It is slow process but efficient.
o Not in use now.
70

2. SINGLE ACTING HAMMER:
o The hammer is lifted by
steam or compressed air.
o Drop it by gravity only.
o Weight – 2 Tonnes
o Height of Fall – 1 m
o No. of blows – 60 per min
71

3. DOUBLE ACTING HAMMER:
o The hammer is lifted &
lowered by steam or
compressed air.
o Weight – 500 kg
o Effect will be like 3 Tonnes
o No. of blows – 100 to 200
per min
72

4. DIFFERENTIAL ACTING HAMMER:
o The hammer is modified form of double acting
hammer.
o Weight – 2 Tonnes
o Height of Fall – 1 m
o No. of blows – 100 to 200 per min
o Same pile can be driven with in ½ time saving
30% of steam.
73

5. DIESEL HAMMER:
o The hammer imparts
Compression, Impact and
Explosion energy to the
pile.
74

6. VIBRATORY HAMMER:
• Very effective in driving piles
through non cohesive granular
soils.
• Pile is driven by making vibration.
• The vibration can be produced by
electrically / hydraulically.
• Penetration rates can approach up
to 20 m/min in moderately dense
granular soils.
• It can be used with another
methods also.Construction Equipments
77

HAULING EQUIPMENTS
 HAULING IS DEFINED AS MOVEMENT OF MATREIALS FROM
ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER PLACE.
 EQUIPMENTS USED FOR THIS PROCESS IS HAULING
EQUIPMENTS.
TYPES:
 DUMP TRUCKS
 DUMPERS
78

DUMP TRUCKS
TYPES:
1. SIDE DUMP TRUCK
2. BOTTOM DUMP TRUCKS
SIDE DUMP TRUCK:
 DUMPING IS THROUGH THE SIDES OF THE TRUCK
 SUITABLE FOR HAULING WET CLAY, SAND, GRAVEL, QUARRY
ROCKS.
BOTTOM DUMP TRUCK:
 DUMPING IS BY OPENING THE BOTTOM OF THE TRUCK
 SUITABLE FOR FREE FLOWING MATERIALS SUCH AS SAND,
GRAVEL, DRY EARTH, HARD CLAY.
79

SIDE DUMP TRUCKS
80

SIDE DUMP TRUCKS
81

BOTTOM DUMP TRUCKS
82

DUMPERS
 HIGH SPEED PNEUMATIC WHEELED TRUCKS WITH
SHORT CHASIS AND STRONG BODIES.
 SUITABLE FOR SHORT HAULS ON ROUGH ROADS
AND SPECIALLY WHERE A SHUTTLE MOVEMENT IS
REQUIRED.
83

EQUIPMENTS FOR
MATERIAL
HANDLING &
ERECTION OF
STRUCTURES
84

TYPES OF HANDLING DEVICES OR
HOISTING EQUIPMENTS
 VERTICAL MOTION DEVICES
1. BLOCK AND TACKLE
* Oldest & Simplest one.
* Use only mechanical power.
* Inexpensive device.
* But, Waste of manpower.
85

BLOCK AND TACKLE
86

TYPES OF HANDLING DEVICES
2. WINCH
* By winding rope or cable on
drum vertical movement is obtained.
* Greater mechanical advantages
than Block and Tackle.
* Used to load heavy equipment
in to ships etc.,
87

WINCH
88

3. HOISTS
* Operated b/w fixed guide rails.
* Operated by Hand, Compressed
air or by electric power.
* Same as elevators but operator
does not go up but operated from one
point to others.
89

4. ELEVATORS
* Same as Hoists but operator
can go up with the load.
* Electrical type elevator is best.
* If not Hydraulic type elevator is
used.
90

 HORIZONTAL MOTION DEVICES
1. HAND TRUCKS
* Simplest one still in use.
* Require large manpower to use.
* Advantages are small cost,
flexibility, easy transportation from one
place to another place.
91

HAND TRUCKS
92

2. NARROW GAUGE RAIL ROAD
* Very Expensive.
* Used in industries like blast
furnace, copper refineries, steel
rolling operations etc.,
93

3. TRACTORS & TRAILORS
* Most widely used.
* Different tailors can be attached
to tractors.
* Less costly than narrow gauge
rail.
94

4. SKIDS
* Wheeled or Plain trollies over
which materials are loaded and picked up
by lift trucks.
* Used to transfer load from
position to position.
95

4. PIPELINE
* Pipeline and pumps are used for
horizontal transportation of materials.
* Used to transfer fluids and
gaseous material.
96

 COMBINATION DEVICES
1. CHUTE
* Used for both horizontal and
vertical movements.
* May be straight or spiral forms.
* Used in Packing industry,
Railway & Air terminals.
97

CHUTE
98

2. LIFT TRUCK
* Same as Skids but provide
large platform to lift & place materials.
* Uses mechanical power to
move materials from one place to
other.
99

3. FORK LIFT TRUCK
* It is provided with fork which
receives the load at G.L. & elevates
hydraulically to desired height.
* No need of Manual lifting.
* Self loading & unloading.
100

4. CRANES
* USED IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS, SHIPPING, INDUSTRIES ETC.
* THEY MAY BE ELECTRICALLY OPERATED, DIESEL OPERATED OR
DIESEL-ELECTRIC DRIVE.
CLASSIFICATION:
* DERRICK CRANES.
* MOBILE CRANES.
* OVERHEAD OR GANTRY CRANES.
* TRAVELLER CRANES.
* TOWER CRANES.
101

DERRICK CRANES
PARTS:
* MAST * BOOM * BULL WHEEL.
TYPES:
* GUY-DERRICK * STIFF LEG DERRICK.
OPERATION:
• THE BOOM CAN REVOLVE THROUGH 360 DEGREE.
• IT CAN CARRY LOADS UPTO 200 TONS.
• WHEN THE LOAD IS LESS THAN 50 TONS GUY ROPES ARE
REPLACED BY TRUSSED STRUCTURE.
• STIFF LEG DERRICK CAN CARRY 7- 50 TONS.
102

DERRICK CRANES
USES:
• LOADING AND UNLOADING CARGOES AT PORTS.
• TO HANDLE LOOSE MATERIALS LIKE SAND, BALLAST, COAL.
• IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS, INDUSTRIAL, MULTISTOREYED
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION.
• PLANT ERRECTION.
103

DERRICK CRANE
104

DERRICK CRANE
105

MOBILE CRANE
 THEY ARE EITHER CRAWLER MOUNTED OR WHEEL MOUNTED.
 CRAWLER MOUNTED ARE HIGHLY MANEOUVERABILE AND
OPERATE ON UNMADE GROUND.
 SUITABLE FOR ROUGH TERRAINS.
 OPERATE IN A LIMITED AREA.
 TRUCK MOUNTED CRANES HAVE HIGH MOBILITY.
 SPEED - 70-75 KM/HR.
 LOAD – 3 TO 160 TONS.
106

MOBILE CRANE
107

MOBILE CRANE
108

OVERHEAD OR GANTRY CRANE
 USED FOR HANDLING LOADS OVER A LONG RECTANGULAR
AREA.
 IT CONSISTS OF BRIDGE WHICH IS FIXED BY TWO GANTRY
GRIDERS AT TH ENDS SUPPORTED BY TRAM WHEELS.
 NEXT THE CRAB CONSITS OF HOISTING GEAR MOUNTED ON
FRAME OF BRIDGE.
 FRAME ITSELF MOUNTED ON ANOTHER SET OF WHEELS TO
MOVE ALONG MAIN GRIDERS.
 USED IN STORAGE, ERECTION, FOUNDRY, STEELPALNTS ETC.,
109

OVER HEAD CRANE
110

OVER HEAD CRANE
111

OVER HEAD CRANE
112

TRAVELLER CRANE
 THESE HAVE THEIR CRABS MOVING ON GIRDERS SUPPORTED
ON LEGS INSTEAD OF GRATRY TRUCKS AS USED IN THE
OVERHEAD CRANES.
 THE LEGS ARE CAPABLE OF MOVING ON TRACKS LAID ON THE
FLOOR.
 USED IN DUMPING YARDS, CASTING YARDS, ERECTION
INDUSTRIES ETC.,
113

TRAVELLER CRANE
114

TRAVELLER CRANE
115

TOWER CRANE
 IT HAS A TRUSS STRUCTURE WELDED FROM ANGLE BARS
AND CHANNELS.
 LADDERS ARE PROVIDED FOR EASE.
 THEY CAN BE ASSEMBLED AND DISMENTLED.
 USED IN INDUSTRAIL AND RESIDENTAIL HIGH RISE BUILDING.
 ALSO COMMONLY USED IN INDUTRIAL PLANTS WITH STEEL
STRUCTURES.
116

TOWER CRANE
117

TOWER CRANE
118

5. CONVEYORS
* TRANSMITTING MATERIALS OVER A STATIONARY STRUCTURE IN
CONTINOUS STREAM.
* ADVANTAGES:
* INCREASES OUTPUT
* CONTINUITY IN OPERATION
* TIME SAVING (NO WAITING PERIODS)
* TYPES:
* BELT CONVEYOR
* SCREW CONVEYOR
* BUCKET CONVEYOR
119

BELT CONVEYOR
* MOST POPULAR
* CONSISTS OF A BELT RUNNING OVER A PAIR OF END
DRUMS SUPPORTED BY A SERIES OF ROLLERS CALLED IDLERS
* MIDDLE SAG IS PROVIDED TO PREVENT THE SPILLING OF
MATERIALS
ADVANTAGES:
* CAN HANDLE LIGHT,HEAVY, DRY, WET, SOFT, COARSE
MATERIALS
* HIGH SPEED
* CARRIES HORIZONTALLY AND INCLINED
* LIGHTER IN WEIGHT
* CONTROLLED DISCHARGE
120

BELT CONVEYOR
121

BELT CONVEYOR
BARROSO, BRAZIL - 7.2 KILOMETER - LONGEST BELT CONVEYOR
122

SCREW CONVEYOR
* USED FOR HANDLING GRANULAR OR PULVARISED MATERIALS
* QUANTITY IS LESS COMPARED TO BELT CONVEYOR.
* LOW COST
* CONSISTS OF A HELIX MOUNTED ON A BEARING AT THE ENDS
AND AT INTERMEDIATE POINTS
* LENGTH IS 65M WITH AN INCLINATION UPTO 35 DEGREES
123

SCREW CONVEYOR
124

BUCKET CONVEYORS
* MATERIAL IS TRANSFERRED THROUGH A
SERIES OF BUCKETS.
* LENGTH IS LIMITED TO 25M.
* WEIGHT DEPENDS UPON THE STRENGTH
OF CHAINS.
* MAINLY USED FOR HANDLING COAL.
125

BUCKET CONVEYORS
126

BUCKET CONVEYORS
127

 AERIAL TRANSPORTATION
1. CABLEWAYS
* USED IN EXCAVATION WORK OF DAMS, QUARRIES,CONSTRUCTION
ETC.,
* LOADS ARE HOISTED AND MOVED VERTICALLY.
* ALSO USED IN TRANSPORTING CONCRTETE OVER LARGE AREA.
2. ROPEWAYS
* LONG DISTANCE MOVEMENT
* ENDLESS ROPE WITH TWO EN TOWERS AND SUPPORTED BY
SERIES OF PULLEY MOUNTED ON INTERMEDIATE TOWER.
* SEPARATE HANDLING AND SUPPORT RPOES.
128

CABLEWAYS & ROPEWAYS
129

130

131

BATCHING, MIXING
AND PLACING OF
CONCRETE
132

BATCHERS
 PROPORTIONATING THE INGREDIENTS OF CONCRETE FOR A
PARTICULAR MIX.
 WEIGH BATCHING IS COMMONLY USED.
TYPES:
1. MANUAL BATCHING
2. SEMI - AUTOMATIC BATCHING
3. AUTOMATIC BATCHING
133

CONCRETE BATCHER
134

CONCRETE MIXERS
 MIXING ALL THE INGREDIENTS OF CONCRETE TO MAKE A MIX OF SPECIFIED
CONSISTENCY
FACTORS GOVERNING MIXING:
 CORRECT SETTING OF MACHINE
 PROPER CLEANING OF BLADES
 SEQUENCE OF MATERIAL CHARGED
 TIMELY SUPPLY OF WATER
 DIRECTION OF IN - FLOW
 SPEED AND TIME OF MIXING
TYPES:
 DRUM TYPE MIXERS - TILTING & NON - TILTING
 PAN TYPE MIXERS
135

CONCRETE PLACERS
 USUALLY DONE THROUGH BUCKETS CARRIED ON RAIL
ROADS OR TRACKS.
 DUMP TRUCKS AND BELT CONVEYORS ARE ALSO USED.
 CABLE WAYS CAN BE USED OR THE HOISTING OF
BUCKETS MAY BE DONE WITH THE HELP OF CRANES.
140

CONCRETE PLACERS
141

DREDGING
EQUIPMENTS
147

DREDGERS
 USED FOR EXCAVATION FROM RIVER BED, LAKE, SEA FOR
THE PURPOSE OF DEEPENING THEM.
 TYPES:
1. DIPPER DREDGER
2. BACK HOE DREDGER
3. BUCKET OR LADDER DREDGER
4. SUCTION DREDGER
5. GRAB DREDGER
148

DIPPER DREDGER
 IT IS USUALY MOUNTED ON A FLOATING PLATFORM
 THE BOOM CAN ROTATE THROUGH 180 DEGREES
 PRODUCTION RATE - 50 CU.M/HR
 BUCKET SIZE - 4 T0 6 CU.M
 DUMPING RANGE - 30 M
 DEPTH - 15 M
 SUITABLE FOR ROCK MATERIAL, DREDGING CALY &
CONFIND SPACES OF DOCKS AND NARROW CHANNELS
 LOW PRODUCTION RATE & LESS DEPTH.
149

DIPPER DREDGER
150

DIPPER DREDGER
151

BACK HOE DREDGER
 IT IS USUALY MOUNTED ON A FLOATING PLATFORM
 PRODUCTION RATE - 100 - 400 CU.M/HR
 BUCKET SIZE - 1 T0 6 CU.M
 DEPTH - 18 M
 SUITABLE FOR ROCK MATERIAL, TRENCHES ETC.,
152

BACK HOE DREDGER
153

BACK HOE DREDGER
154

LADDER DREDGER
 IT IS EQUIPPED WITH BUCKET ELEVATOR MOUNTED ON A
BARGE.
 PARTS – CABLE ARRAGEMENT, WHEEL & CONTAINERS.
 IT IS SUSPENDED ON A STEEL LADDER.
 SUITABLE FOR EXCAVATING SOFT GROUND, SAND OR
GRAVEL.
155

LADDER DREDGER
156

LADDER DREDGER
157

LADDER DREDGER
158

GRAB DREDGER
 IT IS EQUIPED WITH GRAB SUSPENDED BY A CABLE.
 GRAB IS EXTENDED BY OPERTAING BOOM OF A CRANE.
 DREDGER HAS 1 TO 4 BOOM CRANES MOUNTED ON IT.
 SUITABLE FOR EXCAVATING SOFT GROUND, SAND OR
GRAVEL AND ROCK REMOVAL ALSO.
159

GRAB DREDGER
160

GRAB DREDGER
161

SUCTION DREDGER
 SIMILAR IN OPERATION EXCEPT IT CONSISTS OF A PUMP
EXCAVATOR MOUNTED ON A BARGE WITH SUCTION LINE,
SUPPORTED ON A LADDER.
 PLAIN SUCTION DREDGER
* FREE RUNING GRANULAR MATERIAL
 CUTTER SUCTION DREDGER
* 3000 CU.M / HR OUTPUT CAPACITY & 6 KM PUMPING RANGE
 WHEEL SUCTION DREDGER
* 200 TO 36000 CU.M / HR OUTPUT CAPACITY
 TRAILOR SUCTION DREDGER
* 300 TO 11000 CU.M/HR OUTPUT CAPACITY & DEPTH –10 TO 30 M
162

PLAIN SUCTION DREDGER
163

PLAIN SUCTION DREDGER
164

CUTTER SUCTION DREDGER
165

CUTTER SUCTION DREDGER
166

WHEEL SUCTION DREDGER
167

168

169

TRAILOR SUCTION DREDGER
170

TRAILOR SUCTION DREDGER
171

TRENCHERS
172

WHEEL TRENCHERS
 CONSISTS OF A PAIR OF CIRCULAR RIMS CONNECTED BY U
SHAPED BUCKETS OR CUTTERS.
 SELF PROPELLED.
 THE EXCAVATING DEVICE IS CONNECTED TO A MEANS OF
CONVEYING.
 WIDTH - 12 M
 DEPTH - 3 M
 OPERATION:
* CABLE DRIVE
173

WHEEL TRENCHERS
USES:
FOR LAYING
 WATER, GAS, OIL PIPE LINES
 TELEPHONE CABLES
 DRAINAGE
 SEWERS
174

WHEEL TRENCHERS
175

WHEEL TRENCHERS
176

LADDER TYPE TRENCHERS
 SIMILAR TO WHEEL TRENCHER EXCEPT BUCKETS ARE PROVIDED
WITH CHAIN LINKS ON LADDER TYPE FRAME OR BOOM.
ADVANTAGES:
1. FASTER AND CHEAPER.
2. DIGS NECESSARY DEPTH.
3. CONTINUOUS PROCESS.
177

178

179

TUNNELING EQUIPMENTS
ROCK DRILLING EQUIPMENTS:
* PRECUSSION TYPE
* ROTATRY TYPE
1. JACK HAMMER:
* HANDY EQUIPMENT
* WEIGHT – 25 KG
* DEPTH - 2.5 M TO 3 M
2. DRIFTER:
* HEAVY ROCK DRILLERS
* WEIGHT – 45 TO 70 KG
* DEPTH - 9 M TO 12 M
180

ROCK DRILLING EQUIPMENTS:
3. TRUCK MOUNTED DRILL:
* TRUCK MOUNTED
* EASY MOBILITY
* DEPTH – 15 M
* HOLES ALONG ANGLE &
VERTICALLY DOWN
181

TUNNEL BORING MACHINE:
182

REFERENCES
 Purushothama Raj.P “Construction Techniques Equipment and
Practices”, Sri Krishna Hitech Publishing Company Pvt. Ltd,
Chennai, June 2016.
 Seetharaman.S , Chinnamsamy.M “Construction Techniques,
Equipment and Practices”, Anuradha Publictions, Chennai, 2015.
 Sharma S.C. “Construction Equipment and Management”, Khanna
Publishers New Delhi, 2002.
183

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