This document provides an overview of structural engineering topics including:
1. Loads on structures such as dead loads, service loads, and wind loads. Stress and strain, Hooke's law, and Poisson's ratio as they relate to structural analysis.
2. Soil and foundation engineering including soil mechanics, subsurface exploration methods, soil sampling, and field testing. Shallow and deep foundations as well as foundation excavation methods.
3. Reinforced concrete including cementitious materials, aggregates, concrete admixtures, forming and placing concrete, curing concrete, and inspection. Design of common concrete elements such as slabs, beams, walls, and foundations.
4. Structural steel construction including design of tension
This chapter discusses brickwork materials and construction techniques. Bricks are one of the oldest man-made building materials, dating back over 4000 years. Bricks are typically made from clay but can also contain sand, lime, or cement. Common types of bricks include clay bricks, fly ash bricks and kiln-burnt bricks. Mortar is used to join bricks and consists of cement, sand and water. There are various bonding patterns used in brickwork such as stretcher bond, header bond and Flemish bond. Equipment used includes trowels, jointers, spirit levels and bricklayers' tools. Proper construction techniques such as joint spacing, bonding and laying patterns are important for quality and durable brickwork.
This document provides instructions on various AutoCAD commands for 2D drawing and editing, text and hatching, layers, dimensions, blocks, and external references. It consists of 7 chapters that explain tools for drawing lines, circles, arcs, and other objects; editing objects by moving, copying, rotating, mirroring, and arraying; adding text and hatch patterns; managing layers; creating dimensions; inserting blocks; and linking to external drawings. The goal is to teach civil engineering students how to use AutoCAD for 2D drafting.
2009 ncdd-csf-technical-manual-vol-i-study-design-guidelinesChhay Teng
This document provides guidelines for the study and design of small-scale infrastructure projects funded by the Commune/Sangkat Fund in Cambodia. It introduces the technical forms and template designs used for roads, irrigation systems, water supply, education, health and sanitation projects. Guidelines are given on how to read and use the template drawings, which conform to the standards of relevant line ministries. The manual aims to support good quality project design and construction supervision that can be implemented with locally available skills and resources. Field visits by technical support officers are recommended to verify project needs and objectives.
A CSG consists of a set of subscribers who are permitted to access one or more CSG cells of the PLMN as a group.
CSG cell: A UTRAN or E-UTRAN cell broadcasting a CSG Indicator which is only accessible by CSG members.
CSG ID: An identifier broadcast by a CSG or hybrid cell that uniquely identifies it within the PLMN.
CSG member: A subscriber who is a member of a CSG.
CSG membership: The subscription information indicating whether a UE is a member of a CSG.
CSG subscription data: The set of CSG IDs of the CSGs of which the subscriber is a member.
This document provides an overview and table of contents for a book titled "OffshoreBook Oil & Gas" which serves as an introduction to the offshore oil and gas industry, with a focus on the Danish and North Sea conditions. The book is in its third edition and is edited by Offshoreenergy.dk in collaboration with various industry contributors. It contains chapters covering topics like health and safety, basic information about oil and gas, reservoirs, drilling operations, and offshore structures. The purpose is to present the industry at a basic level suitable for new employees, students, and those needing insight into specialties different from their own.
1. This document provides an overview of structural analysis, including types of structures and loads, statically determinate analysis methods, truss analysis, internal forces in members, cables and arches, influence lines, and approximate analysis methods.
2. Key topics covered include idealization of structures, equations of equilibrium, determinacy and stability, shear and moment diagrams, common truss types, influence line theory, and deflection analysis using energy methods.
3. Examples and problems are provided throughout to demonstrate analytical techniques.
1. This document provides an overview of structural analysis, including types of structures and loads, statically determinate analysis methods, truss analysis, internal forces in members, cables and arches, influence lines, approximate analysis of indeterminate structures, deflection, and energy methods.
2. Key topics covered include idealization of structures, equations of equilibrium, determinacy and stability, shear and moment diagrams, influence lines, approximate analysis methods like the portal and cantilever methods, deflection diagrams, and virtual work principles.
3. Examples and problems are provided throughout to demonstrate analytical techniques for statically determinate beams, frames, trusses, cables, arches, and the use of influence lines,
This document describes an internship report on cost modeling of offshore wind farm installations. The report examines the installation process of offshore wind farms, including foundations, turbines, and electrical infrastructure. It details the ECN Install modeling tool and its cost module. A case study application to the Gemini offshore wind farm is presented, with results on resource utilization, delays, and costs. The report aims to contribute to improved cost estimations for offshore wind farm installations.
This chapter discusses brickwork materials and construction techniques. Bricks are one of the oldest man-made building materials, dating back over 4000 years. Bricks are typically made from clay but can also contain sand, lime, or cement. Common types of bricks include clay bricks, fly ash bricks and kiln-burnt bricks. Mortar is used to join bricks and consists of cement, sand and water. There are various bonding patterns used in brickwork such as stretcher bond, header bond and Flemish bond. Equipment used includes trowels, jointers, spirit levels and bricklayers' tools. Proper construction techniques such as joint spacing, bonding and laying patterns are important for quality and durable brickwork.
This document provides instructions on various AutoCAD commands for 2D drawing and editing, text and hatching, layers, dimensions, blocks, and external references. It consists of 7 chapters that explain tools for drawing lines, circles, arcs, and other objects; editing objects by moving, copying, rotating, mirroring, and arraying; adding text and hatch patterns; managing layers; creating dimensions; inserting blocks; and linking to external drawings. The goal is to teach civil engineering students how to use AutoCAD for 2D drafting.
2009 ncdd-csf-technical-manual-vol-i-study-design-guidelinesChhay Teng
This document provides guidelines for the study and design of small-scale infrastructure projects funded by the Commune/Sangkat Fund in Cambodia. It introduces the technical forms and template designs used for roads, irrigation systems, water supply, education, health and sanitation projects. Guidelines are given on how to read and use the template drawings, which conform to the standards of relevant line ministries. The manual aims to support good quality project design and construction supervision that can be implemented with locally available skills and resources. Field visits by technical support officers are recommended to verify project needs and objectives.
A CSG consists of a set of subscribers who are permitted to access one or more CSG cells of the PLMN as a group.
CSG cell: A UTRAN or E-UTRAN cell broadcasting a CSG Indicator which is only accessible by CSG members.
CSG ID: An identifier broadcast by a CSG or hybrid cell that uniquely identifies it within the PLMN.
CSG member: A subscriber who is a member of a CSG.
CSG membership: The subscription information indicating whether a UE is a member of a CSG.
CSG subscription data: The set of CSG IDs of the CSGs of which the subscriber is a member.
This document provides an overview and table of contents for a book titled "OffshoreBook Oil & Gas" which serves as an introduction to the offshore oil and gas industry, with a focus on the Danish and North Sea conditions. The book is in its third edition and is edited by Offshoreenergy.dk in collaboration with various industry contributors. It contains chapters covering topics like health and safety, basic information about oil and gas, reservoirs, drilling operations, and offshore structures. The purpose is to present the industry at a basic level suitable for new employees, students, and those needing insight into specialties different from their own.
1. This document provides an overview of structural analysis, including types of structures and loads, statically determinate analysis methods, truss analysis, internal forces in members, cables and arches, influence lines, and approximate analysis methods.
2. Key topics covered include idealization of structures, equations of equilibrium, determinacy and stability, shear and moment diagrams, common truss types, influence line theory, and deflection analysis using energy methods.
3. Examples and problems are provided throughout to demonstrate analytical techniques.
1. This document provides an overview of structural analysis, including types of structures and loads, statically determinate analysis methods, truss analysis, internal forces in members, cables and arches, influence lines, approximate analysis of indeterminate structures, deflection, and energy methods.
2. Key topics covered include idealization of structures, equations of equilibrium, determinacy and stability, shear and moment diagrams, influence lines, approximate analysis methods like the portal and cantilever methods, deflection diagrams, and virtual work principles.
3. Examples and problems are provided throughout to demonstrate analytical techniques for statically determinate beams, frames, trusses, cables, arches, and the use of influence lines,
This document describes an internship report on cost modeling of offshore wind farm installations. The report examines the installation process of offshore wind farms, including foundations, turbines, and electrical infrastructure. It details the ECN Install modeling tool and its cost module. A case study application to the Gemini offshore wind farm is presented, with results on resource utilization, delays, and costs. The report aims to contribute to improved cost estimations for offshore wind farm installations.
This thesis examines optimization approaches for the design of infield cable topology for offshore wind farms. The objective is to approximate the optimal inter-array cable connections in an affordable computation time to minimize cable costs. The thesis reviews state-of-the-art collection system designs and related research, which reveals the complexity of the problem and the need for heuristic methods. Planar Open Savings and Esau-Williams heuristics are implemented and evaluated on various test instances to optimize radial and branched topologies respectively for single and multiple cable types while respecting cable capacity constraints. The results are used to develop a hybrid approach and recommendations for the best algorithm depending on the problem parameters. Additional features are included to enhance practical applicability and a case study
вестник южно уральского-государственного_университета._серия_математика._меха...Иван Иванов
- The article deals with surfaces of negative Gaussian curvature that can be bijectively projected onto a circle.
- The author provides sufficient conditions for the existence of an estimate of the circle radius onto which the surface can be projected.
- Specifically, if the Gaussian curvature is bounded above by a negative constant, an estimate of the minimum possible radius of the projecting circle can be determined.
The document contains 14 math word problems involving percentages. The problems ask the reader to calculate percentages of quantities, determine original values given percentages, calculate rate of change as a percentage, and solve other percentage-related word problems. The document is in Tamil, so it provides the problems in Tamil but does not show the work or solutions.
This document is a textbook on drilling engineering that covers topics such as rotary drilling rig components and systems, geomechanics, drilling hydraulics, drill bits, and drillstring design. It provides detailed explanations of concepts and calculations with examples. The textbook is intended for a master's level course on petroleum engineering and drilling.
This document describes the design, construction, testing, and results of prototypes for a technology to reduce mercury emissions from small-scale gold refining facilities. It presents the theoretical basis for an aerosol collection system using coagulation and impaction principles. Designs for multiple prototypes are discussed, including the selection of a baffle plate assembly design. The prototypes were tested at six gold shops in Brazil, and sampling methods were used to determine mercury removal efficiency. The testing demonstrated removal of over 90% of airborne mercury from emission gases.
This document provides an overview of drilling engineering topics taught in the Master of Petroleum Engineering program at Curtin University of Technology. It covers the components and operation of rotary drilling rigs, geomechanics considerations for wellbore stability, drilling hydraulics, drill bits, drillstring design, and drilling fluids. The document is divided into chapters that describe key aspects of each topic in detail.
Modelling Time in Computation (Dynamic Systems)M Reza Rahmati
This document presents a dissertation on functional reactive programming (FRP) for real-time reactive systems. The dissertation introduces RT-FRP, a language for programming real-time reactive systems that can guarantee resource bounds while allowing a restricted form of recursion. It presents two variants of RT-FRP called H-FRP and E-FRP for modeling hybrid and event-driven systems respectively. A compiler is presented for compiling E-FRP to an imperative language for implementation. The dissertation contributes new programming languages and techniques for programming reactive and embedded systems with guarantees on resource usage.
The document is a table of contents for a book about health and safety risks while traveling. It lists 20 chapters that cover topics like dangerous animals, insect-borne diseases, water safety, vaccinations, and first aid. It includes warnings about issues like snake bites, malaria, rabies, and injuries from animals like sharks or crocodiles. The document provides an overview of the health hazards addressed in the book.
This document provides a manual for using the GNU debugger (GDB). It covers topics such as invoking and quitting GDB, setting breakpoints and watchpoints, examining the stack and source code, debugging multi-threaded programs, and more. GDB is free software distributed under the GNU GPL license. The manual contains information to help developers debug C and C++ programs.
This document provides lecture notes on applied cryptography and data security. It covers topics such as symmetric and asymmetric cryptosystems, cryptanalysis techniques, stream and block ciphers like DES and AES, public key cryptography including RSA, and the discrete logarithm problem. The notes are intended for education on the fundamentals of cryptography and cybersecurity.
This document provides an overview of bearing product lines for various industries including agricultural, electrical, HVAC, material handling, and transmission. It describes a company that offers global application engineering support, TS-16949 certified manufacturing facilities, a dedicated research and development center, and testing capabilities. The document lists over 100 specific bearing product lines and provides 2-3 pages of details on each line.
This document is a cookbook for developing multiplex assays using Luminex xMAP technology. It provides information on assay design, reagents, equipment, and protocols for coupling proteins, antibodies, peptides and nucleic acids to xMAP microspheres. It also describes common immunoassay and nucleic acid assay formats such as sandwich immunoassays, competitive immunoassays, and SNP genotyping assays. The document aims to guide researchers in optimizing and validating new xMAP assays for proteomic and genomic applications.
This thesis investigates noise from a lift-offset coaxial helicopter configuration using computational modeling. Key findings include:
- Constructive and destructive interference occurs for coaxial thickness noise depending on observer location.
- Blade crossings and blade-vortex interactions are important sources of coaxial loading noise.
- Coaxial thickness noise is generally lower than a single rotor helicopter, especially at forward flight speeds.
- Reducing rotor tip speed through lower RPM provides significant noise reduction potential for coaxial rotors.
- Alternative blade designs like dual-swept tips and curved sweeping can further reduce coaxial thickness noise.
The document provides an overview of the features and specifications of the Lenovo ThinkPad T400 and R400 laptop models. It describes the ThinkPad notebooks' hardware components, preinstalled software applications like ThinkVantage and Rescue and Recovery, security features and user support options through Access Help. The document is intended to help users understand and make full use of the capabilities and services available on their ThinkPad computer.
The document presents the design of a Quantum Communication Satellite (QCS) constellation. The constellation aims to deliver encrypted quantum keys between ground stations using a network of satellites. Key requirements include maintaining line-of-sight between ground stations for less than 15 minutes using a constellation of 80 satellites in 8 orbital planes. Each 20U CubeSat satellite is designed with subsystems for attitude control, propulsion, power, communication, structure, and thermal control. Simulation and analysis was performed on orbit design, attitude control, power, communication, structure, reliability, and risk management to meet all mission requirements. The design culminates in a 1-year LEO mission to enable quantum key distribution between globally distributed ground stations via an
SAMPLE ABC College Data Center Assessment & RecommendationsJeff Greenwood
This document provides an assessment and recommendations for the ABC College data center located at 86 Turner Road in East Falmouth, Massachusetts. It was prepared by Jeffrey Greenwood of Greenwood PCM and submitted to ABC College on May 2, 2015. The assessment includes an analysis of the existing facility site selection, operations, power infrastructure, cooling system, and computational fluid dynamics modeling. It provides findings on deficiencies and offers recommendations to increase the data center's capacity and availability.
Six Myths and Paradoxes of Garbage Collection Holly Cummins
MSc dissertation.
Many myths and paradoxes surround garbage collection. The first myth is that garbage collection is only suitable for the incompetent, unskilled, or lazy. In fact garbage collection offers many architec- tural and software engineering advantages, even to the skilled developer. The second myth is that garbage collection is all about about collecting garbage. Garbage collectors also include an allocation component, which, along with their powers of object rearrangement, can make a significant difference to application performance. Thirdly, criticisms of garbage collection often focus on the pause times, and responses to these criticisms often focus exclusively on reducing pause times, in the mistaken belief that small pause times guarantee good application response times. Pause times are also often used as a metric of general application performance, and an increase in pause times is taken as an indicator of worsened performance, when in fact the opposite the opposite is often true. Paradoxically, even the total amount of time spent paused for garbage collection is not a good predictor of the impact of garbage collection on application performance. Finally, the sixth myth is that garbage collection has a disastrous performance impact. While garbage collection can hurt application performance, it can also help application performance to the point where it exceeds the performance with manual memory management.
This document provides an introduction and manual for the design of hollow core slabs. It discusses the manufacturing of hollow core slabs and the materials used. It then covers advantages of hollow core slabs and common framing concepts. The bulk of the document focuses on guidelines for designing hollow core slabs, including flexural and shear design, camber and deflection, composite design, and strand development. It also covers special design considerations like load distribution, effects of openings, continuity, and cantilevers. Finally, it discusses using hollow core slabs as diaphragms to resist lateral loads. The manual is intended to provide design guidance and reference material for engineers and producers working with hollow core slab systems.
A.matrix algebra for structural analysisdocChhay Teng
The document provides definitions and examples of different types of matrices including matrix algebra, matrix operations, and properties of matrix operations. It defines matrices, matrix types (square, identity, symmetric, triangular), and matrix operations including addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication, and matrix multiplication. Matrix multiplication involves multiplying the rows of the first matrix with the columns of the second matrix. The properties discussed are that matrix multiplication is noncommutative, distribution over addition holds, and distribution over matrix multiplication holds.
11. displacement method of analysis slope deflection equationsChhay Teng
1. The document discusses the displacement method of analysis known as the slope-deflection method. This method analyzes the deformations of structures using slope-deflection equations.
2. General procedures for the displacement method are described, including determining degrees of freedom and establishing slope-deflection equations for each member.
3. Slope-deflection equations relate the displacements (rotations and translations) of joints to member end actions (moments and shears). These equations allow determining member forces based on known joint displacements.
This document provides an introduction and overview of Corus Advance structural sections for use in steel construction. It includes the following key points:
- Corus is a major UK and global steel producer and manufacturer of structural steel sections.
- Steel construction offers benefits like speed of construction, economy, flexibility, sustainability, and recyclability.
- The document contains selection of structural section property tables from the Corus Advance range to assist students in steel structure design.
- For the full listing of Advance section properties and capacities, the online "Blue Book" can be downloaded from the Corus website.
This thesis examines optimization approaches for the design of infield cable topology for offshore wind farms. The objective is to approximate the optimal inter-array cable connections in an affordable computation time to minimize cable costs. The thesis reviews state-of-the-art collection system designs and related research, which reveals the complexity of the problem and the need for heuristic methods. Planar Open Savings and Esau-Williams heuristics are implemented and evaluated on various test instances to optimize radial and branched topologies respectively for single and multiple cable types while respecting cable capacity constraints. The results are used to develop a hybrid approach and recommendations for the best algorithm depending on the problem parameters. Additional features are included to enhance practical applicability and a case study
вестник южно уральского-государственного_университета._серия_математика._меха...Иван Иванов
- The article deals with surfaces of negative Gaussian curvature that can be bijectively projected onto a circle.
- The author provides sufficient conditions for the existence of an estimate of the circle radius onto which the surface can be projected.
- Specifically, if the Gaussian curvature is bounded above by a negative constant, an estimate of the minimum possible radius of the projecting circle can be determined.
The document contains 14 math word problems involving percentages. The problems ask the reader to calculate percentages of quantities, determine original values given percentages, calculate rate of change as a percentage, and solve other percentage-related word problems. The document is in Tamil, so it provides the problems in Tamil but does not show the work or solutions.
This document is a textbook on drilling engineering that covers topics such as rotary drilling rig components and systems, geomechanics, drilling hydraulics, drill bits, and drillstring design. It provides detailed explanations of concepts and calculations with examples. The textbook is intended for a master's level course on petroleum engineering and drilling.
This document describes the design, construction, testing, and results of prototypes for a technology to reduce mercury emissions from small-scale gold refining facilities. It presents the theoretical basis for an aerosol collection system using coagulation and impaction principles. Designs for multiple prototypes are discussed, including the selection of a baffle plate assembly design. The prototypes were tested at six gold shops in Brazil, and sampling methods were used to determine mercury removal efficiency. The testing demonstrated removal of over 90% of airborne mercury from emission gases.
This document provides an overview of drilling engineering topics taught in the Master of Petroleum Engineering program at Curtin University of Technology. It covers the components and operation of rotary drilling rigs, geomechanics considerations for wellbore stability, drilling hydraulics, drill bits, drillstring design, and drilling fluids. The document is divided into chapters that describe key aspects of each topic in detail.
Modelling Time in Computation (Dynamic Systems)M Reza Rahmati
This document presents a dissertation on functional reactive programming (FRP) for real-time reactive systems. The dissertation introduces RT-FRP, a language for programming real-time reactive systems that can guarantee resource bounds while allowing a restricted form of recursion. It presents two variants of RT-FRP called H-FRP and E-FRP for modeling hybrid and event-driven systems respectively. A compiler is presented for compiling E-FRP to an imperative language for implementation. The dissertation contributes new programming languages and techniques for programming reactive and embedded systems with guarantees on resource usage.
The document is a table of contents for a book about health and safety risks while traveling. It lists 20 chapters that cover topics like dangerous animals, insect-borne diseases, water safety, vaccinations, and first aid. It includes warnings about issues like snake bites, malaria, rabies, and injuries from animals like sharks or crocodiles. The document provides an overview of the health hazards addressed in the book.
This document provides a manual for using the GNU debugger (GDB). It covers topics such as invoking and quitting GDB, setting breakpoints and watchpoints, examining the stack and source code, debugging multi-threaded programs, and more. GDB is free software distributed under the GNU GPL license. The manual contains information to help developers debug C and C++ programs.
This document provides lecture notes on applied cryptography and data security. It covers topics such as symmetric and asymmetric cryptosystems, cryptanalysis techniques, stream and block ciphers like DES and AES, public key cryptography including RSA, and the discrete logarithm problem. The notes are intended for education on the fundamentals of cryptography and cybersecurity.
This document provides an overview of bearing product lines for various industries including agricultural, electrical, HVAC, material handling, and transmission. It describes a company that offers global application engineering support, TS-16949 certified manufacturing facilities, a dedicated research and development center, and testing capabilities. The document lists over 100 specific bearing product lines and provides 2-3 pages of details on each line.
This document is a cookbook for developing multiplex assays using Luminex xMAP technology. It provides information on assay design, reagents, equipment, and protocols for coupling proteins, antibodies, peptides and nucleic acids to xMAP microspheres. It also describes common immunoassay and nucleic acid assay formats such as sandwich immunoassays, competitive immunoassays, and SNP genotyping assays. The document aims to guide researchers in optimizing and validating new xMAP assays for proteomic and genomic applications.
This thesis investigates noise from a lift-offset coaxial helicopter configuration using computational modeling. Key findings include:
- Constructive and destructive interference occurs for coaxial thickness noise depending on observer location.
- Blade crossings and blade-vortex interactions are important sources of coaxial loading noise.
- Coaxial thickness noise is generally lower than a single rotor helicopter, especially at forward flight speeds.
- Reducing rotor tip speed through lower RPM provides significant noise reduction potential for coaxial rotors.
- Alternative blade designs like dual-swept tips and curved sweeping can further reduce coaxial thickness noise.
The document provides an overview of the features and specifications of the Lenovo ThinkPad T400 and R400 laptop models. It describes the ThinkPad notebooks' hardware components, preinstalled software applications like ThinkVantage and Rescue and Recovery, security features and user support options through Access Help. The document is intended to help users understand and make full use of the capabilities and services available on their ThinkPad computer.
The document presents the design of a Quantum Communication Satellite (QCS) constellation. The constellation aims to deliver encrypted quantum keys between ground stations using a network of satellites. Key requirements include maintaining line-of-sight between ground stations for less than 15 minutes using a constellation of 80 satellites in 8 orbital planes. Each 20U CubeSat satellite is designed with subsystems for attitude control, propulsion, power, communication, structure, and thermal control. Simulation and analysis was performed on orbit design, attitude control, power, communication, structure, reliability, and risk management to meet all mission requirements. The design culminates in a 1-year LEO mission to enable quantum key distribution between globally distributed ground stations via an
SAMPLE ABC College Data Center Assessment & RecommendationsJeff Greenwood
This document provides an assessment and recommendations for the ABC College data center located at 86 Turner Road in East Falmouth, Massachusetts. It was prepared by Jeffrey Greenwood of Greenwood PCM and submitted to ABC College on May 2, 2015. The assessment includes an analysis of the existing facility site selection, operations, power infrastructure, cooling system, and computational fluid dynamics modeling. It provides findings on deficiencies and offers recommendations to increase the data center's capacity and availability.
Six Myths and Paradoxes of Garbage Collection Holly Cummins
MSc dissertation.
Many myths and paradoxes surround garbage collection. The first myth is that garbage collection is only suitable for the incompetent, unskilled, or lazy. In fact garbage collection offers many architec- tural and software engineering advantages, even to the skilled developer. The second myth is that garbage collection is all about about collecting garbage. Garbage collectors also include an allocation component, which, along with their powers of object rearrangement, can make a significant difference to application performance. Thirdly, criticisms of garbage collection often focus on the pause times, and responses to these criticisms often focus exclusively on reducing pause times, in the mistaken belief that small pause times guarantee good application response times. Pause times are also often used as a metric of general application performance, and an increase in pause times is taken as an indicator of worsened performance, when in fact the opposite the opposite is often true. Paradoxically, even the total amount of time spent paused for garbage collection is not a good predictor of the impact of garbage collection on application performance. Finally, the sixth myth is that garbage collection has a disastrous performance impact. While garbage collection can hurt application performance, it can also help application performance to the point where it exceeds the performance with manual memory management.
This document provides an introduction and manual for the design of hollow core slabs. It discusses the manufacturing of hollow core slabs and the materials used. It then covers advantages of hollow core slabs and common framing concepts. The bulk of the document focuses on guidelines for designing hollow core slabs, including flexural and shear design, camber and deflection, composite design, and strand development. It also covers special design considerations like load distribution, effects of openings, continuity, and cantilevers. Finally, it discusses using hollow core slabs as diaphragms to resist lateral loads. The manual is intended to provide design guidance and reference material for engineers and producers working with hollow core slab systems.
A.matrix algebra for structural analysisdocChhay Teng
The document provides definitions and examples of different types of matrices including matrix algebra, matrix operations, and properties of matrix operations. It defines matrices, matrix types (square, identity, symmetric, triangular), and matrix operations including addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication, and matrix multiplication. Matrix multiplication involves multiplying the rows of the first matrix with the columns of the second matrix. The properties discussed are that matrix multiplication is noncommutative, distribution over addition holds, and distribution over matrix multiplication holds.
11. displacement method of analysis slope deflection equationsChhay Teng
1. The document discusses the displacement method of analysis known as the slope-deflection method. This method analyzes the deformations of structures using slope-deflection equations.
2. General procedures for the displacement method are described, including determining degrees of freedom and establishing slope-deflection equations for each member.
3. Slope-deflection equations relate the displacements (rotations and translations) of joints to member end actions (moments and shears). These equations allow determining member forces based on known joint displacements.
This document provides an introduction and overview of Corus Advance structural sections for use in steel construction. It includes the following key points:
- Corus is a major UK and global steel producer and manufacturer of structural steel sections.
- Steel construction offers benefits like speed of construction, economy, flexibility, sustainability, and recyclability.
- The document contains selection of structural section property tables from the Corus Advance range to assist students in steel structure design.
- For the full listing of Advance section properties and capacities, the online "Blue Book" can be downloaded from the Corus website.
15. beam analysis using the stiffness methodChhay Teng
1. The document discusses analyzing beams using the stiffness method. It introduces node coordinates and degrees of freedom, and defines member stiffness matrices for individual beam elements.
2. It provides examples of applying the method to simple structures like trusses and slider mechanisms by assembling the element stiffness matrices into a global stiffness matrix.
3. The method relates displacements at nodes to applied forces using the member stiffness matrices. This allows solving for unknown displacements given known forces or vice versa.
This document provides formulas and examples for calculating torsional section properties of steel shapes, including the St. Venant torsional constant, warping torsional constant, shear centre location, and monosymmetry constant. It covers open cross sections like W-shapes, channels, angles, and T-sections, as well as closed hollow structural sections that are round or square/rectangular. Simple examples are given to illustrate the calculations.
X. connections for prestressed concrete elementChhay Teng
This document provides guidance on connections for prestressed concrete elements. It discusses tolerance requirements for connections, introduces composite members formed using situ-cast topping, and describes reinforced concrete bearing in composite members. Specifically, it outlines procedures for calculating the design bearing strength of a reinforced concrete bearing using nominal strength equations. It also presents equations for determining the development length and shear capacity of reinforcing bars at the interface between a concrete bearing and a composite member. The guidance aims to ensure connections have adequate strength and durability while also considering constructability and economics.
Xii.lrfd and stan dard aastho design of concrete bridgeChhay Teng
This document discusses load specifications for bridge design according to the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) and Standard Specifications. It introduces the AASHTO truck and lane loading models used for design. Key points include:
1) Standard AASHTO and LRFD specifications for truck axle configurations and weights.
2) Provisions for impact, longitudinal forces, and centrifugal forces under the AASHTO Standard (LFD) specifications.
3) Methods for reducing lane load intensity based on number of traffic lanes.
13 beams and frames having nonprismatic membersChhay Teng
1) The document discusses methods for analyzing non-prismatic structural members, such as tapered or stepped beams and frames, using the slope-deflection and moment distribution methods.
2) It describes calculating the deflection of non-prismatic members through integration, and introduces the concepts of stiffness factor K, carry-over factor COF, and the conjugate beam method for analyzing loading properties.
3) An example problem is presented to demonstrate calculating the fixed-end moment FEM at joints A and B of a tapered beam using the given stiffness factors K and carry-over factors COF from the conjugate beam analysis.
1. The document discusses member design under compression and bending forces. It provides equations and diagrams for determining the plastic centroid, axial load capacity, moment capacity, and balanced or interaction conditions of members.
2. Safety provisions for member design include minimum reinforcement ratios and load factors that are applied to nominal member strengths based on material properties and cross section details.
3. Diagrams show load-moment interaction curves indicating regions of failure by compression, tension, or balanced flexure for members designed based on provisions in the document.
The document appears to be a series of numbers or codes with the name T. Chhay and the letters NPIC repeated at the top. It does not contain enough contextual information to summarize its meaning or purpose in 3 sentences or less.
This document discusses moment amplification in beam-columns. It explains that the actual moment in a beam-column can be higher than the design moment due to the effects of axial load. The moment is amplified due to the nonlinear relationship between moment and axial deformation. Design codes account for this phenomenon using moment magnification factors which relate the actual moment to the design moment based on the level of axial load. The document provides an example calculation to demonstrate moment amplification based on the AISC specification equations.
This document provides instructions on using various commands and tools in Autodesk 3ds Max for geometry creation, modification, and rendering. It covers topics such as viewports, basic geometric shapes like boxes and spheres, splines, mesh editing, modifiers, and lighting/camera settings. Step-by-step explanations are provided for commands to create, manipulate, and render 3D models. The document is intended as a tutorial for learning essential 3ds Max functions.
Vii. camber, deflection, and crack controlChhay Teng
This document discusses camber, deflection, and crack control in concrete structures. It introduces the basic assumptions used in deflection calculations, which include elastic behavior, modulus of elasticity, superposition principle, and tendon properties. It then describes the load-deflection relationship in three stages: precracking, postcracking, and postserviceability cracking. Formulas are provided for calculating cracking and serviceability loads based on modulus of rupture and concrete strength. Overall, the document provides an introduction to evaluating and controlling deflection and cracking in concrete members.
This document provides an overview of various topics related to civil engineering construction including:
1. Structural design topics such as loads, stress and strain, reinforced concrete, structural steel, wood structures, and masonry.
2. Construction materials including cement, aggregates, admixtures, mortar, and concrete.
3. Construction methods for foundations, concrete placement, steel erection, timber fabrication and erection.
4. Inspection and quality control for construction projects.
The document covers essential concepts for the design and construction of structures using different materials like concrete, steel, wood and masonry. It provides guidance on analyzing structural elements, selecting construction materials, and implementing proper fabrication and
Oil palm by-products as lightweight aggregate in concrete - a reviewUniversity of Malaya
This document reviews research on the use of oil-palm boiler clinker (OPBC) as a lightweight aggregate in concrete mixtures. OPBC is a waste material from palm oil extraction that has physical and chemical properties making it suitable for use as a concrete aggregate. Studies found that concrete made with OPBC as a coarse or fine aggregate had compressive strengths from 17 to 47 MPa and densities from 1440 to 1850 kg/m3. Partial replacement of OPBC in oil palm shell concrete improved compressive strength by about 40%. The review identifies gaps in research on developing innovative lightweight concretes considering financial and environmental factors.
This DNV document outlines the technical standards, as developed by DNV, aimed at floating gas temrinals. Similar standards can be found in DNV.COM website, under "Resources".
This document appears to be the table of contents and introductory chapter for a textbook on water resources engineering. It covers topics like the hydrologic cycle, design of water control and use systems, and an overview of the book's contents. Chapter 1 introduces water resources engineering and discusses the hydrologic cycle and design of water resource systems. Subsequent chapters will cover topics such as flow in closed conduits and open channels, probability and statistics, and computer models.
The document provides a geotechnical baseline report for the Caldecott Improvement Project's Fourth Bore tunnel (Bore No. 4) in California. It summarizes that Bore No. 4 will be constructed through sedimentary and volcanic rock formations between 13-8 million years old, including the Sobrante Formation, Claremont Formation, and Orinda Formation. The tunnel alignment crosses a seismically active region with major faults like the Hayward fault nearby. The report establishes ground classes that describe anticipated tunnel ground conditions to aid tunnel construction.
This document presents a preliminary design for an automatic aircraft painting and paint removal system. It begins with an introduction to current aircraft finish maintenance processes, including paint removal and painting methods. It then discusses the motivation for automating this process to reduce labor costs and hazards. The document outlines various potential automated solutions and selects a design using a robotic arm mounted on a lifting structure carried by an automated guided vehicle. It presents the selected system design, including the robotic arm, lifting structure, and integrated subsystems. It concludes with future work needed to further develop and implement the automatic finish maintenance system.
This document provides guidelines for designing haul roads for surface mines. It summarizes the results of a survey of 13 Canadian mines which found that in-pit roads averaged 1.4 years of life and ex-pit roads averaged 8 years. Haul road alignment considers width, grades, curves and sight lines. Design of the road cross-section involves a subgrade, subbase, base course and surface course. Design methods include California Bearing Ratio and strain-based approaches. Road surfaces should provide traction, minimize rolling resistance and dust. Maintaining haul roads is important for productivity and costs.
In order to support information regarding arthritis in examinees in the study, x-rays of the wrists
and hands, and knees will be conducted on all examinees sixty years of age and above. The x-rays will be
taken in the following positions and sequence
This document provides procedures and guidelines for conducting x-ray examinations as part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. It details the equipment used, including an x-ray unit, processor, and densitometer. Examination protocols are outlined for hand, wrist, and knee x-rays. Safety procedures and quality control measures are also described to ensure accurate results and protect both examiners and examinees from radiation exposure.
This document discusses materials and application of Portland cement plaster. Key points:
1. Portland cement plaster consists of cement, aggregate, lime and water. It is used for exterior and interior finishing.
2. Recommended materials include Portland cement, sand, lime and water. Admixtures can be added to improve workability.
3. Application involves mixing, applying in coats, and curing. A three-coat application provides the best finish.
This summary highlights the main components, materials, and application process for Portland cement plaster in 3 sentences.
Guide for the design of crane supporting steel structuresTimóteo Rocha
This document provides guidelines for the design of crane-supporting steel structures. It covers loads specific to these structures, design for repeated loads and fatigue, classification of structures, design and construction measures, and topics related to rehabilitation and upgrading of existing structures. The document contains several chapters that describe loads, fatigue design procedures, classification of crane service, examples of duty cycle analyses, design and construction checklists, and other topics such as clearances, attachments, and welding standards.
This thesis presents an analytical model for predicting the behavior of laterally restrained reinforced concrete beams. The model uses sectional analysis and accounts for material nonlinearities and second-order effects. It is validated against test data from two experimental investigations. Parametric studies examine the influence of concrete strength, reinforcement ratio, second-order effects, and slip at supports on beam capacity. The proposed model provides a basis for simplified design methods to analyze laterally restrained concrete members.
Advanced Analytical Techniques in Dairy Chemistry.pdfANAYNALLELYLAPON
Springer Protocols Handbooks collects a diverse range of step-by-step laboratory methods and protocols from across the life and biomedical sciences. Each protocol is provided in the Springer Protocol format: readily-reproducible in a step-by-step fashion. Each protocol opens with an introductory overview, a list ofthe materials and reagents needed to complete the experiment, and is followed by a detailed procedure supported by a helpful notes section offering tips and tricks ofthe trade as well as troubleshooting advice. With a focus on large comprehensive protocol collections and an international authorship, Springer Protocols Handbooks are a valuable addition to the laboratory
This document provides a profile of the iron mining industry and a site visit report for LTV Steel. The profile describes the economic and environmental aspects of iron mining. Iron ore deposits are formed through sedimentary, igneous, and weathering processes. Extraction methods include open pit and underground mining. Beneficiation involves milling, magnetic separation, flotation, gravity concentration, thickening, filtering, and agglomeration to produce iron ore concentrates. Wastes include waste rock, tailings, and mine water. Management includes waste rock piles, tailings impoundments, and mine reclamation. The profile also discusses environmental effects and applicable regulations. The site visit report provides background on LTV Steel and describes its
This document provides an introduction to reverse engineering for beginners. It covers basic code patterns and fundamentals across different CPU architectures like x86, ARM, and MIPS. Example code is shown for simple functions, "Hello World", and printf with multiple arguments on each architecture. The document also discusses important concepts like the stack, function prologues and epilogues, and tools that can be used. Later sections provide more advanced examples and exercises to help readers learn reverse engineering.
This document contains lecture notes on fracture mechanics. It introduces different fracture mechanisms like shearing, cleavage, fatigue, crazing and de-adhesion. It discusses the ductile to brittle transition behavior and Griffith's experiments on the theoretical strength of materials. It describes experimental techniques to analyze cracks like using surface cracks, electrical resistance, x-rays, ultrasound and acoustic emission. It covers topics on fracture energy, stress concentrations near cracks and holes, stresses near crack tips, plastic zones near crack tips, and dynamic and multi-mode crack propagation.
This document provides recommended practices for the design and construction of precast prestressed concrete parking structures. It discusses factors that influence the durability and functionality of parking structures, such as concrete quality, drainage, and security design. The document emphasizes the importance of designing structures to withstand environmental deterioration over their service life, while also considering their operational needs and costs. It provides guidance on elements like access design, parking configurations, lighting, and signage to optimize a structure's performance.
This document provides recommended practices for the design and construction of precast prestressed concrete parking structures. It discusses factors that influence the durability and functionality of parking structures, including concrete quality, drainage, and corrosion protection. The document also covers structural framing systems, revenue control options, lighting design, security measures, and other considerations to optimize the performance of parking structures.
Effect of tool size on fracture and fatigue behaviors of friction stir spot w...Dustin
The document investigates the effects of tool size on fracture and fatigue behaviors of friction stir spot welds of 6061-T6 aluminum sheets. Three tools of different sizes (T1, T2, T3) were used to make welds at different welding parameters. Quasi-static tensile tests were performed to evaluate failure strengths and modes. Fatigue tests under cyclic opening conditions found that failure lives and modes depended strongly on tool size and applied load. Fracture surfaces and microstructures of the welds before and after failure were examined using optical microscopy and SEM. The results indicate that failure strengths, lives and modes show significant dependence on tool size and processing conditions.
Analysis and control of an in situ hydrogen generation and fuel cell power sy...Jupira Silva
This dissertation describes the design and control of an onboard hydrogen generation and fuel cell power system for automotive applications. The author first designs a fuel processing subsystem to generate hydrogen from methane via steam reforming. Kinetic models are developed for the steam reformer, water-gas shift reactor, and preferential oxidation reactor. A nonlinear model is also developed for a PEM fuel cell to generate electricity. Finally, an adaptive controller is designed and simulated to regulate the fuel cell output power based on varying power demands, with battery backup support as needed. The system is designed to provide electric power for a vehicle in a sustainable manner using onboard hydrogen generation and fuel cells.
The document provides an overview of concrete basics, including the materials used to make concrete, properties of concrete in different states, common concrete tests to measure workability and strength, and factors that affect the strength and durability of hardened concrete. Concrete is made by mixing cement, water, coarse and fine aggregates, and sometimes admixtures, and its workability and strength can be tested using slump and compression tests.
Rebar arrangement and construction carryoutChhay Teng
The document discusses rebar arrangement and construction procedures. It begins by emphasizing the importance of thoroughly understanding construction drawings before beginning work. It then provides details on different types of drawings used for construction, including plans, elevations, sections, and structural drawings. Finally, it discusses rebar characteristics, production processes, and standard symbols and terminology used in construction drawings.
1 dimension and properties table of w shapesChhay Teng
This document provides dimension and properties data for various W-shape steel beams, including their area, depth, web and flange dimensions, elastic properties, plastic modulus, and warping properties. Metrics such as the nominal weight, compact section criteria, moment of inertia, plastic section modulus, and warping constant are given for each beam designation. Over 30 different W-shape beams ranging in size from W1120x4.89 to W910x12.37 are listed with their respective dimension and mechanical properties.
2 dimension and properties table of s shapeChhay Teng
This table provides dimensional and mechanical properties for various S-shape steel beams. It includes properties like cross-sectional area, depth, wall thickness, elastic modulus, plastic modulus, shear center location, and weight. Properties are listed for beam designations ranging from S610x1.77 down to S80x0.08. The data allows comparison of key metrics across different standardized beam sizes.
3 dimension and properties table of hp shapeChhay Teng
This table provides dimensional properties and elastic properties for various HP-shape steel beams. It includes measurements like area, depth, web thickness, flange width and thickness, moment of inertia, plastic modulus, and polar moment of inertia. The data is sourced from an online structural drafting resource and specifies properties for beams with designations like HP360x1.71, HP300x1.23, and HP360x0.53.
4 dimension and properties table c shapeChhay Teng
This document provides dimensional and mechanical properties for various C-shaped cross section profiles. It lists nominal dimensions such as depth, web thickness, flange width and thickness, along with mechanical properties including section area, elastic modulus, plastic modulus, shear center location, polar moment of inertia, and warping constant. C-shapes ranging from 380x0.73mm to 80x0.073mm are specified. Key dimensional and mechanical properties are given to characterize each cross sectional geometry.
6 dimension and properties table of ipe shapeChhay Teng
This document provides dimensional properties for various IPE steel beam shapes. It includes dimensions, cross-sectional area, weight, section properties such as moments of inertia, and minimum dimensions for connections. The table lists data for IPE beams ranging from 80 mm to 600 mm, including their height, width, wall thicknesses, and other geometric properties.
This document provides dimensional properties and specifications for different profiles of IPN-shaped steel beams, ranging from IPN 80 to IPN 600. For each profile, it lists dimensions, cross-sectional area, weight, dimensional properties for detailing, and mechanical properties along the strong and weak axes. A total of 24 IPN profiles are defined in the table with increasing dimensions, areas, and load-bearing capacities from smaller to larger sizes.
8 dimension and properties table of equal leg angleChhay Teng
This document provides dimensional properties and specifications for equal leg angle steel beams of various sizes. It includes dimensions, cross-sectional area, weight, position of axes, surface area, and other mechanical properties. Sizes range from 20x20mm to 120x120mm beams with wall thicknesses of 3mm to 13mm.
The document provides dimensional properties for various UPE-shaped steel beams, including their height, width, wall thickness, flange thickness, area, weight, moments of inertia, and other specifications. Dimensions are given in millimeters and kilograms per meter. Beams range in size from a UPE 80 with a height of 80mm up to a UPE 400 with a height of 400mm.
This document provides dimensional properties for various UPN steel beam shapes. It includes dimensions for the height, width, thicknesses, radii, slopes, cross-sectional areas, weights, and other geometric properties. The table lists these specifications for UPN beams ranging in size from 80x45x6 mm to 400x110x14 mm.
1) This document provides dimensional properties of various U-shape steel beams, including their height, width, wall thicknesses, radii, depth, slope, area, weight, and other geometric properties.
2) Data is provided for 4 different beams: U40 x 20, U50 x 25, U60 x 30, and U65 x 42, with measurements in millimeters and kilograms per meter.
3) The table lists key dimensions, areas, weights, axes, and other properties needed to fully characterize the geometry of each beam.
This document summarizes the key activities undertaken by the Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction to establish land use plans and manage land in Cambodia between 1993 and 1997. It outlines the creation of land use plans for Phnom Penh in 1993 and land titling projects targeting two communes in 1993. It also details additional land titling projects, land use planning workshops and training programs conducted during this period. The summary emphasizes the importance of these efforts in formalizing land management and establishing the legal framework for land administration in Cambodia.
Storytelling is an incredibly valuable tool to share data and information. To get the most impact from stories there are a number of key ingredients. These are based on science and human nature. Using these elements in a story you can deliver information impactfully, ensure action and drive change.
Part 2 Deep Dive: Navigating the 2024 Slowdownjeffkluth1
Introduction
The global retail industry has weathered numerous storms, with the financial crisis of 2008 serving as a poignant reminder of the sector's resilience and adaptability. However, as we navigate the complex landscape of 2024, retailers face a unique set of challenges that demand innovative strategies and a fundamental shift in mindset. This white paper contrasts the impact of the 2008 recession on the retail sector with the current headwinds retailers are grappling with, while offering a comprehensive roadmap for success in this new paradigm.
How are Lilac French Bulldogs Beauty Charming the World and Capturing Hearts....Lacey Max
“After being the most listed dog breed in the United States for 31
years in a row, the Labrador Retriever has dropped to second place
in the American Kennel Club's annual survey of the country's most
popular canines. The French Bulldog is the new top dog in the
United States as of 2022. The stylish puppy has ascended the
rankings in rapid time despite having health concerns and limited
color choices.”
𝐔𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐢𝐥 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐅𝐮𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐍𝐄𝐖𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐃𝐄’𝐬 𝐋𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐎𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐬
Explore the details in our newly released product manual, which showcases NEWNTIDE's advanced heat pump technologies. Delve into our energy-efficient and eco-friendly solutions tailored for diverse global markets.
Top mailing list providers in the USA.pptxJeremyPeirce1
Discover the top mailing list providers in the USA, offering targeted lists, segmentation, and analytics to optimize your marketing campaigns and drive engagement.
Best practices for project execution and deliveryCLIVE MINCHIN
A select set of project management best practices to keep your project on-track, on-cost and aligned to scope. Many firms have don't have the necessary skills, diligence, methods and oversight of their projects; this leads to slippage, higher costs and longer timeframes. Often firms have a history of projects that simply failed to move the needle. These best practices will help your firm avoid these pitfalls but they require fortitude to apply.
How MJ Global Leads the Packaging Industry.pdfMJ Global
MJ Global's success in staying ahead of the curve in the packaging industry is a testament to its dedication to innovation, sustainability, and customer-centricity. By embracing technological advancements, leading in eco-friendly solutions, collaborating with industry leaders, and adapting to evolving consumer preferences, MJ Global continues to set new standards in the packaging sector.
Digital Marketing with a Focus on Sustainabilitysssourabhsharma
Digital Marketing best practices including influencer marketing, content creators, and omnichannel marketing for Sustainable Brands at the Sustainable Cosmetics Summit 2024 in New York
Brian Fitzsimmons on the Business Strategy and Content Flywheel of Barstool S...Neil Horowitz
On episode 272 of the Digital and Social Media Sports Podcast, Neil chatted with Brian Fitzsimmons, Director of Licensing and Business Development for Barstool Sports.
What follows is a collection of snippets from the podcast. To hear the full interview and more, check out the podcast on all podcast platforms and at www.dsmsports.net
Unveiling the Dynamic Personalities, Key Dates, and Horoscope Insights: Gemin...my Pandit
Explore the fascinating world of the Gemini Zodiac Sign. Discover the unique personality traits, key dates, and horoscope insights of Gemini individuals. Learn how their sociable, communicative nature and boundless curiosity make them the dynamic explorers of the zodiac. Dive into the duality of the Gemini sign and understand their intellectual and adventurous spirit.
The Most Inspiring Entrepreneurs to Follow in 2024.pdfthesiliconleaders
In a world where the potential of youth innovation remains vastly untouched, there emerges a guiding light in the form of Norm Goldstein, the Founder and CEO of EduNetwork Partners. His dedication to this cause has earned him recognition as a Congressional Leadership Award recipient.
The Most Inspiring Entrepreneurs to Follow in 2024.pdf
Construction general
1. Department of Civil Engineering NPIC
matika
CMBUk I..............................................................................6
eRKagsMNg;emkanik .................................................................6
Structural Mechanic .............................................................6
1> karkMNt;bnÞúk .....................................................................6
1>1 RbePTénbnÞúk .................................................................6
1>2 bnÞúk (Service Loads) ..........................................................8
1>3 emKuNbnÞúk ...................................................................9
2> Stress and Strain ................................................................11
2>1 Static Equilibrium .............................................................11
2>2 Unit Stress and Strain ..........................................................12
2>3 Hooke’s Law .................................................................12
2>4 Constant Unit Stress ...........................................................13
2>5 Poisson’s Ratio................................................................14
CMBUkII ³..........................................................................15
dI nig RKwH ........................................................................15
Soil and foundation ............................................................15
1> esckþIepþIm ......................................................................15
1>1 emkanicdI ...................................................................15
1>2 visVkmμRKWH (Foundation Engineering) ...........................................16
2> karsikSaRsavRCavelIkardæanpÞal; (field exploitation) ..................................16
2>1 karsikSaelIÉksar (document Review) .........................................17
2>2 karsikSaRsavRCavépÞeRkamdI (Subsurface Exploration ) ............................18
2>3 sMNakKMrUdI Soil Sampling ....................................................19
Construction General -1-
2. Department of Civil Engineering NPIC
2>4 karBiesaFn_enAnwgkardæan Field testing ..........................................21
3> RKwH Foundation ................................................................23
3>1 RKwHrak; Shallow Foundation ..................................................24
3>2 RKwHeRCA ....................................................................27
4> karCIkdIsMrab;eFVIRKwH Foundation excavation ..........................................28
4>1 karCIkdIsMrab;eCIgtag Footing Excavation .......................................28
4>2 karxYgsMrab; Excavation of Piers ...............................................28
4>3 karCIkdIcMhr open excavation .................................................30
4>4 karCIkdIedaymanCnÞl; braced excavtion .........................................30
5> viFIbegáInsßanPaBRTRTg;dI Improvement methods ......................................30
5/1 karBRgabdI Grading ..........................................................30
5>2 eKalkarN_énkarbgðab; Compaction Foundation ..................................33
CMBUkIII³ ..........................................................................35
eRKagsMNg;ebtugmanq¥wgr)aeEdkBRgwgnig sMPar³ebtug..............................35
Reinforcing bar concrete sturcture and concrete meterial .................35
1> sMParsuIm:g;t_ Cementitious material ................................................35
1>1 RbePTénsMPar³suIm:g;t_ Type of cementitious meterials ............................35
1>2 suIm:g;t_Br½tøg; (Portland Cement) ...............................................36
1>3 suIm:g;t_GaluymIj:Úm Aluminous Cement ........................................37
1>4 suIm:g;t_FmμCati Natural Cements ...............................................38
1>5 kMe)ar Limes ................................................................38
1>6 suIm:g;t_erobdæ Masonry ament ................................................41
1>7 Fly ashes ..................................................................41
2>fμbMEbk Aggregate ...............................................................42
Construction General -2-
3. Department of Civil Engineering NPIC
2>1 fμbMEbkTMgn;Fmμta Normal –weigth aggregates....................................42
2>2 fμbMEbkEdlmanTMgn;F¶n;nig Rsal Heavy weigth and light weigth aggregate ..........43
3> TwkfñaMKImIsMrab;ebtug Admixture for concrete ........................................44
3/1 TwkfñaMKImIBIKImI nig BIEr: Chimical and mineral admixture ............................44
4> kMe)ar)ayGr nig ebtug Mortar and concrete .........................................47
4>1 kMe)ar)ayGr Motar ..........................................................47
4>2 ebtugsuIm:g;t_B½rtøg; Portland cement concrete.....................................48
4>3 ebtugb:UlIEmr Polymer concrete................................................48
5> karcak;ebtug Concrete Placement..................................................49
5>1 karGnuvtþn_d¾l¥ Good Pratice .................................................49
5>2 viFIénkarcak; Methods of Placing ...............................................50
5>3 PaBelIsTwk Excess water ....................................................50
5>4 kareFVIeGayhab; Consolidation ................................................51
5>5 karcak;ebtugeRKOgbgÁúMbBaÄr Concreting vertical element ...........................52
5>6 karcak;ebtugeRKOgbgÁúMedk concreting horizontal element...........................53
5>7 karcak;ebtugkñúgrdUvRtCak; Concreting in cold weather .............................54
5>8 karcak;ebtugGakasFatuekþA Concreting in hot weather...........................55
5>9 karEfrrkSasMeNImebtug Curing concrete .......................................55
5>10 muxtMNrsMrab;ebtug Joint in concrete .........................................56
5>11 karRtYtBinitüBIkarcak;ebtug Inspection of Concrete placement ...................58
6> eRKOgbgÁúMénsMNg;ebtug Members of concrete construction .............................58
6>1 kMral Slab .................................................................58
6>2 Fñwm Beam ..................................................................60
6>3 CBa¢aMg Wall ................................................................60
Construction General -3-
4. Department of Civil Engineering NPIC
6>4 RKwH Foundation .............................................................61
CMBUk IV ..........................................................................64
sMNg;eRKagbgÁúMGMBIEdk.............................................................64
STRUCTURAL STEEL CONSTRUCTION ...............................64
1> karKitbøg;éneRKOgbgÁúM Design of Members ...........................................64
1>1 eKalkarN_sMrab; ASD nig LRFD BASED FOR ASD AND LRFD .....65
1>2 CMnYyénkarKItbøg; nigeyag Design Aids and References........................66
1>3 eRKOgbgÁúMrgnUvkMlaMgTay Tension member ...................................66
1>4 ssr Column ..............................................................67
1>5 Fñwm Beam ................................................................69
1>6 Plaster girders ..............................................................70
2> karksagsMNg;Edk Steel erection .................................................71
2>1 ]bkrN_énkarsagsg; Erection Equipment....................................73
2>2 RbeLaHkñúgkarsagsg;Fñwm Clearance for erecting beams ...........................74
2>3 lMdab;énkarsagsg; Erection sequence .........................................77
2>4 dMeNIrkarpSar Field –Welding .................................................77
CMBUk V ...........................................................................80
eRKOgbgÁMGMBIeQI nigsMPar³.........................................................80
WOOD STRUCTURE AND MATERIAL .................................80
1> sMPar³ Material .................................................................81
1>1 lkçN³mUldæanrbs;eQI Basic Characteristic of Wood .............................81
1>2 lkçN³emkanicéneQI Mechanical Properties of Wood ..........................83
1>3 lkçN³T§iBlRsUbcMhayTwkkñúgxül; Effect of hygroscopic properties ...............84
1>4> lMdab;fñak;éneQI Grade of Wood ..............................................87
Construction General -4-
5. Department of Civil Engineering NPIC
1>5 sarFatubMpøaj nig sarFaturkSakarBar Destroyer and preservative....................90
1>6 kavnig sarFatusMrab;eQI Glues and adhesives for wood ...........................92
1>7 karplitkþakug)øaek nigkþabnÞHepSgeTot Plywood and fabricated wood board..........93
2> karpliteQI timber nigkarksag timber fabrication and erection .......................95
2>1 karpliteRKagbgÁúMeQI Fabrication of structural timber .............................95
2>2 karsagsg;eQI timber erection ................................................97
CMBUkVI³ ........................................................................101
eRKagCBa¢aMgerob¬dæ/ bøúk/ fμ¦ nigsMPar³ ........................................101
Masonry Structure and Material............................................101
1> esckþIepþIm Introduction ........................................................101
1>1 CBa¢aMgerobdæ Masonry Wall ................................................101
1>2 niymn½yénCBa¢aMgerobdæ Masonry Definition .................................101
2> KuNPaBénsMPar³sMrab;CBa¢aMgrabdæ Quality of Material for Masonry ..................105
2>1 tMrUvkarTUeTAsMrab;karKitCalkçN³bTdæan General Requirement of Design Standard ..106
2>2 sMPar³sMrab;sMNg;rabdæ Materials for Masonry Construction ....................107
3> sMNg;rabdæ Construction of masonry............................................107
3>1 sMNg;CBa¢aMgrabdækñúgGakasFatuRtCak; Cold weather construction of masonry walls 110
3>2 cgP¢ab;rvag Wythes sMrab;CBa¢aMgdæ Bond between wythes in Masonry wall .......110
3>3 rabdæeday grout grout masonry .....................................112
3>4 lkç½xN½ÐTMrsMrab;CBa¢aMg Support Conditions for Wall ............................115
3>5 Corbeling ................................................................115
3>6 RbelaHRbehag/ Chases nig rescesses sMrab;CBa¢aMgerobdæ .......................116
3>7 Flashing enAkñúgCBa¢aMgrabdæ ................................................117
4> TMrxagsMrab;CBa¢aMgrabdænig FaturYmpSMepSg² ........................................118
Construction General -5-
11. Department of Civil Engineering NPIC
sMrab;kMralx½NÐenATIRbCuMsaFarN³sMrab; Liveload EdlelIsBI 100psf nigsMrab;bnÞúkéncMNtrfynþ
emKuNbnÞúkRtUvmantMél 1>0 sMrab; L Em KWCakMlaMgGtibrma tamTisedk nigQr.
2> Stress and Strain
KWCaTMhMmYyEdleRbIkñúgkarvas;lT§PaBRTRTg;ral;skþanuBl
Structural Capacity or Ultimate Strength
énbnÞúkedayKμaneFVIeGayeRbH rWxUcRTRTg;F¶n;F¶rdl;GaKar. edIm,Icg¥úlbgðajnUvcMnYnkMNt;énbnÞúkGtibrma
EdleRKOgbgÁúMGacRTaMRT)an tMrUvé`nkarKNna (Design Specifications) sMrab;eRKOgbgÁMúnana RtUv)aneKbegáIt
kñúgenaHmanÉktþa Stresses GnuBaØati (Allowable Unit Stress) rW Design Strengths EdlmanTMhM rbs;vaminGac
elIsBIbnÞúkGtibrmaeLIy. RTwsþIéneKOgbgÁúM (Structural Theory) pþl;nUvviFIsa®sþsMrab;KNna Unit Stress nig
sMrab;):an;sμanPaBxUcRTg;RTay. viFIsa®sþTaMgenHnwgRtUveKelIkykmkbgðajkñúgEpñkteTAenH.
2>1 Static Equilibrium
ebIeRKOgbgÁúMnig smasPaBrbs;vaGacRTRTg;nwgbnÞúk bnÞab;BImankarxUcRTRTg;bnþicbnþÜcekItmaneLIg
ehIyKμankarxUcbnþeTot BYkvaRtUvekcat;famantulüPaB (Equilibrium) .
eRkamRBwtþikarN_EbbenH kMlaMgkñúg rW Stresses Tb;Tl;y:agBitR)akdeTAnwgbnÞúk.
karsnñidænd¾mansar³sMxan;mYycMnYn RtUv)aneKTajecjBIlkçN³én Static equilibrium edayKμankar
ERbRbYl plbUkénkMlaMgxageRkATaMgGs;esμIsUnü ehIyedayKμankarvil plbUkénm:Um:g; (Moment) EdlekIt
elIgedaykMlaMgxageRkAenARtg;cMnucNamYyesμIsUnü.
sMrab;mUlehtudUcKña ebIeyIgykEpñkNamYyéneRKOgbgÁúMehIyeRbIbnÞúkelIva plbUkénkMlaMgeRkA nig
kñúgenAelIEpñkmYyenaH KWR)akdCasUnü. plbUkén Moment rbs;kMlaMgTaMgGs;k¾esμIsUnüEdr.
CaTUeTAvamanPaBgayRsYlkñúgkarEvkEjkkMlaMg EdlmanGMeBIelIeRKOgbgÁúMeTACasmasPaBkMlaMg
tUc² EdlRsbeTAtamG½kSEkKñamYy dUcenHehIyvaeFVIeGaymanPaBgayRsYlkñúgkarKNna.
]TahrN_ sMrab;kMlaMgEdlmanGMeBIelIbøg;mYykrNI EdleKCYbRbTHRsYlbMputenaHKW bMElgkMlaMg
TaMgGs;eGayRsbtamG½kSGab;sIus nig G½kSGredaen (Vertical) . sMrab;eRKOgbgÁúMEdlmantulüPaB
(Structure in Equilibrium) ebI H tMNageGaykMlaMgtamTwsedk V kMlaMgtamTisQr nig M Ca Moment
énkMlaMgEdl sßitenAcMNucNamYyénbøg;/ ΣH = 0 ΣV = 0 nig ΣM = 0 .
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12. Department of Civil Engineering NPIC
smIkarTaMgbIxagelIenHRtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,IKNnaGBaØti3 enAkñúg nonconcurrent coplanar force
system.
2>2 Unit Stress and Strain
edIm,IeFVIeGaydwgBitR)akdfaetI eRKOgbgÁúMmanlT§plGacRTRTg;bnÞúk)an GñkKNnaCaTUeTARtUvEt
KNna Maximum Unit Stress EdlekIteLIgedaykarkMNt;bnÞúkkñúgeRKOgbgÁúMsMrab;RbePTkMlaMgkññúg kMlaMg
Taj kMlaMgsgát; rWkMlaMgkkit ehIyeRbobeFobfaetInwg Allowable Unit Stress .
enAeBlEdlkarbnÞúkdecñH Unit stress KWefrenAelIEpñkNamYyéneRKOgbgÁúMEdleKykmkeRbIelI
Stress RtUvKNnaedayEckkMlaMgnwg épÞmuxkat. b:uEnþCaTUeTA Unit stress ERbRbYlBImYyeTAmYy. kñúgkrNIenH
Unit stress EdlzitenAcMnucNamYyénmuxkat; KWCatMélkMNt;énpleFobrvagkMlaMgkñúgelIépÞtUcNamYy nig
RklaépÞEdlvaRtUveKyktUceTA². CYnkalkñúgkarKNnaeRKOgbgÁúM Unit stress GacminEmnCacMnuccMbgEdleK
ykmkKiteT.
GñkKNnaGaccab;GarmμN_eTAelITMhMkMNt;mYyénkarxUcRTg;RTay rW Strain . kMhUcRTg;RTayeTAtam
TisedANamYy KWCakarpøas;bþÚrTaMgRsugénTMhMrbs;eRKOgbgÁúMtamTisenaH.
Unit strain eTAtamTisedANamYy KW karxUcRTg;RTaykñúgÉktþaRbEvgtamTisenaH.
enAeBlEdlbnÞúkdak;dUcenH Unit strain KWefr kñugEpñkmYyéneRKOgbgÁúMvaGacRtUveKKNnaedayEck
RbEvgénkMhUcRTg;RTayCamYyRbEvgedImrbs;va. b:uEnþCaTUeTA Unitstress ERbRbYlén Unitstress tMNagnUv
tMélkMNt;énpleFobmYy.
2>3 Hooke’s Law
sMrab;sMPar³sMNg;CaeRcIn Unit strain KWsmamaRteTAnwg Unit stress, Until a certain stress, The
proportional limit is exceeded. Hooke’s Law RtUveKsÁal;tamTMnak;TMngEdlGacsesrdUcxageRkam³
rW
Edl
f = Unit Stress
= Unit Strain
E= Modulus of elasticity
Construction General - 12 -
13. Department of Civil Engineering NPIC
dUecñHenAeBlEdl Unit stress nig Modulus of elasticity RtUveKsÁal; Unit strain RtUv)aneKsÁal;tMél
Unit stress GacnwgRtUveKKNna)an.
enAeBlEdleRKOgbgÁúMmYyRtUvrgnUvbnÞúk ehIy Unit stress minelIsBI Proportional Limit eRKOgbgÁúMnig
RtLb;eTAPaBedImvijenAeBlEdlbnÞúkRtUv)aneKdkecj. The elastic limit KWCa Unit stress FMbMputEdlGac
ekItmaneLIgedayKμankMhUcRTg;RTayCaGcié®nþy_bnSl;TukbnÞab;BIdkbnÞúkecj. sMPar³sMNg;xøHman 1 rW2
Yield Pont . TMhMTaMgenaHKWCa Unit stress enAkñúgkEnøgEdlmankarelceLIgnUvkMenInén Strain edayKμankar
ekIneLIg b¤fycuHbnþicbnþÜcén Stress . dUcenHsMPar³sMNg;bgðajnUvPaByWtrbs;va. sMrab;sMPar³sMNg;
EdlKμankarkMNt; Yield Point c,as;las; The offset yield strength RtUveKeRbICargVas;énPaByWtdMbUg ( The
beginning of plastic deformation) .
2>4 Constant Unit Stress
krNIEdlsamBaØén Stess nig Strain KWCakrNIEdlkñúgenaH Unitstress nig Strain efr. ]TahrN_³
Stress EdlekIteLIgedaykMlaMgTaj rWsgát; rW Shearing Force rW bnÞúkEdleRbImþgmáal. lkçN³énkardak;
bnÞúkTaMgenHRtUveKbgðajenAkñúgrUb Figure 11 . sMrab;kMlaMgTaj nig sgát;cMG½kS eyIgyképÞmuxkat;EdlEkg
eTAnwgG½kSkNþal nig EkgeTAnwgkMlaMgsgát;. sMrab; Shearing Load épÞmuxkat;EdlzitenAkñúgbøg;kat;RtUveK
ykmkKNna. ehIysMrab; bearing load vaRtUveRCIserIsykbøg;b:HéneRKOgbgÁúMTaMgBIr.
Construction General - 13 -
14. Department of Civil Engineering NPIC
rUb1-1 lkNrbs;bnÞk
2>5 Poisson’s Ratio
enAkñúg elastic limit enAeBlEdleRKOgbgÁúMmYyrgnUvkMlaMgsgát;cMG½kSvaminRtwmEteFVIeGayxUc
RTg;RTaytamépÞbeNþayEtb:ueNÑaHeT EtvaEfmTaMgeFVIeGayxUcRTg;RTaytamépÞTTwgpgEdr. enAeRkam
kMlaMgTaj (Tension) épÞénmuxkat;rbs;eRKOgKWfycuH ehIyenAeRkamkMlaMgsgát; (Compression) vaekIneLIg
pleFobén Unit Lateral strain nwg Unit longitudinal strain RtUEtehAfa Poisson’s ratio .
sMrab;sMPar³sMNg;CaeRcInpleFobenHRtUveKyktMélesμI 0>25. sMrab;eRKOgbgÁúMEdktMélrbs;va RtUveKsnμt
yk 0>3 .
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