This document discusses how to construct and use questionnaires and interviews for research. It covers topics like question formats (direct vs indirect, specific vs nonspecific), response modes (open-ended, scaled, ranking, checklist), steps for constructing a questionnaire or interview (specifying variables, choosing question/response formats, pilot testing), sampling procedures, administering questionnaires, conducting interviews, and coding responses. The goal is to provide guidance on converting information received from people into quantitative data that can be analyzed.

1. Constructing and using
questionnaires and interview
schedules
Tuckman

2. What do questionnaires and
interviews measure?
• Questionnaires and interviews help
researchers to convert into data information
they receive directly from people.
• Questionnaires and interviews provide
methods of gathering data about people by
asking them rahter by observing and sampling
their behaviour.

3. Question formats: How to ask the
questions?
• Certain forms of questions and certain
response modes are commonly used in
questionnaires and interviews.
• Direct versus indirect questions
- A direct question might ask someone whether
or not she likes her job.
-A indirect question might ask what she thinks of
her job.

4. Specific versus nonspecific Questions
- A set of specific question focuses on a
particular object, person, or idea about which
researcher desires input regarding an attitude,
belief, or concept; nonspecific questions probe
more general areas.
• Questions of fact versus opinion
- An interviewer may also choose between
questions that ask respondents to provide facts
and those that request opinions.

5. Questions versus statements
• To gather input on many topics, an interviewer
can either ask a respondent a direct question
or provide a statement and ask for a response.
To a question, a respodent provides an
appropiate answer.
• Predetermined versus Responde-Keyed
Questions
-Some questionnaires predetermine the number
of questions to be answered; they require
respondents to complete all items.

6. Response Modes: How to answer the
questions
• Unstructured responses (open-ended
question)
- Allows the subject to give a response in
whatever from he or she chooses.
• Fill- in response
- This mode can be considered transitional mode
between unstructured forms. Although it
requires the subject to generate rather tan
choose a response.

7. • Tabular reponse
-The tabular response mode resembles the fill-in
mode, although it imposes somewhat more
structure because respondents must fir their
responses into a table.
• Scaled response
-It establishes a scale on which respondents
express endorsement or rejection of an attitude
statement or describe some aspect of
themselves.

8. • Ranking response
- If a research presents a series of statements and
asks the respondent to rank orden them in terms
of a particular criterion.
• Checklist response
- A respondent replies to a checklist item by
selecting one of the possible choices offered.
• Categorical Response
- It is similar to the checklist but simpler, offers a
respondent only two possibilities for each item.

9. Constructing a questionnaire or
interview schedule
• Specifying the variables to measure
• Choosing the question format
• Choosing the response mode
• Preparing interview items
• Preparing questionnaire items
• Pilot testing and evaluating a questionnaire

10. Sampling procedures
• Random sampling
• Defining the population
• Establishing specifications for stratified
random sampling

11. Procedures for administering a
questionnaire
• Initial Mailing
• Follow-ups
• Sampling nonrespondents

12. Conducting an interview study
• Selecting and training interviewers
• Conducting an interview

13. Coding and scoring
• Objectively scored items
• Fill-in and free-response items