History-Elements-Evolution

1. URBAN DESIGN
URBAN DESIGN & HISTORY
FAYEEZ KHAN.M.A
SHAHBAZ.C.K
MISHAL ABDULLA
MUZAMMIL.P
SRUTHI J CHANDRAN
ARCHANA.T

5. URBAN DESIGN
HISTORY
The building of cities are one of the man’s greatest achievements. The form of the city
always indicate the state of the civilization.
EARLY SETTLEMENTS- NATURAL DETERMINANTS ( Topography, climate, natural resources, materials,etc)
MAN-MADE SETTLEMENTS (Trade, political power, religion, defense, etc
URBAN GROWTH STRUCTURES (Organic, informal and unplanned gatherings, etc)
The law of human history
That mankind first of all must’ eat, drink, have shelter and clothing, before it can
persue politics, science, art religion, etc. Inturn they made cities for their mere
existences.
The earliest known city, JERICHO, “ARIHA”( c. 7000BC) was near the river Jordhan. And
Catal Huyuk in Central Anatolia (6500BC) , Both seems to be flourished by trade.
(Agriculture.)

7. URBAN DESIGN

8. URBAN DESIGN
CATAL HUYUK.
 The houses were made by mud and brick.
 Houses were made touching against
eachother.
 No door for houses, they entered through
hatches of the roofs. Its unusual as it is not
surrounded by walls.
 Roofs acts as streets. The traces of the first
citis on the whole are to be found in great
river valleys, and basins.The presence of
great rivers made irrigations possible, but
it had to be organised.
The successful practice of irrigation involves
an elaborate control system. And then they
form a centralised planning.
The first cities showed the evidence of social
stratification.

9. URBAN DESIGN

10. URBAN DESIGNHow cities made?
Defensive walls: They seperated the builtup area from the surrounding countryside.
The developments of irrigation systems for Intensive agriculture.
Craft specialities: they became the basis for trade.
The power systems were controlled by the kings and priests.
PHYSICAL DESIGN STRATEGIES..:
Contrast between informality & formality
First:
Is described by Alexander (1964) that is in the natural way, in that they simply started
constructing shanty towns.
Second:
There is an artificial way in which the master plan was prepared, streets laid out,
squares and urban blocks on to which are then placed according to some planners.

11. URBAN DESIGN
Results of the industrial city • Appalling conditions of hygiene and safety reformers
led the way to modern city hygiene and safety improvements – Titus Salt, Robert
Owen • Social reform e.g. the Factory Acts(1833 and 1844), England laws against child
labour • Sanitary Reform a. Systematic sewer development b. Urban park
development c. Building codes established to regulate light, air, and fire protection in
buildings
PRE INDUSTRIAL ( Unself conscious )
• This is created by people who thinks themselves as not a designers.
• Cities were made in legible manner which reflecting their culture.
• Layout of the cities was mainly around ceremonial procession routes,& civic
landmarks.
• Public life took place in public spaces
(public meeting places,commercial areas etc ).
Cities were centre of civilization.
Prehistorical –concept of the centre , scale , axis.
Classical- scale , proportions , focal points
Islamic- clusters, building heights
Medevial- hierarchy of buildings, visual link
POST INDUSTRIAL (Conscious)
This age is characterised by capitalism and urbanisation.
Introduction to machinaries and factory system.
It has been argued that “Urban Design was murdered during this age”.

12. URBAN DESIGN
RENAISSANCE CIVILISATION
Gave importance on aesthetics, it is believed that the main stream of urban design was
formed in these periods.
Regular geometric spaces( planning), primary streets, public spaces, etc.
Salient features... Religious • Declined in government influence; clear separation of
church and state-"conscience" of society Technological • Experimentation with military
science (gun powder, tanks, flying machines) • Perfection of sailing ships and mapping.
•
• URBAN FORM • Essentially a refinement of the medieval legacy--"not a rebirth, more
like a geometric clarification of the spirit" (Lewis Mumford). • Did not significantly
change the elements of the medieval city:walled; elaborate, organic street system
(pedestrian); and market squares. • Exception: Plazas given monumental scale and
classical dignity--St. Peter's in Rome and St. Mark's in Venice

13. URBAN DESIGN
RENAISSANCE PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
Involvement of power and wealth towards the betterment of the city
• Role of hierarchy both in routes and central places
• Perspective: basis to a means to experience the city visually as a dramatic experience
• Neighborhoods organic in contrast to civic elements disciplined by geometry
• Clear spatial relationships of assertive and deferential elements, object and frame,
local and central, center and edge
• The perception of space was fundamental in establishing a methodology for the
design of urban space during the Renaissance.

14. URBAN DESIGN
Pre-Industrial (Unconscious)

15. URBAN DESIGN

16. URBAN DESIGN
Modern Age Urban Design

17. URBAN DESIGNMinimal standards of all kinds ( roads, housing, gardens, building heights ) which in turn
improved the living standards.
DESIGN FACE OF INDUSTRIAL AGE
Linear city
Floating city
Industrial city
Garden city
Artistic city planning
MODERN AGE
After second world war, modern designers attempted to assumulate the massive
technological and social changes
Mainstream of urban design came into influence in modern age.
POST MODERN STAGE
Late 20 th century
Deconstructivism Attempt
Complex Forms

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19. URBAN DESIGN

20. URBAN DESIGNNEW URBANISM
21st century
Emphasizes by urbanism, pedestrian scale, diversity, public space and
structures. This is the re-interpretation of traditional thinking into new
solutions using modern technologies.
FEATURES
Efficient planning methods and sustainable neighborhoods.
 Adequate size
 Compact form
 Appropriate urban density
 Varied mix of uses and tenure.
 Range of emploiment, leisure and community facilities.

21. URBAN DESIGN
THE END 