The document provides an overview of the Early Modern World between 1350-1815. It discusses the key events and developments that occurred during this time period, including the Renaissance in Europe, the Age of Exploration including the discovery of America and European expansion, and the history of the Middle East and Far East empires. It then provides more detailed summaries of Chapter 5 which covers the Renaissance and Reformation between 1350-1600, outlining the major sections and topics that will be covered.

1. The Early Modern World
1350-1815

2. What will you learn this
semester? 
 Chapters 5-11
 The revival of Europe (The Renaissance).
 Explosion of science, the arts, and state building.
 The age of exploration.
 “Discovery” of America.
 European expansion.
 Slave trade.
 Eastern history
 The Middle East and Far East Empires.
 European relations.

4. Chapter 5

Renaissance and Reformation
1350-1600

5. Chapter Introduction
Section 1: The Renaissance
Section 2: Ideas and Art of the
Renaissance
Section 3: The Protestant
Reformation
Section 4: The Spread of
Protestantism
Visual Summary

8. The Renaissance
Why did the Renaissance
begin in the Italian city-
states?

9. Ideas and Art of the
Renaissance
What characterizes
Renaissance art, such as
Michelangelo’s David or
da Vinci’s Mona Lisa?

10. The Protestant
Reformation
What conditions encourage
the growth of revolutions?

11. The Spread of
Protestantism
What led to the formation
of different Protestant
churches?

13. The BIG Idea
Ideas, Beliefs, and Values Between 1350 and 1550,
Italian intellectuals believed they had entered a new
age of human achievement.

14. Content Vocabulary
• urban society
• secular
• mercenaries
• dowry
Academic Vocabulary
• instability
• decline

15. People, Places, and Events
• Italian Renaissance • Cosimo de´ Medici
• Leonardo da Vinci • Lorenzo de´ Medici
• Milan • Rome
• Venice • Niccolò Machiavelli
• Florence
• Francesco Sforza

16. Renaissance Intro Video

17. A. The Italian Renaissance
As the Renaissance began, three Italian
city-states were the centers of Italian
political, economic, and social life.

18. The Italian Renaissance (cont.)
• The Italian Renaissance lasted from 1350
to 1550. It was a time period in which
Europeans believed they had witnessed a
rebirth of the ancient Greek and Roman
worlds.
• Characteristics of the Renaissance:
– The Renaissance was mainly led by an
urban society, and Italian city-states
came to dominate political, social, and
economic life.

19. The Italian Renaissance (cont.)
– The Renaissance witnessed the rise of a
secular viewpoint of wealth and material
items.
– The Renaissance occurred during a time
of recovery from the disasters of the
fourteenth century: the plague, political
instability, and a decline of Church
power.
Renaissance Italy, 1500

20. The Italian Renaissance (cont.)
– The Renaissance also stressed the
individual ability of human beings. Well-
rounded individuals, such as Leonardo da
Vinci, emphasized the belief that
individuals could create a new social ideal.
Renaissance Italy, 1500

21. Leonardo Da Vinci
A True Renaissance Man

22. Da Vinci – The Anatomist

23. The Italian Renaissance (cont.)
• With the lack of centralized power, Italian
city-states such as Milan, Venice, and
Florence played a crucial role in Italian
economics and politics.
• Milan’s location as a crossroads between the
coastal Italian cities and the Alpine passes
made it a very wealthy state.
Renaissance Italy, 1500

24. The Italian Renaissance (cont.)
• In 1447, Francesco Sforza conquered Milan
using an army of mercenaries. Sforza
created wealth for the government by
creating an efficient tax system.
• Venice was also located in a strategic
position, as a trading link between Asia and
Western Europe. Venice became the cultural
center of Italy.
Renaissance Italy, 1500

25. The Italian Renaissance (cont.)
• In 1434, Cosimo de’ Medici and his family
came to control Florence using their wealth
and personal influence. Cosimo’s grandson
Lorenzo de’ Medici later ruled the city.
• Powerful monarchial states in Europe were
attracted to the wealth of the Italian city-
states, and in 1494 Charles VIII of France
occupied Naples in southern Italy.
Renaissance Italy, 1500

26. The Italian Renaissance (cont.)
• The Spanish replied to the Italian cries of
assistance and engaged the French in a 30-
year war on the Apennine Peninsula.
• The turning point of the war came in 1527
when soldiers and mercenaries of Spain’s
King Charles I, who had not been paid in
months, sacked Rome.
• Spain became the dominant force
in Italy.
Renaissance Italy, 1500

27. Milan Cathedral

28. Venice

29. Florence

30. B. Machiavelli on Power
Machiavelli’s The Prince has
profoundly influenced political leaders.

31. Machiavelli on Power (cont.)
• Niccolò Machiavelli wrote a book that
influenced political thought in Italy and
eventually all of Europe.
• In his influential work, The Prince,
Machiavelli wrote about how to acquire and
hold political power. He stated that a ruler
must put the state first and not focus on
moral principles.
• Machiavelli’s rejection of popular Christian
values would have a profound influence on
the political leaders who followed.

32. If we must choose between
them, it is far safer to be
feared than loved.
-Niccolo
Machiavelli,
The

33. C. Renaissance Society
Changes in the social classes
occurred during the Renaissance.

34. Renaissance Society (cont.)
• Despite being the minority, nobles
dominated sixteenth-century Europe during
the Renaissance.
• Nobles were expected to live up to certain
ideals of European aristocracy. These ideals
were expressed in Baldasarre Castiglione’s
The Book of the Courtier.
• Peasants continued to make up the bulk of
European society (85-90%) but were gaining
more independence during the Renaissance.

35. Renaissance Society (cont.)
• The growing numbers of townspeople were
segregated into social groups.
• Patricians (upper class) dominated the social
and economic aspect of urban areas.
• Below them were the burghers (middle
class), followed by the poverty-stricken
workers and the unemployed.

36. Renaissance Society (cont.)
• The family bond provided a great deal of
security to Renaissance-era Italians. As in
many societies, a dowry was required in
marriage contracts.

38. The BIG Idea
Ideas, Beliefs, and Values Humanism was an
important intellectual movement of the Renaissance
and was reflected in the works of Renaissance artists.

39. Content Vocabulary
• humanism
• vernacular
• fresco
Academic Vocabulary
• attain
• style

40. People, Places, and Events
• Petrarch • Raphael
• Dante • Michelangelo
• Chaucer • Flanders
• Canterbury • Jan van Eyck
• Christine de Pizan • Albrecht Dürer

41. Italian Renaissance Humanism
Humanism, based on study of the
ancient classics, revived an interest in
ancient Latin; but many authors wrote
great works in the vernacular.

42. Italian Renaissance Humanism (cont.)
• A key intellectual movement of the Renaissance
was humanism.
• Humanists studied grammar, rhetoric, poetry,
moral philosophy, and history.
• Petrarch, (known as the father of Italian
Renaissance Humanism) believed that
intellectuals had a duty to live an active civic life
and put their study of the humanities to the state’s
service.
• The humanist emphasis on classical Latin (form of
Latin used by ancient Romans) led to an increase
in the writings of scholars, lawyers, and
theologians.

43. Italian Renaissance Humanism (cont.)
• The Italian author Dante and the English
author Geoffrey Chaucer wrote in
vernacular, making vernacular literature
very popular.
• Dante’s masterpiece was the story of the
soul’s journey to salvation, called the Divine
Comedy.
• Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales used
English dialect to tell the tale of pilgrims
journeying to the tomb of Saint Thomas à
Becket at Canterbury, England.

44. Italian Renaissance Humanism (cont.)
• Christine de Pizan wrote in French dialect
and is best known for defending women and
their ability to learn if given the same
educational opportunities
as men.

45. Renaissance Education
Education during the Renaissance
focused on the liberal studies.

46. Renaissance Education (cont.)
• The humanist movement had a profound
effect on education.
• Humanists believed that individuals could
attain wisdom and virtue by studying liberal
studies. Physical education was also
emphasized.
• Liberal Studies: history, moral philosophy,
eloquence (or rhetoric), letters (grammar and
logic), poetry, mathematics, astronomy, and
music.

47. Renaissance Education (cont.)
• Physical education: javelin throwing, archery,
dancing, wrestling, hunting, and swimming.
• The goal of humanist educators was to
create complete citizens, not great scholars.
• Humanist schools were the model for
European education until the twentieth
century.
• Renaissance women received an education
in religion and morals, so they could be good
wives and mothers.

48. Italian Renaissance Art
The Renaissance produced great
artists and sculptors such as
Michelangelo, Raphael, and Leonardo
da Vinci.

49. Trinity by Massacio
Italian Renaissance Art (cont.)
• Renaissance artists sought to imitate nature
through a human-focused worldview.
• Frescos, (paintings done on fresh, wet
plaster) created the illusion of three
dimensions, leading to a new realistic style
of painting.
• Frescoes by Massaccio are the first
masterpieces of the Early Renaissance.
• Realistic portrayal of the individual, especially
nude depictions, became one of the chief aims
of Italian Renaissance art.

50. Italian Renaissance Art (cont.)
• Advances in understanding human
movement and anatomy led to advances in
Renaissance sculpture and architecture.
• The final era of Italian Renaissance painting
(1490 to 1520) is known as the High
Renaissance.
• Leonardo da Vinci mastered the art of
realistic painting and sought to advance to
idealized forms of nature and humans.

51. Italian Renaissance Art (cont.)
• Raphael was a well known artist for his
paintings of the madonna. His works reveal a
world of balance, harmony, and order.
• Michelangelo
was a painter,
sculptor, and
architect. His
depictions of
idealized
humans are
meant as a
reflection of
divine beauty.

52. Michelangelo
Painter of the Sistine Chapel

53. Michelangelo Buonarroti

54. The Northern Artistic Renaissance
Northern European artists, especially
those in the Low Countries, portrayed
their world realistically but in a
different way than did the Italian
artists.

55. The Northern Artistic Renaissance (cont.)
• Artists in the Low Countries (today’s
Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands)
also sought to portray their world
realistically.
• Religious themes were common like in the
• As Italian Renaissance.
opposed to Italian artists who perfected their
work on the large, open spaces of Italian
churches, Northern European artists painted on
much smaller canvases.
• One of the most important art schools in
northern Europe was in Flanders, one of the
Low Countries.

56. The Northern Artistic Renaissance (cont.)
• Artists such as Jan van Eyck were among
the first to use and perfect oil painting.
• Like many Northern Renaissance artists,
Jan van Eyck imitated nature by observing
reality and portraying details the best he
could.
• By 1500, Artists from northern Europe, such as
German Albrecht Dürer, traveled to Italy to study
the Italian standards and laws of perspective.
• Dürer, did not reject the use of minute details,
which was a characteristic of northern artists.
Adoration of the Magi, by Albrecht Durer

57. -Jan Van Eyck
The Arnolfini Portrait
The painting is a small full-length
double portrait, which is believed
to represent the Italian merchant
Giovanni di Nicolao Arnolfini and
his wife, presumably in their home
in the Flemish city of Bruges. It is
considered one of the most
original and complex paintings in
Western art.

60. The BIG Idea
Ideas, Beliefs, and Values In northern Europe,
Christian humanists sought to reform the Catholic
Church, and Protestantism emerged.

61. Content Vocabulary
• Christian humanism
• salvation
• indulgence
• Lutheranism
Academic Vocabulary
• precise
• ignorant

62. People, Places, and Events
• Martin Luther • Charles V
• Desiderius Erasmus • Bohemia
• Wittenberg • Hungary
• Ninety-five Theses • Peace of Augsburg
• Edict of Worms

63. Prelude to Reformation
Christian humanism and Desiderius
Erasmus paved the way for the
Protestant Reformation.

64. Prelude to Reformation (cont.)
• During the second half of the fifteenth
century, adherents of Christian humanism
sought to reform the Catholic Church.
• Christian humanists believed that humans
could improve themselves and thus improve
society.
• Also that is people read the classics, and
especially the basic works of
Christianity, they would be more
pious.
Europe After the Peace of Augsburg, 1555

65. Prelude to Reformation (cont.)
• Desiderius Erasmus thought that external
forms of medieval religion such as
pilgrimages, fasts, and relics were
unnecessary and that inner piety derived
from religious philosophy was more
important.
• He called his view of religion “the
philosophy of Christ.”
• By this, he meant that Christianity should
show people how to live good lives.

66. Prelude to Reformation (cont.)
• Reasons for Reform of the Catholic Church:
– Catholic Popes were more concerned with
politics and material goods than spiritual
guidance.
– Parish priests seemed ignorant of their
spiritual duties.

67. Prelude to Reformation (cont.)
– An automatic means of obtaining
salvation, (acceptance into heaven) such
as the collection of relics, was being
presented to the people.
– The use of indulgences, was used to
avoid punishment for sin.
– Other people sought certainty of salvation
in the popular mystical movement known
as the Modern Devotion
– Downpla
yed
religious
dogma

68. Martin Luther
Believing in his new doctrine of
salvation, Martin Luther broke from the
Catholic Church and established
Lutheranism.

69. Martin Luther (cont.)
• Martin Luther was a monk and professor at
the University of Wittenberg in Germany.
• He believed that humans would be saved by
their faith in God and not by the good works
done in His name.
• Also believed that clergy should marry.
Eventually got married himself.
• Only recognized the sacraments of baptism
and Communion.

70. Martin Luther (cont.)
• Luther did not want to break away from the
Church, only to reform it. He wrote a list of
his grievances, known as the Ninety-five
Theses, and copies were sent all over
Germany.
• He attacked the abuses in the sale of
indulgences, beginning the Protestant
Reformation.
• In 1521, Luther was excommunicated for
attempting to get German princes to
overthrow the papacy and establish a
reformed German church.

71. Martin Luther (cont.)
• The Edict of Worms made Luther an outlaw
in the Holy Roman Empire, and his works
were banned.
• Many German princes who supported Luther
confiscated Church land, and a government
church was established.
• A new religious service which consisted of
reading the Bible, preaching the word of
God, and songs, became the basis of the
doctrine known as Lutheranism.
• Lutheranism was the first Protestant faith.

72. Politics in the German Reformation
Political and religious problems forced
the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
to seek peace with the Lutheran
princes.

73. Politics in the German Reformation
(cont.)
• The Holy Roman Empire was ruled by
Charles V who wanted the empire to remain
Catholic.
• The empire included Spain, Austria,
Bohemia, Hungary, the Low Countries,
Milan, and Naples. (Not France).
• Problems with the Ottoman Turks, French
rivalry, and the alliance of the German
kingdoms prevented Charles from asserting
military power over the Protestant
Reformation in Germany.

74. Politics in the German Reformation
(cont.)
• In 1555 the Peace of Augsburg ended the
religious wars by accepting the division of
Christianity. German rulers, but NOT the
German people, could choose their own
religion.

76. The BIG Idea
Ideas, Beliefs, and Values Different forms of
Protestantism emerged in Europe as the
Reformation spread, and the Catholic Church
underwent a religious rebirth.

77. Content Vocabulary
• predestination
• annul
Academic Vocabulary
• published
• justification

78. People and Places
• Ulrich Zwingli
• Zürich
• John Calvin
• Geneva
• King Henry VIII
• Ignatius of Loyola
• Trent

79. Divisions in Protestantism
By the mid-sixteenth century,
Calvinism replaced Lutheranism as the
most important and dynamic form of
Protestantism.

80. Divisions in Protestantism (cont.)
• John Calvin was a Frenchman whose
conversion to Protestantism forced him to
flee to Switzerland.
• Calvin believed in an all-powerful
God and the idea of
predestination.
• Greatest work was the Institutes of Christian
Religion, a summary on protestant
thought.
European Religions, 1600

81. D
• Calvin’s ideas led to the rise of Calvinism
which soon became more popular than
Lutheranism.
• Major tenet was the idea of Predestination:
God had predestined some people (the
elect) to be saved, and others (the
reprobate) to be damned.
• Calvin worked to reform the city of Geneva,
Switzerland, creating a church-government.
• Geneva soon became the center of Protestant
reform in Europe, and its missionaries were sent all
over to convert the local populations.

82. Reformation in England
For political, not religious, reasons,
Henry VIII established the Church of
England.

83. Reformation in England (cont.)
• King Henry VIII of England established the
Church of England when the pope refused to
annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
• Wanted a son but had a daughter (Mary).
• The Act of Supremacy of 1534 declared the king of
England the official head of religious doctrine, with
control over discipline, clerical appointments, and
breaking ties with the pope.
• Henry’s Church of England was very similar to
Catholicism, although after his death English officials
attempted to make it more “Protestant”.

84. Reformation in England (cont.)
• In 1553, Henry’s daughter, Mary, came to
power and attempted to restore Roman
Catholicism.
• Her efforts, including the burning of more
than 300 Protestants, earned her the
nickname of “Bloody Mary.”

85. Anabaptists
For believing in the complete
separation of church and state,
Anabaptists were viewed as
dangerous radicals.

86. Anabaptists (cont.)
• Anabaptists were Protestant reformers who
did not want to give power to the state.
• Anabaptists believed:
– Religion should be voluntary; baptism
occurred as an adult, and was by
immersion.
– All believers were equal; any member
could become a minister.
– Separation of state and church; refused to
bear arms or serve in military positions

87. Anabaptists (cont.)
– The religious and political beliefs of the
Anabaptists seemed radical, and they
were persecuted by Catholics and
Protestants.

88. Reformation and Society
Although the family became the center
of life during the Reformation, the lives
of most women and Jews did not
improve.

89. Reformation and Society (cont.)
• With the rise of Protestantism came the end of
celibacy for Church leaders.
• Women were subservient, and their roles were
obedience to their husband and to bear
children.
• Protestants expected Jews to convert to
Lutheranism. When they refused, Protestants
such as Martin Luther wrote that Jewish
synagogues and homes should
be destroyed. Roman Catholic, Lutheran,
Calvinist, and Anglican Beliefs

90. Catholic Reformation
Perceiving a need for a change, Pope
Paul III steered the Catholic Church
toward a reformation in the 1500s.

91. Catholic Reformation (cont.)
• The Catholic response to the Protestant
Reformation was a Catholic Reformation.
• A Spanish nobleman named Ignatius of
Loyola founded the Jesuits, a group who
swore allegiance to the pope.
• Jesuit missionaries were influential in
spreading Catholicism in Germany and the
rest of the world.

92. Catholic Reformation (cont.)
• Pope Paul II led a reformation of the papacy,
ending corruption either real or perceived.
• The pope, archbishops, bishops, and other
theologians met irregularly at the Council of
Trent to discuss Church matters and
establish Catholic doctrine.

94. THE RENAISSANCE in Italy and
Northern Europe
• Milan, Venice, and Florence
became centers of
Renaissance learning
and culture.
• Machiavelli’s views on
gaining and holding power
influenced political leaders.
• Humanist education focused on liberal studies.
• Artists sought to portray the world realistically.

95. THE REFORMATION Begins
• Erasmus and other Christian
humanists paved the way for
the Protestant Reformation.
• Catholic teaching stressed
faith and good works, but
Luther believed that faith
alone was sufficient for
salvation.
• The Peace of Augsburg ended the religious wars
and allowed German states to choose between
Catholicism and Lutheranism.

96. THE REFORMATION Spreads
• Calvinism replaced
Lutheranism as the most
important form of
Protestantism.
• Henry VIII established the
Church of England for
political rather than
religious reasons.
• Anabaptists believed in the total separation of
church and state.
• Pope Paul III took steps to reform the
Catholic Church.

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110. urban society
a system in which cities are the
center of political, economic, and
social life

111. secular
worldly

112. mercenary
a soldier who sells his services to the
highest bidder

113. dowry
a gift of money or property paid at the
time of marriage, either by the bride’s
parents to her husband or, in Islamic
societies, by a husband to his wife

114. instability
not steady; wavering

115. decline
a change to a lower state or level

116. humanism
an intellectual movement of the
Renaissance based on the study of
the humanities, which included
grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral
philosophy, and history

117. vernacular
the language of everyday speech in a
particular region

118. fresco
a painting done on fresh, wet plaster
with water-based paints

119. attain
to gain or achieve

120. style
having a distinctive quality or form

121. Christian humanism
a movement that developed in
northern Europe during the
Renaissance, combining classical
learning (humanism) with the goal of
reforming the Catholic Church

122. salvation
the state of being saved (that is,
going to heaven) through faith alone
or through faith and good works

123. indulgence
a release from all or part of
punishment for sin by the Catholic
Church, reducing time in purgatory
after death

124. Lutheranism
the religious doctrine that Martin
Luther developed; it differed from
Catholicism in the doctrine of
salvation, which Luther believed could
be achieved by faith alone, not by
good works; Lutheranism was the first
Protestant faith

125. precise
exact or sharply defined

126. ignorant
unaware; lacking knowledge of

127. predestination
the belief that God has determined in
advance who will be saved (the elect)
and who will be damned (the
reprobate)

128. annul
declare invalid

129. published
printed for distribution

130. justification
the process of being justified, or
deemed worthy of salvation, by God

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