A connection must be established before data exchange can occur using connection-oriented protocols like TCP. Connection establishment involves a three-way handshake between the two endpoints to synchronize sequence numbers and negotiate parameters. Flow control mechanisms like stop-and-wait and sliding windows are used to ensure the sender's transmission rate matches the receiver's processing capabilities. Congestion control algorithms detect and mitigate network congestion to maintain high throughput and low delay.

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3. Connection Establishment
 A connection is a requirement of a reliable data
delivery service.
 It is set up before the actual data exchange takes place.
 The connection is used to acknowledge the receipt of
packets and retransmit those that are lost.

4. Requirement
 Required by connection-oriented transport protocols
like TCP
 Need connection establishment procedures to allow:
each end to know the other exists
negotiation of optional parameters
triggers allocation of transport entity resources

5. Ways of Establish the connection
 Two-Way Handshake
 Three-Way Handshake

6. Three-Way Handshake
SYN+ACK

7.  SYN:
 It is for synchronization of sequence numbers
 It consumes 1 sequence number
 Carries no real data
 SYN+ACK:
 SYN segment for communication in other direction and
 ACK for the received SYN
 It consumes 1 sequence number
 ACK
 Just an ACK segment
 Does not consume any sequence number

8.  three way handshake
SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK
 connection determined by source and destination
sockets (host, port)
 can only have a single connection between any unique
pairs of ports
 but one port can connect to multiple ports

9. Flow Control
 Flow control is the mechanism that ensures the rate at
which a sender is transmitting is in proportion with
the receiver’s receiving capabilities.

10. Flow Control Method
 Stop-and-wait
 Sliding-window

11. Stop-and-wait
 This is the simplest form of flow control where a sender
transmits a data frame. After receiving the frame, the
receiver indicates its willingness to accept another frame
by sending back an ACK frame acknowledging the frame
just received.

12. Sliding-window
 With the use of multiple frames for a single message,
the stop-and-wait protocol does not perform well.
Only one frame at a time can be in transit. In stop-
and-wait flow control, if a > 1, serious inefficiencies
result.

13.  Sender sliding Window:
 Receiver sliding Window:

14. Congestion Control
 Congestion is a situation in Communication Networks
in which too many packets are present in a part of the
subnet, performance degrades. Congestion in a
network may occur when the load on the
network (i.e. the number of packets sent to the
network) is greater than the capacity of the
network (i.e. the number of packets a network can
handle.). Network congestion occurs in case of traffic
overloading.

15. Causes Of Congestion
 if all of a sudden a stream of packets arrive on several
input lines and need to be out on the same output line.
 Slow processors also cause Congestion. If the router
CPU is slow at performing the task.

16. Effects of Congestion
 Congestion affects two vital parameters of the network
performance
 1. Through put
 2. Delay

17. Congestion Control Techniques
 Open loop: Protocols to prevent or avoid congestion,
ensuring that the system never enters a Congested
State.
 Close loop: Protocols that allow system to enter
congested state, detect it, and remove it.

18. Congestion Control Algorithms
 Leaky Bucket Algorithm
 Token Bucket Algorithm