This document discusses various congenital anomalies of the neck that can occur due to abnormal development of structures derived from pharyngeal arches and pouches during embryogenesis. It describes branchial cysts, sinuses, and fistulas which arise from remnants of the second branchial cleft. Thyroglossal duct cysts and ectopic thyroid/parathyroid tissue are also discussed. Lymphangiomas including cystic hygromas are malformations of lymphatic vessels. Hemangiomas are benign tumors of blood vessels. The causes of congenital anomalies include genetic factors, environmental teratogens, and multifactorial influences. The document provides details on the presentation, investigations, and management of these different neck
Ankyloglossia a congenital oral anomaly Dr Medical
https://userupload.net/h9ig9byum706
Ankyloglossia, also known as tongue-tie, is a congenital oral anomaly that may decrease mobility of the tongue tip and is caused by an unusually short, thick lingual frenulum, a membrane connecting the underside of the tongue to the floor of the mouth. Ankyloglossia or tongue-tie is the result of a short, tight, lingual frenulum causing difficulty in speech articulation due to limitation in tongue movement. Ankyloglossia is a congenital condition in which a neonate is born with an abnormally short, thickened, or tight lingual frenulum that restricts mobility of the tongue. Ankyloglossia may be associated with other craniofacial abnormalities, but is also often an isolated anomaly.
Ankyloglossia a congenital oral anomaly Dr Medical
https://userupload.net/h9ig9byum706
Ankyloglossia, also known as tongue-tie, is a congenital oral anomaly that may decrease mobility of the tongue tip and is caused by an unusually short, thick lingual frenulum, a membrane connecting the underside of the tongue to the floor of the mouth. Ankyloglossia or tongue-tie is the result of a short, tight, lingual frenulum causing difficulty in speech articulation due to limitation in tongue movement. Ankyloglossia is a congenital condition in which a neonate is born with an abnormally short, thickened, or tight lingual frenulum that restricts mobility of the tongue. Ankyloglossia may be associated with other craniofacial abnormalities, but is also often an isolated anomaly.
A presentation about an interesting case that came to the Radiology Department of Sebha Medical Center.
A 17 years old male, presented with a painful neck swelling, The swelling was first noticed 10 years ago and was small and painless then. In the last two months, the swelling increased in size and became painful and started to cause slight discomfort on swallowing.
The presentation contains 50 slides, and is divided into the following parts :
1 - The case
2 - Thyroglossal cysts
3 - Imaging Thyroglossal cysts
4 - Differential diagnoses
This presentation was prepared by me and I will present it today in sha Allah in the tutorials of the Radiology Department of Sebha Medical Center.
Course in facial development for European Course in Neuroradiology in Tarragona, Spain, originally on 12 octobre 2008. Revised for November, 2010. For questions, e-mail to etchevers at free dot fr. Download for the animations to take place, as some pictures are covered by others.
This slide is about secondary lymphoid organs. Majorly focusing on lymphnode, spleen and splenic circulation, tonsils, mucosal associated lymphoid tissue, appendix and their medical applications.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. Introduction
Congenital Anomalies are also known as
Birth defects
congenital disorders or
congenital malformations.
Congenital anomalies can be defined as structural or
functional anomalies including metabolic disorders
which are present at the time of birth.
Appro 50% of all congenital anomalies cannot be
assigned to a specific cause
However some causes or risk factors have been
associated to congenital anomalies which are
14
3. Causes of congenital anomalies
1-Genetic factors such as chromosomal
abnormalities and mutant genes.
2-Environmental factors e.g.: the mother had
German measles in early pregnancy will cause
abnormality in the embryo.
3-Combined genetic and environmental
factors (mutlifactorials factors).
15
4. Congenital anomalies of neck
Branchial Cysts and Sinuses
Thyroglossal duct and thyroid abnormalities
Ectopic thymic and Parathyroid tissue
Lymphangioma(Cystic Hygroma)
Haemangiomas
02
5. The most typical feature in development of the
neck is formed by the pharyngeal or branchial
arches. These arches appear in the fourth and fifth
weeks of development and contribute to the
characteristic external appearance of the embryo
.Initially, they consist of bars of mesenchymal tissue
separated by deep clefts known as pharyngeal
(branchial) clefts
Pharyngeal Arch Development:
01
6. Pharyngeal Arch Development
:(cont)
Simultaneously, with development of the arches and clefts,
a number of outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches,
appear along the lateral walls of the pharyngeal gut, the
most cranial part of the foregut The pouches penetrate the
surrounding mesenchyme, but do not establish an open
communication with the external clefts. Hence, although
development of pharyngeal arches,clefts, and pouches
resembles formation of gills in fishes and amphibia, in
the human embryo real gills (branchia) are never formed.
Therefore, the term pharyngeal (arches, clefts, and
pouches) has been adopted for the human embryo.
18
11. Branchial Cyst:
ETIOLOGY:
23
Arise from embryonic remnants
of the SECOND branchial cleft.
PATHOLOGY:
Lined by stratified squamous epithelium &
most have lymphoid
tissue in the wall.
Contain straw-coloured fluid rich in
cholesterol crystals.
12. Branchial Cyst: (cont.)
INCIDENCE:
TREATMENT: 24
Most frequently seen in young adults
Peak age: third decade
CLINICAL PICTURE:
Slowly-growing, painless, soft cystic swelling,
characteristically under the ant. border of the upper &
middle 1/3 of the SCM muscle.
Branchial cysts are not translucent & do not move on
swallowing
INVESTIGATIONS:
FNAC yields acellular fluid that can be rich
in cholesterol crystals.
13. Branchial Cyst: (cont.)
FNAC yields acellular fluid that can be rich in
cholesterol crystals
25
Surgical excision
INVESTIGATIONS:
TREATMENT:
14. Branchial remnants
Present as fistulas or cysts anywhere on the
anterior border of the sternocleidomastoideus
muscle
Cyst presents with nontender enlarging swelling
Fistula presents with drainage of saliva from the
ostium
Treatment: Early excision
Complication: Cysts and fistulas can become
infected if not resected early in childhood
06
15. Thyroglossal Cyst :
ETIOLOGY:
27
A developmental abnormality dt persistence of a part of the
thyroglossal tract (extends from the foramen caecum at the BOT
to the isthmus of thyroid gland).
SITES:
¼ above the hyoid (Intralingual or Suprahyoid).
¾ below the hyoid (Thyrohyoid or Suprasternal).
INCIDENCE:
Most common midline neck cyst.
Mean age: 5 years (about 30% present after 30y).
17. Thyroglossal Cyst : (cont.)
CLINICAL PICTURE:
29
Midline painless neck cyst that moves up &
down with swallowing & on tongue protrusion.
Sometimes may present as an infected cyst.
TREATMENT:
Surgical excision of the cyst + tract
including
the body of hyoid bone (Sistrunk
operation
18. Ectopic Thymic and Parathyroid Tissue
Since glandular tissue derived from the pouches
undergoes migration, it is not unusual for accessory
glands or remnants of tissue to persist along the
pathway. This is true particularly for thymic tissue,
which may remain in the neck, and for the
parathyroid glands. The inferior parathyroids are
more variable in position than the superior ones and
are sometimes found at the bifurcation of the
common carotid artery
Ectopic Thymic And Parathyroid
Tissue
10
19. Lymphangioma
Lymphangiomas are congenital malformations of
lymph tissue that result from the failure of lymph
spaces to connect to the rest of the lymphatic
system.
Lymphangiomas present as a soft, smooth,
nontender mass that is compressible and can be
transilluminated.
Depending on the size and location, there might
be respiratory compromise and difficulty in
feeding.
11
20. Cystic Hygroma:
DEFINITION:
32
Rare malformations of the lymphatic system that usually
present as a posterior neck swelling.
ETIOLOGY:
Sequestration of a portion of the jugular lymph ducts from the
lymphatic system.
The swelling consists of an aggregation of cysts like a mass of
soap bubbles each filled with lymph.
21. Cystic Hygroma: (cont.)
INCIDENCE:
33
Age at presentation:
60% at birth, 75% by 1y., 90% by 2nd birthday
CLINICAL PICTURE:
Soft easily compressible, translucent, fluctuant, ill-defined posterior
neck swelling.
May spread into cheek, floor of mouth, tongue, parotid & ear canal.
Stridor dt. tracheal displacement with mediastinal involvement.
INVESTIGATIONS:
CT scan with contrast makes
diagnosis apparent.
22. Cystic Hygroma: (cont.)
TREATMENT:
Surgical resection via a neck incision.
Total excision is sometimes difficult and recurrences
are not infrequent.
34
23. Hemangioma:
A benign skin lesion consisting of dense,
usually elevated masses of dilated blood
vessels.
35
Blood vessels are tubes of endothelial cells surrounded
by layers of smooth muscle cells and connective tissue
proteins, which develop as a result of biochemical
signals between the two.
Sometimes this communication fails and abnormal
blood vessels form.
