This document discusses conflict of interest and how it affects university administrators. It defines conflict of interest as a situation where a public officer's personal interests conflict or could conflict with their official duties. University administrators qualify as public officers. The document outlines five principles for dealing with conflict of interest and identifies several common areas where conflicts may arise for administrators, such as procurement processes. It emphasizes the importance of administrators identifying and removing themselves from conflict of interest situations, as this promotes fairness, reduces corruption, and benefits the institution. Overall, the document argues that properly managing conflicts of interest should be a priority for university administrators.
This document summarizes Woodrow Wilson's 1887 article "The Study of Administration", in which he argues that modern governments require administrative methods to deal with increasing complexity, and that administration should be separate from politics. Wilson outlines a three-stage history of government: 1) absolute rule, 2) democratic constitutions, 3) administrative government implemented through democracy. While the US had reached the third stage, it still mistrusted administration due to its constitutional roots. Wilson advocated for developing administration systematically under new democratic constitutions.
Industrial relations is a field that studies the employment relationship between management and workers. Traditionally, it covers aspects like trade unionism, collective bargaining, worker participation in management, and dispute resolution. It examines both unionized and non-unionized workforces. However, many consider trade unions, collective bargaining, and related labor laws and policies to be at the core of the field. Industrial relations emerged in the late 19th century in the United States and took off during the New Deal era, though it is primarily studied in English-speaking countries. The field has declined somewhat with reductions in unionization and rising preference for the human resources management model in business schools.
The document discusses the development of public administration theory and practice over the past 50 years. It addresses key themes and dichotomies in the field such as management vs administration, impartiality vs responsiveness, specialization vs coordination, autonomy vs integration, rationality vs evolution, and authority vs democracy. The field has seen shifts from traditional bureaucracy to new public management and is constantly searching for improvements, often revisiting previously discussed issues. The future remains unclear as the challenges of defining and developing the field continue.
This document outlines the syllabus for a course on public administration. It covers 9 topics in paper 1, including definitions of public administration, approaches like new public management, and the role of citizens. Paper 2 covers 8 topics related to organizational structure and management in government, including the structure of federal and local governments, intergovernmental relationships, financial administration, and managing human resources. It lists 20 recommended books on subjects like public policy, development governance, and comparative public administration.
Role of local institutions in improving human resources at government system ...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the role of local institutions in improving human resources for government systems in Indonesia. It analyzes the legal basis for regional autonomy and decentralization in Indonesia. It finds that local institutions have not effectively improved human resources quality to match job tasks, limiting good governance. Infrastructure, facilities, and other supports for public service have also not been optimized. Improving human resources competitiveness through skills, innovation, and professional development is key for local governments to effectively manage resources and compete globally.
This document discusses the definitions, scope, and distinctions between public and business administration. It provides several definitions of public administration that focus on it being the execution of public law and the management of state affairs. The scope of public administration is examined, including concerns around promoting democratic values, policy sensitivity, implementation capability, and understanding social realities. Key distinctions between public and business administration are outlined, such as their different purposes (general welfare vs. profit), constraints (adherence to law vs. flexibility), and complexity of operations.
This document summarizes Woodrow Wilson's 1887 article "The Study of Administration", in which he argues that modern governments require administrative methods to deal with increasing complexity, and that administration should be separate from politics. Wilson outlines a three-stage history of government: 1) absolute rule, 2) democratic constitutions, 3) administrative government implemented through democracy. While the US had reached the third stage, it still mistrusted administration due to its constitutional roots. Wilson advocated for developing administration systematically under new democratic constitutions.
Industrial relations is a field that studies the employment relationship between management and workers. Traditionally, it covers aspects like trade unionism, collective bargaining, worker participation in management, and dispute resolution. It examines both unionized and non-unionized workforces. However, many consider trade unions, collective bargaining, and related labor laws and policies to be at the core of the field. Industrial relations emerged in the late 19th century in the United States and took off during the New Deal era, though it is primarily studied in English-speaking countries. The field has declined somewhat with reductions in unionization and rising preference for the human resources management model in business schools.
The document discusses the development of public administration theory and practice over the past 50 years. It addresses key themes and dichotomies in the field such as management vs administration, impartiality vs responsiveness, specialization vs coordination, autonomy vs integration, rationality vs evolution, and authority vs democracy. The field has seen shifts from traditional bureaucracy to new public management and is constantly searching for improvements, often revisiting previously discussed issues. The future remains unclear as the challenges of defining and developing the field continue.
This document outlines the syllabus for a course on public administration. It covers 9 topics in paper 1, including definitions of public administration, approaches like new public management, and the role of citizens. Paper 2 covers 8 topics related to organizational structure and management in government, including the structure of federal and local governments, intergovernmental relationships, financial administration, and managing human resources. It lists 20 recommended books on subjects like public policy, development governance, and comparative public administration.
Role of local institutions in improving human resources at government system ...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the role of local institutions in improving human resources for government systems in Indonesia. It analyzes the legal basis for regional autonomy and decentralization in Indonesia. It finds that local institutions have not effectively improved human resources quality to match job tasks, limiting good governance. Infrastructure, facilities, and other supports for public service have also not been optimized. Improving human resources competitiveness through skills, innovation, and professional development is key for local governments to effectively manage resources and compete globally.
This document discusses the definitions, scope, and distinctions between public and business administration. It provides several definitions of public administration that focus on it being the execution of public law and the management of state affairs. The scope of public administration is examined, including concerns around promoting democratic values, policy sensitivity, implementation capability, and understanding social realities. Key distinctions between public and business administration are outlined, such as their different purposes (general welfare vs. profit), constraints (adherence to law vs. flexibility), and complexity of operations.
1. Judge Richard Posner delivered a lecture in 1975 introducing the emerging field of law and economics, which applied economic principles to analyze legal institutions and behavior.
2. He argued that many legal doctrines and institutions could be understood as efforts to promote efficient resource allocation. Individuals and organizations, whether in markets or not, generally act as rational maximizers of their interests.
3. Applying economic analysis allowed predicting how litigants would behave and evaluating the efficiency of different legal rules and systems. It also provided a framework for empirical study of the law.
4. While efficiency was not the only consideration, identifying inefficient areas could suggest reforms conditional on societal values. The analysis was meant to be positive rather than norm
“We are hope, you are the eternal khan.” Authoritarian regimes and protest op...Przegląd Politologiczny
This document analyzes the political determinants of opposition and protest in Central Asia's authoritarian regimes. It finds that more repressive regimes provide fewer opportunities for traditional protest, sometimes limiting opposition to online activism. Using case studies of countries like Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan, it argues protest opportunities depend on a regime's respect for political rights and tolerance of opposition. Kyrgyzstan stands out as the only country where regime change resulted from protests in 2005 and 2010, making its political system more hybrid than other strictly authoritarian Central Asian states.
The document discusses political advisory systems and their relationships with civil services. It notes that while political advisers can expand advice available to politicians, they can also narrow policy options and weaken the civil service. The challenges of advisory systems include balancing political responsiveness with institutional stability and ensuring transparency and accountability in their operations.
This document discusses three problems with establishing a science of public administration: (1) issues with normative values and conflicting goals like efficiency versus democracy; (2) accounting for human behavior and individual personalities within organizations; and (3) the influence of different social settings across countries. The author argues that while some principles may apply universally, public administration is limited as a science due to the complex influences of values, human nature, and unique social and historical contexts in different places.
Understanding Bureaucracy in Public AdministrationHAFIZUDIN YAHAYA
Basic noted for you to understand the concept and practice of bureaucracy in government administration. what is the factors that lead to failure of bureaucracy and how to enhance the better management in public policy.
This document discusses the bureaucracy in the United States government. It begins by defining bureaucracy and explaining the growth of the bureaucratic state due to increasing societal complexity and changing public attitudes. It describes the organization of the executive branch and civil service. The document then examines administrative policymaking, implementation challenges, and reform efforts like deregulation, outsourcing, and performance standards to increase bureaucratic effectiveness and accountability.
This document provides an introduction to the course "Introduction to Public Administration" (PAD202) at the National Open University of Nigeria. It outlines the main contents of the course, which are organized into 3 modules covering various units and topics related to public administration. The first module covers the meaning and concepts of public administration, as well as its evolution and ecology. The second module examines public administration as an art or science and discusses its growth, importance, scope and functions. The third module compares private and public administration and analyzes the relationship between public administration and politics, in addition to various theories of public administration.
1) Bureaucracies are large, hierarchical organizations that carry out specific functions in both the public and private sectors.
2) There are three main models of bureaucracy: the Weberian model views them as rational and hierarchical, the acquisitive model sees leaders seeking to expand their budgets and power, and the monopolistic model argues they become inefficient without competition.
3) The U.S. federal bureaucracy includes cabinet departments, independent agencies, regulatory commissions, and government corporations. It employs over 2.8 million people and accounts for a large portion of government spending.
Corporate Governance in Local Governments of the Public Sector for Sustainabl...ijtsrd
Corporate governance in the public sector, particularly, in local governments is crucial to quality service delivery, citizen participation and sustainable development. Using Integrative Review approach, the study sought to review literature on corporate governance in local governments of the public sector. The results, according to the frame of the study based on selected literature revealed that most studies focused on one rather than two or more countries, there appeared to be less quantitative studies than qualitative studies, there seemed to be more reviews on the subject than empirical studies. The study confirms that public sector corporate governance as a concept is receiving some attention in both practice and literature. Isaac Jerry Kwabena Asare | Yusheng Kong "Corporate Governance in Local Governments of the Public Sector for Sustainable Development: An Integrated Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33504.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/public-sector-management/33504/corporate-governance-in-local-governments-of-the-public-sector-for-sustainable-development-an-integrated-review/isaac-jerry-kwabena-asare
Public administration involves managing and administering public/government affairs. It has evolved over time from traditional public administration to development administration and new public administration. Traditional public administration focused on efficiency and following rules, while development administration emphasizes goals, participation, decentralization and planning for change. New public administration rejects being value-neutral and instead focuses on social equity, being client-oriented, and qualitative transformation through decentralization. The key functions of public administration include planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting and budgeting.
The document discusses several aspects of bureaucratization and organizational change. It describes how even democratic organizations will develop bureaucracy over time that is ruled by a few leaders according to the Iron Law of Oligarchy. It also examines different approaches to managing organizations, such as the scientific management approach which focuses on efficiency and the human relations approach which emphasizes employee satisfaction. Finally, it outlines some ways that organizations can change over time, such as through goal multiplication where new goals are added, or goal succession where the original goals are replaced by new objectives.
The document discusses bureaucracy and the preferences of different government institutions regarding bureaucratic structure. It notes that Congress prefers a decentralized, insulated bureaucracy due to electoral pressures, while the Presidency prefers a centralized bureaucracy they can control. Bureaucracies are able to make regulations because Congress has delegated that power to agencies. Sources of bureaucratic power include expertise, leadership, and support from interest groups. The document also discusses principal-agent problems that can arise in the relationship between elected officials and bureaucrats.
Bureaucracy refers to the permanent administrative system of government and is characterized by a hierarchical structure, clearly defined roles, merit-based hiring, and specialization of labor. The Philippine bureaucracy exhibits vulnerabilities like nepotism and a spoils system as well as a lack of independence from politics. Reforms are needed to address issues like red tape, graft, and inefficiency. Possible solutions include developing a responsible and competent civil service, balancing rigid and flexible approaches, and reinventing government to be more mission-driven and community-empowered.
This document provides an overview of the key topics covered in the BUS 4010 Introduction to Public Administration course. The course covers the history and functions of public administration, the rulemaking process, bureaucratic red tape, the influence of politics, and the advantages and disadvantages of bureaucracy. It also examines Max Weber's theory of bureaucracy and the characteristics of bureaucratic organizations, such as hierarchical authority, task specialization, extensive rules, and impersonality. Common criticisms of bureaucracy like red tape are also discussed.
Difference btween public and private administrationFermila Yousaf
The document discusses the differences between public and private administration. It defines public administration as the detailed and systematic application of laws to fulfill public policy. Private administration is defined as the management and organization of private business enterprises to earn a profit in a non-political manner. While they have some similarities like required skills and planning techniques, their key differences are that public administration is governmental and non-profit seeking, whereas private administration is non-governmental and aims to earn a profit.
Pub503 Separation Of Powers Final Analysisjrada5430
This document summarizes and compares public and private governance. It discusses how public administration is constrained by separation of powers, with executive, legislative and judicial functions, while private management is not subject to these constraints. It proposes that certain aspects of public governance, like fixed compensation and separation of powers, could improve private sector governance. Key differences between public and private organizations include their environmental factors like market exposure, legal constraints, and political influences. Public organizations have broader impact, greater scrutiny, and face more objectives and criteria than private organizations.
Aom presentation, csr & institutional theory evidence from a developing islam...Amir Ghazinoori
This study examines how formal and informal institutions shape corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies and practices in Iran. The researchers conducted interviews with companies and institutions to understand their perspectives. They found that informal institutions like culture, traditions and personal values have a stronger influence on CSR than formal institutions like laws and regulations, which are weakly developed in Iran. Religion has some impact but personal ethics and values were seen as more influential. Non-governmental organizations play a minimal role. The findings indicate institutional changes are needed to further advance CSR in Iran's unique social, political and economic context.
Public administration versus Private administrationabad_er
Public administration involves organizing resources to achieve government goals and provide public services. It focuses on managing state affairs. Private administration works for economic gain in organizations, prioritizing the interests of employees and clients. The main distinctions between public and private administration are their spheres of operation (state vs market), purposes (public service vs profit), funding sources (taxation vs profit), and accountability (public vs owners).
Entrepreneurship and regional developmentBabasab Patil
1. Community entrepreneurship focuses on developing new ventures, services, or institutions for the common good of local communities. It differs from business entrepreneurship in having broader social and community objectives.
2. Community ventures have complex stakeholders at different levels and depend on volunteers and social networks for support. The entrepreneurial process aims for social change through challenging conventions.
3. Research on community entrepreneurship faces challenges in studying multi-level impacts, social contexts, and complex stakeholder relationships. More cross-disciplinary research is needed using methods like participant observation.
The document discusses the structure and organization of the federal bureaucracy in the United States. It describes how the bureaucracy implements public policy through specialized staff selected based on expertise. It is organized hierarchically and aims to apply rules impartially. The bureaucracy has grown significantly over time and now includes cabinet departments, independent agencies, and government organizations. It implements the federal budget and is subject to congressional oversight while also having some autonomous authority.
Capital budgeting practices in emerging market economiesAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that investigated the capital budgeting practices of listed firms in Ghana. The study found that:
1) Listed Ghanaian firms adopt standard capital budgeting techniques in practice, most commonly using NPV, PBP, DPBP, and IRR. However, MIRR and ARR were less commonly used compared to NPV.
2) Most firms used the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) to evaluate investment projects.
3) Respondents had worked at their firms for varying durations, most commonly 4-7 years, and played a role in recommending or authorizing capital budgeting decisions.
Consumer attitude towards corporate social responsibility practices in bangla...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on consumer attitudes towards corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices of Grameenphone Ltd., a major telecommunications company in Bangladesh. The study found that CSR practices positively impacted the environment, subscribers, and other stakeholders. Key factors influencing Grameenphone's CSR included competition, subscriber demands, government policy, worker welfare, organizational culture, service quality, environmental issues, and legal requirements. Many respondents believed that Grameenphone considers issues like health, education, and the environment, not just profits.
1. Judge Richard Posner delivered a lecture in 1975 introducing the emerging field of law and economics, which applied economic principles to analyze legal institutions and behavior.
2. He argued that many legal doctrines and institutions could be understood as efforts to promote efficient resource allocation. Individuals and organizations, whether in markets or not, generally act as rational maximizers of their interests.
3. Applying economic analysis allowed predicting how litigants would behave and evaluating the efficiency of different legal rules and systems. It also provided a framework for empirical study of the law.
4. While efficiency was not the only consideration, identifying inefficient areas could suggest reforms conditional on societal values. The analysis was meant to be positive rather than norm
“We are hope, you are the eternal khan.” Authoritarian regimes and protest op...Przegląd Politologiczny
This document analyzes the political determinants of opposition and protest in Central Asia's authoritarian regimes. It finds that more repressive regimes provide fewer opportunities for traditional protest, sometimes limiting opposition to online activism. Using case studies of countries like Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan, it argues protest opportunities depend on a regime's respect for political rights and tolerance of opposition. Kyrgyzstan stands out as the only country where regime change resulted from protests in 2005 and 2010, making its political system more hybrid than other strictly authoritarian Central Asian states.
The document discusses political advisory systems and their relationships with civil services. It notes that while political advisers can expand advice available to politicians, they can also narrow policy options and weaken the civil service. The challenges of advisory systems include balancing political responsiveness with institutional stability and ensuring transparency and accountability in their operations.
This document discusses three problems with establishing a science of public administration: (1) issues with normative values and conflicting goals like efficiency versus democracy; (2) accounting for human behavior and individual personalities within organizations; and (3) the influence of different social settings across countries. The author argues that while some principles may apply universally, public administration is limited as a science due to the complex influences of values, human nature, and unique social and historical contexts in different places.
Understanding Bureaucracy in Public AdministrationHAFIZUDIN YAHAYA
Basic noted for you to understand the concept and practice of bureaucracy in government administration. what is the factors that lead to failure of bureaucracy and how to enhance the better management in public policy.
This document discusses the bureaucracy in the United States government. It begins by defining bureaucracy and explaining the growth of the bureaucratic state due to increasing societal complexity and changing public attitudes. It describes the organization of the executive branch and civil service. The document then examines administrative policymaking, implementation challenges, and reform efforts like deregulation, outsourcing, and performance standards to increase bureaucratic effectiveness and accountability.
This document provides an introduction to the course "Introduction to Public Administration" (PAD202) at the National Open University of Nigeria. It outlines the main contents of the course, which are organized into 3 modules covering various units and topics related to public administration. The first module covers the meaning and concepts of public administration, as well as its evolution and ecology. The second module examines public administration as an art or science and discusses its growth, importance, scope and functions. The third module compares private and public administration and analyzes the relationship between public administration and politics, in addition to various theories of public administration.
1) Bureaucracies are large, hierarchical organizations that carry out specific functions in both the public and private sectors.
2) There are three main models of bureaucracy: the Weberian model views them as rational and hierarchical, the acquisitive model sees leaders seeking to expand their budgets and power, and the monopolistic model argues they become inefficient without competition.
3) The U.S. federal bureaucracy includes cabinet departments, independent agencies, regulatory commissions, and government corporations. It employs over 2.8 million people and accounts for a large portion of government spending.
Corporate Governance in Local Governments of the Public Sector for Sustainabl...ijtsrd
Corporate governance in the public sector, particularly, in local governments is crucial to quality service delivery, citizen participation and sustainable development. Using Integrative Review approach, the study sought to review literature on corporate governance in local governments of the public sector. The results, according to the frame of the study based on selected literature revealed that most studies focused on one rather than two or more countries, there appeared to be less quantitative studies than qualitative studies, there seemed to be more reviews on the subject than empirical studies. The study confirms that public sector corporate governance as a concept is receiving some attention in both practice and literature. Isaac Jerry Kwabena Asare | Yusheng Kong "Corporate Governance in Local Governments of the Public Sector for Sustainable Development: An Integrated Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33504.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/public-sector-management/33504/corporate-governance-in-local-governments-of-the-public-sector-for-sustainable-development-an-integrated-review/isaac-jerry-kwabena-asare
Public administration involves managing and administering public/government affairs. It has evolved over time from traditional public administration to development administration and new public administration. Traditional public administration focused on efficiency and following rules, while development administration emphasizes goals, participation, decentralization and planning for change. New public administration rejects being value-neutral and instead focuses on social equity, being client-oriented, and qualitative transformation through decentralization. The key functions of public administration include planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting and budgeting.
The document discusses several aspects of bureaucratization and organizational change. It describes how even democratic organizations will develop bureaucracy over time that is ruled by a few leaders according to the Iron Law of Oligarchy. It also examines different approaches to managing organizations, such as the scientific management approach which focuses on efficiency and the human relations approach which emphasizes employee satisfaction. Finally, it outlines some ways that organizations can change over time, such as through goal multiplication where new goals are added, or goal succession where the original goals are replaced by new objectives.
The document discusses bureaucracy and the preferences of different government institutions regarding bureaucratic structure. It notes that Congress prefers a decentralized, insulated bureaucracy due to electoral pressures, while the Presidency prefers a centralized bureaucracy they can control. Bureaucracies are able to make regulations because Congress has delegated that power to agencies. Sources of bureaucratic power include expertise, leadership, and support from interest groups. The document also discusses principal-agent problems that can arise in the relationship between elected officials and bureaucrats.
Bureaucracy refers to the permanent administrative system of government and is characterized by a hierarchical structure, clearly defined roles, merit-based hiring, and specialization of labor. The Philippine bureaucracy exhibits vulnerabilities like nepotism and a spoils system as well as a lack of independence from politics. Reforms are needed to address issues like red tape, graft, and inefficiency. Possible solutions include developing a responsible and competent civil service, balancing rigid and flexible approaches, and reinventing government to be more mission-driven and community-empowered.
This document provides an overview of the key topics covered in the BUS 4010 Introduction to Public Administration course. The course covers the history and functions of public administration, the rulemaking process, bureaucratic red tape, the influence of politics, and the advantages and disadvantages of bureaucracy. It also examines Max Weber's theory of bureaucracy and the characteristics of bureaucratic organizations, such as hierarchical authority, task specialization, extensive rules, and impersonality. Common criticisms of bureaucracy like red tape are also discussed.
Difference btween public and private administrationFermila Yousaf
The document discusses the differences between public and private administration. It defines public administration as the detailed and systematic application of laws to fulfill public policy. Private administration is defined as the management and organization of private business enterprises to earn a profit in a non-political manner. While they have some similarities like required skills and planning techniques, their key differences are that public administration is governmental and non-profit seeking, whereas private administration is non-governmental and aims to earn a profit.
Pub503 Separation Of Powers Final Analysisjrada5430
This document summarizes and compares public and private governance. It discusses how public administration is constrained by separation of powers, with executive, legislative and judicial functions, while private management is not subject to these constraints. It proposes that certain aspects of public governance, like fixed compensation and separation of powers, could improve private sector governance. Key differences between public and private organizations include their environmental factors like market exposure, legal constraints, and political influences. Public organizations have broader impact, greater scrutiny, and face more objectives and criteria than private organizations.
Aom presentation, csr & institutional theory evidence from a developing islam...Amir Ghazinoori
This study examines how formal and informal institutions shape corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies and practices in Iran. The researchers conducted interviews with companies and institutions to understand their perspectives. They found that informal institutions like culture, traditions and personal values have a stronger influence on CSR than formal institutions like laws and regulations, which are weakly developed in Iran. Religion has some impact but personal ethics and values were seen as more influential. Non-governmental organizations play a minimal role. The findings indicate institutional changes are needed to further advance CSR in Iran's unique social, political and economic context.
Public administration versus Private administrationabad_er
Public administration involves organizing resources to achieve government goals and provide public services. It focuses on managing state affairs. Private administration works for economic gain in organizations, prioritizing the interests of employees and clients. The main distinctions between public and private administration are their spheres of operation (state vs market), purposes (public service vs profit), funding sources (taxation vs profit), and accountability (public vs owners).
Entrepreneurship and regional developmentBabasab Patil
1. Community entrepreneurship focuses on developing new ventures, services, or institutions for the common good of local communities. It differs from business entrepreneurship in having broader social and community objectives.
2. Community ventures have complex stakeholders at different levels and depend on volunteers and social networks for support. The entrepreneurial process aims for social change through challenging conventions.
3. Research on community entrepreneurship faces challenges in studying multi-level impacts, social contexts, and complex stakeholder relationships. More cross-disciplinary research is needed using methods like participant observation.
The document discusses the structure and organization of the federal bureaucracy in the United States. It describes how the bureaucracy implements public policy through specialized staff selected based on expertise. It is organized hierarchically and aims to apply rules impartially. The bureaucracy has grown significantly over time and now includes cabinet departments, independent agencies, and government organizations. It implements the federal budget and is subject to congressional oversight while also having some autonomous authority.
Capital budgeting practices in emerging market economiesAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that investigated the capital budgeting practices of listed firms in Ghana. The study found that:
1) Listed Ghanaian firms adopt standard capital budgeting techniques in practice, most commonly using NPV, PBP, DPBP, and IRR. However, MIRR and ARR were less commonly used compared to NPV.
2) Most firms used the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) to evaluate investment projects.
3) Respondents had worked at their firms for varying durations, most commonly 4-7 years, and played a role in recommending or authorizing capital budgeting decisions.
Consumer attitude towards corporate social responsibility practices in bangla...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on consumer attitudes towards corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices of Grameenphone Ltd., a major telecommunications company in Bangladesh. The study found that CSR practices positively impacted the environment, subscribers, and other stakeholders. Key factors influencing Grameenphone's CSR included competition, subscriber demands, government policy, worker welfare, organizational culture, service quality, environmental issues, and legal requirements. Many respondents believed that Grameenphone considers issues like health, education, and the environment, not just profits.
Design and fabriction of an interlocking tiles crusherAlexander Decker
This document describes the design and fabrication of an interlocking tiles crusher that uses a reciprocating mechanism. It is capable of crushing 300 tiles per hour with a crushing pressure of about 3 MN/m. The crusher is powered by a 3.71KW electric motor running at 980 RPM. It was designed to reduce environmental pollution and provide a cheaper alternative to industrial crushers. The crusher's reciprocating mechanism uses a rotating crank connected to a ram by a connecting rod to convert rotational motion into linear motion for crushing. Design considerations included strength, power requirements, and withstanding impact forces during crushing.
The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Making meditation a part of a daily routine, even if just 10-15 minutes per day, can offer improvements to mood, focus, and overall feelings of well-being over time.
Characterization of fresh moringa oleifera beverageAlexander Decker
This document characterizes a fresh Moringa oleifera beverage made from 50% moringa leaf extract, 38% pineapple juice, and 12% carrot extract. Proximate and chemical analyses were conducted on the beverage. The beverage contained 2.9g/100ml of protein, 1.02mg of iron, and 159.14mg/100ml of vitamin C. After 8 weeks of storage under different conditions, 78% of the initial vitamin C content was retained, even under sunlight. No microbial growth was observed under any storage conditions, and sensory evaluation found the product remained acceptable. The beverage is concluded to be an excellent way to provide nutrients to malnourished individuals and consumers.
Chronic consumption of abelmoschus esculentus and piper guineense induce test...Alexander Decker
This study examined the effects of chronic consumption of Abelmoschus esculentus and Piper guineense on the testes of rats. Rats were divided into groups that received Abelmoschus esculentus, Piper guineense, a combination of both, or a control. After 28 days, the testes were examined. The control group showed normal testes histology. Groups receiving Abelmoschus esculentus, Piper guineense, or both showed numerous atrophied and damaged seminiferous tubules, degenerated cells, and interstitial fibrosis compared to controls, indicating cellular alterations and toxicity from chronic consumption of these plants. In conclusion, Abelmoschus esculent
Design strategies for mobile language learning effectiveness using hybrid mcd...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that aimed to evaluate the design of two mobile learning applications for language learning using a hybrid multi-criteria decision making approach. The study combined the Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory Model (DEMATEL) and Analytical Network Process (ANP) to examine how learners value different design aspects and to identify the relationships between design attributes. The results could help designers formulate effective design strategies for mobile language learning apps by structuring important design dimensions and identifying how they relate to one another based on learner perceptions.
Characterization of diesel hydrogen peroxide fuel blendAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that characterized blends of diesel fuel and hydrogen peroxide. Various blends ranging from 5-15% hydrogen peroxide by volume were tested and compared to standard diesel fuel using ASTM standard fuel tests. The results showed that hydrogen peroxide is capable of enhancing diesel fuel properties due to the additional oxygen that can improve combustion and reduce emissions. Physicochemical properties like density and viscosity of the blends increased with higher hydrogen peroxide content due to its higher density compared to diesel. Overall, the study found that hydrogen peroxide has potential as a diesel fuel additive to improve properties and reduce emissions.
Changes in quality of life among jordanian colorectal cancer patients a quali...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a qualitative study that explored how a colorectal cancer diagnosis and treatment impacted patients' quality of life in Jordan. Ten Jordanian patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer participated in semi-structured interviews. Analysis of the interviews identified four main categories reflecting changes in patients' quality of life: 1) perceptions of quality of life such as diminished physical fitness and treatment side effects, 2) cancer as a source of distress through emotions, outlook on the future, and lost confidence, 3) changing roles like dependencies and altered responsibilities, and 4) changes in social life including isolation and disrupted family life. The study provides insight into how colorectal cancer affected patients' lives physically, psychologically, and socially.
This document summarizes a research journal article that examines the determinants of fiscal growth in Jordan. The study uses time series data from 1982-2010 to analyze the relationships between fiscal growth rates and several independent variables, including available liquidity in banking, private sector credit rates, stock market capitalization, and government fiscal policy. The study found positive statistical relationships between fiscal growth and the first three variables, but did not prove an impact of fiscal policy. It recommends policies to encourage bank mergers, intellectual property rights, and coordinating fiscal and monetary policies to link them with economic growth.
Current trends in audiological practices and implications for developing coun...Alexander Decker
- Current audiological practices in developing countries still rely heavily on behavioral audiometric testing which requires active patient participation, while developed countries now emphasize electrophysiological testing that does not require active participation.
- Electrophysiological tests like auditory brainstem response testing and otoacoustic emission testing provide objective measures of hearing. Developed countries also use advanced techniques like cochlear implants.
- To better diagnose and treat hearing loss early, some developed countries implement universal newborn hearing screening before 1 month of age to identify problems, with evaluation by 3 months and early intervention starting by 6 months if needed. Early diagnosis and treatment are important for language development.
La economía política es una asignatura impartida en la UNED de Tortosa. El documento proporciona información sobre la asignatura de economía política y la tutoría disponible para los estudiantes en la UNED de Tortosa.
Ceramic art, its sculptural possibilities and limitationsAlexander Decker
This document discusses some of the creative limitations faced by ceramic artists due to the properties of clay as their primary medium. It outlines how the plasticity and shrinkage of clay can negatively impact forms and designs during production by causing warping, cracking, or dimensional inaccuracies. Additionally, certain forms that are too thin, thick, attenuated, or have sharp angles/protrusions are difficult or impossible to achieve in clay without compromising structural integrity. While clay allows for creative expression, ceramic artists must work within the material constraints it imposes to produce stable and durable artworks.
Effects of steel mill scale on the strength characteristics of expansive clay...Alexander Decker
Steel mill scale was added to expansive black cotton clay soil at various percentages to evaluate its effect on soil strength properties. The following results were found:
1. Steel mill scale increased the maximum dry density of the soil by about 19% and reduced the optimum moisture content by about 28%.
2. The unsoaked CBR of the soil increased by about 16% with steel mill scale addition, while the soaked CBR decreased by about 75%. Swelling potential was reduced by about 60%.
3. The unconfined compressive strength increased by about 53% with 5% steel mill scale content but decreased with further additions, possibly due to poor adhesion between soil and steel particles.
In
Contributing factors to patients overcrowding in emergency department at king...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that explored factors contributing to patient overcrowding in the emergency department at King Saud Hospital in Unaizah, Saudi Arabia. The study found that the main factors were a lack of human resources, high population density, lack of beds, issues with public health awareness, and problems with emergency department design. A survey of 168 medical professionals at the hospital identified health awareness as having the highest impact and lack of beds as having the lowest impact on emergency department overcrowding. The study recommends strategies like increasing staffing levels and space in the emergency department.
Coordination modes of a new ligand derived from pyrazoline with cr(iii), mn(i...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that synthesized and characterized coordination complexes of Cr(III), Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) metal ions with a new ligand derived from pyrazoline. The complexes were analyzed using various techniques including elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility measurements, and electronic spectroscopy. The data indicated the ligand behaves as a neutral bidentate toward the metal ions. The biological activities of the ligand and its complexes were screened against bacteria and fungi, with some complexes showing higher antimicrobial activity than the free ligand.
Demographic factors and attitude toward disable employeesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of demographic factors on attitudes towards disabled employees in Ghana. The study hypothesized that older employees, employees with higher education levels, and public sector employees would have more positive attitudes than younger employees, those with less education, and private sector employees, respectively. A survey was administered to 188 employees across sectors in Ghana. Results found that older employees and those with higher education had significantly more positive attitudes than younger/less educated employees. However, sector of employment did not significantly influence attitudes. The document provides context on disabilities and attitudes in Ghanaian society, and reviews literature on the relationships between demographic factors, attitudes, and perceptions of disabled individuals.
This document discusses the various environmental constraints that can impact public administration. It identifies 5 main constraints: educational, legal-political, socio-cultural, economic, and religious. For each constraint, the document provides details on how it can influence an organization and its administrators. It also gives examples from other authors on how factors within these constraints, such as education levels, laws, social relationships, economic conditions, and religious beliefs, need to be considered by administrators in planning and implementing programs.
A General Framework For The Ethics Of Public AdministrationMartha Brown
This document provides an introduction to developing a framework for ethics in public administration. It notes that while business ethics is a well-developed field, ethics for civil servants has received less attention. It aims to address this gap by outlining some key differences between business and government that complicate developing universal ethical guidelines for civil servants. These include differences between political systems, the wide variety of government departments and roles, and the civil service's traditional reliance on internal culture rather than formal ethics education. The document seeks to clarify civil servants' core obligations and how they should resolve conflicts between serving elected officials, the public, and professional norms.
The present study addresses the influence of business ethics at global perspective and its management system. The study highlights on why society, business and ethics are intertwined with each other. This is a broad view which will be influencing how business is extensive with its involvement. Business is something which cannot be isolating itself as an entity from that of the society in it. The entire social environment needs to be taken into consideration by the business when they come up with ideas of manufacturing. This is also the main reason why ethics need to be in place for it
Art of Managing Business Ethics with Global Perspectiveijtsrd
The present study addresses the influence of business ethics at global perspective and its management system. The study highlights on why society, business and ethics are intertwined with each other. This is a broad view which will be influencing how business is extensive with its involvement. Business is something which cannot be isolating itself as an entity from that of the society in it. The entire social environment needs to be taken into consideration by the business when they come up with ideas of manufacturing. This is also the main reason why ethics need to be in place for it. Vishal Dineshkumar Soni "Art of Managing Business Ethics with Global Perspective" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31701.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-ethics-and-legal-issues/31701/art-of-managing-business-ethics-with-global-perspective/vishal-dineshkumar-soni
Biological Engineering Personal StatementAmy Alexander
The student interviewed Mrs. Provost, a resource room teacher, to gain insight into that role and how it assists students; Mrs. Provost described her responsibilities like monitoring individualized education plans, assisting students one-on-one, and communicating with general education teachers on student progress; the interview provided the student valuable first-hand knowledge about working as a resource room teacher that will help in future career planning.
The document discusses James Q. Wilson's book "Bureaucracy: What Government Agencies do and why they do it." Wilson seeks to better define the behavior of government bureaucracy, believing traditional theories do not adequately explain their actions. He argues bureaucracies are perceived as inefficient but are actually constrained by rules, procedures, and other contextual factors. Wilson analyzes bureaucracy through the lens of organization, operations, management, executives, context, and the potential for change. The document provides an overview of Wilson's framework for understanding bureaucracy.
Role Of Public Health Personnel And Nurses In Disaster...Lynn Holkesvik
The document discusses the disadvantages of the New Public Management (NPM) approach in public administration. It argues that while NPM aims to improve efficiency by applying private sector practices, it can undermine important public sector values like equality, accountability, and citizenship. Specifically, NPM's emphasis on competition and outsourcing reduces cooperation and information sharing between public organizations. It can also weaken political control and public accountability. Overall, while NPM seeks to make government more business-like, this risks compromising core principles of public service.
High School Essay - 10+ Examples, Format, Pdf | Examples. 007 My School Essay Example ~ Thatsnotus. 005 High School Essay Samples Example ~ Thatsnotus. School essay help. Middle School Essay Writing Help for Your Homeschool. Essay On My School | My School Essay In English - YouTube | School .... Essay writing high school students - College Homework Help and Online .... Reflection essay: School uniform essay. 013 High School Essays Ms Essay Excerpt 791x1024 ~ Thatsnotus. My School – Essay | School essay, I school, Short essay. 002 Essay Example Sample High School Admission Essays Writing Prompts .... 002 8th Grade Essay Topics Template Entrancing Persuasive Middle School .... essay Archives - 7sistershomeschool.com. Schools Essay | Essay on Schools for Students and Children in English .... Amazing High School Essay ~ Thatsnotus. School essay. Essay On School - Why this school essay for dissertation hypothesis .... School Education Essay – Telegraph. College Essay: Graduate school essay sample. Essays high school - College Homework Help and Online Tutoring.. Definition Essay: School life essay. Excellent Essay On School ~ Thatsnotus.
The document discusses the differences between executives and bureaucracy. Executives are political appointees who are responsible for overseeing government agencies and setting policies, but they need some influence over bureaucratic agencies to achieve their goals. Executives depend on the bureaucracy for policy development and program advice due to the diversity of information and expertise within government agencies. Even powerful executives still rely on professionals in the bureaucracy for program guidance.
This document contains an outline for a project on business ethics focusing on the ethical impacts of globalization. It includes sections on introduction, social responsibility, the greening of management, values-based management, managerial ethics, and conclusions. The introduction discusses how economics has moved away from normative issues and the need for a behavioral business ethics approach. It also addresses challenges with public policy lectures on trade topics.
The document discusses threats to academic freedom and institutional autonomy from both internal and external sources. Externally, governments are introducing reforms that increase oversight of universities through new governance structures, funding tied to performance metrics, and quality assurance systems. While intended to increase accountability, some argue these also decrease autonomy and introduce new restrictions. Internally, overbearing academic leadership or faculty unwilling to engage with society can also threaten academic freedom. Overall, universities must balance independence with responsibility to society.
Human resource development a case study of legal professionalsAlexander Decker
This article discusses a case study of human resource development among legal professionals in Jodhpur, India. It analyzes data collected from 300 legal professionals through questionnaires. The study finds that factors like family background and connections, rather than academic qualifications, most influence career progression and independence. It also finds that the process of gaining competence and independence takes longer for associates compared to independent lawyers. Lastly, it recommends improvements to better support human resource development in the legal profession through policies, training, benefits and working conditions.
The document provides details about Machinery Hall at the 1908 Franco-British Exhibition in London. It describes the elaborate Gothic-style entrance to the vast 125,000 square yard hall, which showcased heavy industry from both Britain and France, including mining, steel, shipbuilding, armaments, electricity generation, textiles and printing machinery. The hall also featured modern inventions and war relics alongside models of ships and military hardware.
Political Climate In Public AdministrationKrystal Green
The document discusses the political climate in public administration during the 1930s-1950s in the United States. It describes how President Franklin D. Roosevelt introduced the New Deal in response to the Great Depression, which expanded the role of government in providing social programs and jobs. This changed how government functioned at both the state and federal levels and introduced new ideas around centralization, management, planning, and efficiency. During this period, public administration emerged as its own discipline in the U.S. and introduced political approaches to the field. The document then discusses some of the major public administration theorists from this era, including Chester Bernard, Luther Gulick, and Robert K. Morton.
FREE 9+ Descriptive Essay Examples in PDF | Examples. College essay: Descriptive composition pdf. Example Of A Good Descriptive Essay – Telegraph. Amazing Descriptive Essays Examples ~ Thatsnotus. 001 Sample Descriptive Essay ~ Thatsnotus. 006 Essay Example Diagnostic Examples Of Good Descriptive Essays Sample .... Descriptive Essay On Love — Descriptive Essay About Love. How to Write a Descriptive Essay: 14 Steps (with Pictures).
This document discusses threats to academic freedom and institutional autonomy from both internal and external sources. It notes that governments have introduced reforms to increase oversight and accountability of universities. While this aims to make universities more responsive to societal needs, it can also decrease autonomy through new governance structures, increased regulation, and performance-based funding. The document argues that universities must balance responsiveness to society with preserving their integrity and ability to develop knowledge independently. It also acknowledges threats can come from within universities if faculty or leadership do not recognize universities' diverse roles or importance of interacting with society. Overall, the impacts of increased external oversight remain unclear but autonomy may decrease through new restrictions and accountability measures imposed on universities.
This document discusses threats to academic freedom and institutional autonomy from both internal and external sources. It notes that while governments have increased regulations and oversight of universities, they argue this is to increase effectiveness and quality. However, these new steering mechanisms like results-based funding and external members on governing boards may decrease autonomy. Internally, threats can come from leaders who do not respect academic freedom or faculty who ignore the university's social responsibilities. Maintaining integrity requires clear rules, democratic leadership, and balancing academic values with societal engagement. Overall, the impacts of increased regulations are still unclear, but integrity depends on respect from governments and awareness of universities' role in democratic debate.
Similar to Conflict of interest and university administrators (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
❽❽❻❼❼❻❻❸❾❻ DPBOSS NET SPBOSS SATTA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA GUESSING FREE KA...essorprof62
DPBOSS NET SPBOSS SATTA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA GUESSING FREE KALYAN FIX JODI ANK LEAK FIX GAME BY DP BOSS MATKA SATTA NUMBER TODAY LUCKY NUMBER FREE TIPS ...
Adani Group's Active Interest In Increasing Its Presence in the Cement Manufa...Adani case
Time and again, the business group has taken up new business ventures, each of which has allowed it to expand its horizons further and reach new heights. Even amidst the Adani CBI Investigation, the firm has always focused on improving its cement business.
Tired of chasing down expiring contracts and drowning in paperwork? Mastering contract management can significantly enhance your business efficiency and productivity. This guide unveils expert secrets to streamline your contract management process. Learn how to save time, minimize risk, and achieve effortless contract management.
Satta matka fixx jodi panna all market dpboss matka guessing fixx panna jodi kalyan and all market game liss cover now 420 matka office mumbai maharashtra india fixx jodi panna
Call me 9040963354
WhatsApp 9040963354
SATTA MATKA DPBOSS KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART KALYAN MATKA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA TIPS SATTA MATKA MATKA COM MATKA PANA JODI TODAY BATTA SATKA MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER MATKA RESULTS MATKA CHART MATKA JODI SATTA COM INDIA SATTA MATKA MATKA TIPS MATKA WAPKA ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA RESULT DPBOSS MATKA 143 MAIN MATKA KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART INDIA MATKA KALYAN SATTA MATKA 420 INDIAN MATKA SATTA KING MATKA FIX JODI FIX FIX FIX SATTA NAMBAR MATKA INDIA SATTA BATTA
Efficient PHP Development Solutions for Dynamic Web ApplicationsHarwinder Singh
Unlock the full potential of your web projects with our expert PHP development solutions. From robust backend systems to dynamic front-end interfaces, we deliver scalable, secure, and high-performance applications tailored to your needs. Trust our skilled team to transform your ideas into reality with custom PHP programming, ensuring seamless functionality and a superior user experience.
AI Transformation Playbook: Thinking AI-First for Your BusinessArijit Dutta
I dive into how businesses can stay competitive by integrating AI into their core processes. From identifying the right approach to building collaborative teams and recognizing common pitfalls, this guide has got you covered. AI transformation is a journey, and this playbook is here to help you navigate it successfully.
NIMA2024 | De toegevoegde waarde van DEI en ESG in campagnes | Nathalie Lam |...BBPMedia1
Nathalie zal delen hoe DEI en ESG een fundamentele rol kunnen spelen in je merkstrategie en je de juiste aansluiting kan creëren met je doelgroep. Door middel van voorbeelden en simpele handvatten toont ze hoe dit in jouw organisatie toegepast kan worden.
SATTA MATKA DPBOSS KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART KALYAN MATKA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA TIPS SATTA MATKA MATKA COM MATKA PANA JODI TODAY BATTA SATKA MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER MATKA RESULTS MATKA CHART MATKA JODI SATTA COM INDIA SATTA MATKA MATKA TIPS MATKA WAPKA ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA RESULT DPBOSS MATKA 143 MAIN MATKA KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART
SATTA MATKA DPBOSS KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART KALYAN MATKA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA TIPS SATTA MATKA MATKA COM MATKA PANA JODI TODAY BATTA SATKA MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER MATKA RESULTS MATKA CHART MATKA JODI SATTA COM INDIA SATTA MATKA MATKA TIPS MATKA WAPKA ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA RESULT DPBOSS MATKA 143 MAIN MATKA KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART
Discover the Beauty and Functionality of The Expert Remodeling Serviceobriengroupinc04
Unlock your kitchen's true potential with expert remodeling services from O'Brien Group Inc. Transform your space into a functional, modern, and luxurious haven with their experienced professionals. From layout reconfiguration to high-end upgrades, they deliver stunning results tailored to your style and needs. Visit obriengroupinc.com to elevate your kitchen's beauty and functionality today.
SATTA MATKA DPBOSS KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN MATKA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA TIPS SATTA MATKA MATKA COM MATKA PANA JODI TODAY BATTA SATKA MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER MATKA RESULTS MATKA CHART MATKA JODI SATTA COM INDIA SATTA MATKA MATKA TIPS MATKA WAPKA ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA RESULT DPBOSS MATKA 143 MAIN MATKA KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART KALYAN CHART
Conflict of interest and university administrators
1. Journal of Education and Practice
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol.4, No.24, 2013
www.iiste.org
Conflict of Interest and University Administrators
Ebenezer Aggrey
University of Cape Coast, Division of Human Resource, PMB, Cape Coast, Central Region Ghana.
E-mail of the corresponding author: eaggrey@ucc.edu.gh eaggrey2000@gmail.com
Abstract
The role of Administrators in the functioning, growth and development of any institution is of prime importance.
Within the scheme of things, administrators play a critical role in the life of any University. The success of any
institution therefore largely rests on the effectiveness and efficiency of Administrators. Unfortunately, little is
known about how to recognise and deal with conflict of interest which is inevitable in the working life of any
administrator. This phenomenon tends to make some administrators corrupt, inefficient, ineffective and
unprofessional in the course of their work. This is a theoretical paper which delves into an area little known by
some administrators in general and particularly, administrators in tertiary institutions in Ghana by looking at the
Constitution of Ghana, 1992, and the guidelines for public officers. Moreover, the paper explains five principles
outlined to help Administrators in dealing with conflict of interest. Specifically, the paper makes the point that
managing conflict of interest must be the goal of all administrators in the 21st century, because of the enormous
benefits it brings to the institution when there is efficient and effective management. The benefits include that, it
is ethical and a good practice; promotes fairness and reduces corruption; reduces the cost of doing business;
promotes good public relations; promotes transparency and ensures leadership for the public good.
Keywords: conflict of interest, senior administrators, conflict, public officers, registrar
1. Introduction
The role of the Senior Administrator in public universities is crucial and important to the success of any
University. The Senior Administrator belongs to the Registrar’s Office. The Registrar plays a unique role in the
University’s Administrative/Management hierarchy. The position constitutes the hub around which the
Management of the University revolves. Among the numerous functions of the Registrar are that he/she acts is
the Chief Administrative Officer of the University and the custodian of the University's seal and is also
responsible to the Vice-Chancellor for the general administration of the University. The Registrar provides
guidance for the framework within which policies are made. The Registrar and any member of the Office does
not make rules and regulations, but once these have been made by the appropriate University Board or
Committee, they ensure their enforcement/implementation. The role played by the Registrar and any member of
the office cannot be over emphasized and they are indispensable.
The Registrar's duties may be categorised as follows:
The first category is Secretarial. In this group, the Registrar's duties include:
• Stewardship of the constitutional and business rules and procedures.
• Co-ordination of the flow of business in terms of both timing and contents.
• Transmission of discussions and decisions of Board/Committees.
• Provision of information and documents to facilitate decisions.
In the second category of duties, the Registrar is responsible for:
• The recruitment, appointment, training and career development of Staff of the University.
• Providing administrative assistance to the point and priority of need in the University, for example,
through structural changes in the administration.
• Directing management and administrative functions, e.g. records, establishment, appointments,
accounts, admissions, etc.
In the third category, the Registrar acts as an advisor to senior management both as a member of the University's
Senior Team of Officers and as a confidential advisor to the Vice-Chancellor and University Boards and
Committees, chiefs among which is the University Council. In all these duties, the Registrar has an obligation to
contribute ideas and policies as well as to follow legitimate instructions.
In all the three categories, the Registrar delegates much of his duties to his deputies and other senior
administrators in the divisions of his Office. The Office of the Registrar is structured to make the sections within
the office more effective, efficient and well focused in helping to accelerate the development of the University.
The daily working at the Registrar office makes it prone to conflict of interest. Within the University, senior
administrators include all senior members who are non-teaching staff; these are Junior Assistant Registrar and
analogous grades for other professionals to the rank of Directors.
The issue of concern is that senior administrators do not work with or are guided by any clear rules on conflict of
interest situation in the university (such as the code of conduct for public officers), neither are they mindful of
71
2. Journal of Education and Practice
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol.4, No.24, 2013
www.iiste.org
the constitutional injunction on conflicts of interests because such situations may be common and pervasive.
Pope (2000) suggests it is inevitable that a person’s various interests will periodically clash with their work
decisions or actions. Yet it is not always easy to determine whether a conflict exists, or whether a conflict will
significantly impact on a person’s actions. Indeed, the mere perception that a conflict of interest situation might
exist is enough to make such a conflict an issue for concern – whether or not it is ‘real’, or whether or not it
tempts an individual to act inappropriately.
On 18th October, 2012, on the www.blog.foreignpolicy.com under the caption was there a conflict of interest
behind the Nobel literature prize? The decision to award the Nobel Prize in literature to Mo Yan, a Chinese
writer who finally won the prize, though easing anxiety among the country's leaders regarding the Western
world's recognition of Chinese cultural prowess, it raised issues about the integrity of that prize in Sweden.
The major issue was whether or not the role played by Göran Malmqvist, a Sinologist and member of the
Swedish Academy, in Mo's selection, lobbying the academy to recognize the Chinese writer and providing
Swedish translations of the writer's work to other members of the academy was not a clear case of conflict of
interest. This is because there was greater likelihood of him benefitting financially from the translations and
more so, when he is the person to provide the translation to a Swedish publisher for publication. To some,
Malmqvist's actions in this particular instance might have been in violation of the Swedish Academy's conflict of
interest rules, which are extremely strict in order to prevent this type of real or perceived impropriety. According
to the rules in the academy’s policies, where there is the slightest possibility of or an indication of conflict of
interest, a member of the academy is required to excuse him/her from deliberations. In other words, a member
who perceives that he/she has any interest in any subject matter under discussion should not participate in the
handling of the issues.
2. Who Is A Public Officer?
A public officer is a person who holds Public Office. The Constitution of Ghana, 1992, provides that “a public
officer shall not put himself in a position where his personal interest conflicts or is likely to conflict with the
performance of the functions of his office”(Article 284). In Article 288, “a public officer is defined as a person
who holds a public office”.
A public office is described as an office whose office holders emoluments are paid directly from the
Consolidated Fund, or monies provided by Parliament, and a public corporation established and financed with
public funds. The senior administrator in the public university qualifies fully as a public officer like any public or
civil servant. By implication, it means that the senior administrator is enjoined by the provisions in the
Constitution of Ghana, 1992 in respect of public officials.
3. Conflict of Interest
Conflict of interest arises when a person (public official) in making a decision is faced with more than one
interest against which to judge his/her best course of action. The conflict of most concern is that between one’s
personal interests and his/her professional interests.
According to Thompson (1995) a conflict of interest is a set of circumstances that creates a risk that professional
judgment or actions regarding a primary interest will be unduly influenced by a secondary interest. Primary
interest refers to the principal goals of the profession or activity, such as the protection of clients, the health of
patients, the integrity of research, and the duties of public office. Secondary, interest includes not only financial
gain but also such motives as the desire for professional advancement and the wish to do favours for family and
friends. Interestingly, most conflict of interest rules usually focus on financial relationships because they are
relatively more objective, and quantifiable. The secondary interests are not treated as wrong per se, but become
objectionable when they are believed to have greater weight than the primary interests. The conflict in a conflict
of interest exists whether or not a particular individual is actually influenced by the secondary interest. It exists if
the circumstances are reasonably believed (on the basis of past experience and objective evidence) to create a
risk that decisions may be unduly influenced by secondary interests.
The presence of a conflict of interest is independent from the execution of impropriety. Therefore, a conflict of
interest can be discovered and voluntarily defused before they can lead to any form of corruption.
According to Code of Conduct for Public Officers by the Commission on Human Rights and Administrative
Justice (2009), conflict of interest refers to a situation where a public officer’s personal interest conflicts with or
is likely to conflict with the functions of his/her office.
In other words, a conflict of interest includes:
i.
Any interest or benefit, financial or otherwise, direct or direct;
ii.
Participation in any business transaction, or professional activity;
iii.
An incurring of any obligation of any; or
iv.
An act of omission
72
3. Journal of Education and Practice
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol.4, No.24, 2013
www.iiste.org
which is or appears or has the tendency to conflict with the proper discharge of a public official’s duty.
4. Why should the senior administrator be concerned about conflict of interest?
Having interest per se is not unethical and unprofessional, but having more than one interest means that decisionmaking or facilitating the decision making in one realm of interest may be compromised by considerations from
another realm. This point is buttressed by Brock when he posits that “Our personal activities could unduly
influence a professional judgment, or bring our primary obligations into question” (Brock, 2002).
The senior administrator is a public official and of great concern must be when his/her person’s private interests
compromise or unduly influence their public decision-making, creating the possibility that their actions may be
inappropriate, unethical or even corrupt. According to Carney (1998) “Conflicts of interest raise an ethical
dilemma when the private interest is sufficient to influence or appear to influence the exercise of official
duties…”
However, Carney goes on to note that the existence of conflicts of interest does not in itself imply corrupt
behaviour: Corruption is the ‘misuse of public power for private profit’…Whether particular conduct constitutes
unethical behaviour or worse depends on the circumstances and the reaction to the conflict [of interests].
Corruption lies at one extreme of that spectrum of conflict of interest. (Carney, 1998)
The widespread existence of conflicts of interest and their potential for corruption makes conflicts of interest an
issue of intense ongoing concern.
5. Principles of Conflict of Interest
According to the Code of Conduct for Public Officers by the Commission on Human Rights and Administrative
Justice, (2009) five principles have been outlined to help in dealing with conflict of interest. The principles are as
follows:
1. Public officers shall honour and abide by the constitution and laws of Ghana in the performance of their
officials duties with integrity, dignity and professionalism.
2. Public officers shall honour their official duties with honesty and efficiency, adhering to appropriate
standards.
3. Public officers shall not bring the public service into disrepute through their official or private activities.
4. Public officers shall not put themselves in positions where their personal interest conflict or are likely to
conflict with the performance of the performance of the functions of their offices.
5. Public officers shall maintain political neutrality in the performance of their functions.
6. Areas of conflict of interest for Administrators
The senior administrator’s daily schedule involves a myriad of conflict of interest situations for which he/she
ought to be mindful and conscious of in order not to fall prey. Unfortunately, the business-as-usual syndrome
could serve as the “little fox that spoils the vine”. The following activities must be looked at seriously:
i.
Staff supervision in relation to attendance, punctuality and output of work.
ii.
Truancy during working hours.
iii.
Undue delays in processing of applications for employment
iv.
Undue delays in processing applications for promotion, study leave and other staff benefits.
v.
Involvement in procurement processes
vi.
Ineffective information dissemination to staff.
7. Identifying Conflict of Interest
It is important that the senior administrator in public universities learn to effectively deal with conflict of interest
situations in the performance of their official duties. Learning from the Guidelines on the conflict of interest to
assist public officials’ identifies, manage and resolve conflicts of interest. From the above discussions, it is
crucial that administrators consciously learn to identify conflict of interest and then deal with situations as they
come to promote professionalism at the workplace.
1. Conflicting financial interests. This deals with financial issues and considerations likely to influence
decision making for some personal gains in relation to award of contracts, procurements of goods and
services, admissions and other related matters. To deal with such a situation, the administrator must not
participate in his/her official capacity in any particular matter in which he/she has financial interest
(direct/indirect) or where the matter will have direct or indirect effect on the personal interest.
2. Self-dealing. This is the situation where the senior administrator will be dealing with himself/herself in
two capacities (buyer and seller) in the same transaction.
3. Dealing with close relations. The senior administrator must not be involved in decisions involving
entities and business where such could result in any benefit to an entity or business that is closely
73
4. Journal of Education and Practice
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol.4, No.24, 2013
4.
5.
6.
7.
www.iiste.org
connected to him/her. The major issue here is whether or not the administrator can/cannot be absolved
of the impartiality or bias.
Recruitment and employment. The senior administrator must ensure that he/she does not influence
recruitment of family relations, school mates, social mates, spouses, extended family members into the
institutions by bypassing official requirements and processes.
Engaging other employment during working hours. The administrator must not engage in another
employment for personal gain.
Abuse of Office. This include the use of office for private gain, inducement and manipulation of person
who come to office for service; use of government property for private gain, use of official time for
personal benefit, use official information for personal benefit and influence peddling.
Accepting of gifts. The senior administrator must not accept any gift that he/she cannot declare to
his/her superior as required or to his colleagues because of either the motive behind or the quantum of
money involved.
8. Benefits in dealing with conflict of interest
The senior administrator must master courage, wisdom and the technical know-how to be able to deal with
conflict of interest in his/her profession. Conflict of interest will arise in the life of any administrator but he/she
must resolve to remain a true professional worth his/her salt.
First knowing conflict of interest situations is the first step. The second step is as soon as practicable, when
perceived or real, the senior administrator must remove himself by taking the appropriate steps. This could mean
reporting the situation to the immediate supervisor and physically removing himself/herself from the conflict. It
is important that in identifying the situation, the officer must at all cost be very objective, since failure to do so
by rationalizing will lead one to compromise primary interest with secondary interest.
It should be the goal of every public official especially, senior administrators because of the enormous benefits it
brings to the institution. Efficient and effective management of conflicts of interest has a number of benefits not
only to the senior administrator but the entire institution.
First, it is good practice and ethical. Second, it promotes fairness in service delivery by ensuring official
decisions are as unbiased but objective as possible, Third, it reduces the likelihood of high cost of winning
contracts and doing legitimate business with institutions, Fourth, it builds and promote good corporate image,
promote good public relations and prevent corruption from occurring within the institution, Fifth, it promote
transparency and instills confidence in the organisation’s clients and stakeholders. Sixth, it also guarantees good
leadership. To ensure good management of conflicts of interest, organisations can adopt a variety of rules,
guidelines, procedures and codes.
9. CONCLUSION
Conflict of interest is inevitable in the working life of any administrator. It has the tendency to make
administrator corrupt, inefficient, ineffective and unprofessional. The administrator who in his/her official
capacity promotes personal interest over public interest is not the kind of senior administrator that public
universities require in the 21st century. The university must consciously ensure good management of conflict of
interest situation, by adopting a variety of rules, guidelines, procedures and codes as suggested in the paper.
As a canker, it must be the duty of every senior administrator in the university to effectively deal with conflict of
interest and help others (teaching senior members) not to promote same in public in universities.
References
Brock, E., (2002). Conflict of Interest: An Overview for Research Administrators, Research Administrators
Network, University of Michigan. USA.
Retrieved from www.research.umich.edu/training/RANcoi.ppt. on 26th/2/13
Carney, G., (1998). Conflict of Interest: Legislators, Ministers and Public Officials.Transparency International
Working Paper.http://www.transparency.org/working_papers/carney/0-prolegomena.html.
Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice, (2009). Code of Conduct for Public Officers.
Minipack Press Ltd. Accra.
Constitution of Ghana, (1992). Code of Conduct for Public Officers. Assembly Press, Accra.
Pope, J., (2000). TI Source Book 2000: Confronting Corruption; The Elements of a National Integrity System.
Transparency International.
Retrieved from http://www.transparency.org/sourcebook/index.html. on 26th/2/13
Thompson, D. (1995). Ethics in Congress: From Individual to Institutional Corruption. Washington DC:
Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 0-8157-8423-6.
74
5. Journal of Education and Practice
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol.4, No.24, 2013
www.iiste.org
Ebenezer Aggrey is an Assistant Registrar at the University of Cape Coast since December, 2010. He was born
at Bolgatanga in the Upper East Region of Ghana on 16th April 1967. He holds B.A. (Honours) in Social Work
& Philosophy (Accra, 1992), Executive Diploma in Mediation and Arbitration (Accra, 2007) and Postgraduate
Diploma in Special Needs Education (Oslo, 2007), MPhil in Human Rights (Winneba, 2009), The author became
a member of British Educational Leadership, Management & Administration Society in 2013 and also a member
of Ghana Association of Universities Administrators in 2010. He worked for thirteen years for the Commission
on Human Rights and Administrative Justice and rose to become a Senior Principal Investigator and the Central
Region Public Education Officer. He has authored three books and co-authored two others in the field of human
rights.
75
6. This academic article was published by The International Institute for Science,
Technology and Education (IISTE). The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open Access
Publishing service based in the U.S. and Europe. The aim of the institute is
Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.
More information about the publisher can be found in the IISTE’s homepage:
http://www.iiste.org
CALL FOR JOURNAL PAPERS
The IISTE is currently hosting more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals and
collaborating with academic institutions around the world. There’s no deadline for
submission. Prospective authors of IISTE journals can find the submission
instruction on the following page: http://www.iiste.org/journals/
The IISTE
editorial team promises to the review and publish all the qualified submissions in a
fast manner. All the journals articles are available online to the readers all over the
world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from
gaining access to the internet itself. Printed version of the journals is also available
upon request of readers and authors.
MORE RESOURCES
Book publication information: http://www.iiste.org/book/
Recent conferences: http://www.iiste.org/conference/
IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners
EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open
Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische
Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial
Library , NewJour, Google Scholar