Effect of HHO Gas as Fuel Additive on the Exhaust Emissions of Internal Combu...IJASRD Journal
The use of carbon-base fuels by diesel engines release gases such as CO, NOx, SO2, and THCs which constitute a major source of environmental pollution. These gases when released into the atmosphere result in the formation of acid rain and cause greenhouse effect. In the present study, an experiment was carried out with and without the use of HHO gas. The concentrations of the emitted gases were measured using an E8500 Plus gas analyzer. The results showed that the average concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), total unburnt hydrocarbons (THCs), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) emitted from the combustion chamber of the test engine was decreased by 68.8%, 35.2%, 16.4% and 97.9% respectively when a mixture of HHO gas/petrol/air was used instead of petrol/air mixture in an internal combustion engine. However, the average concentration of oxygen (O2) gas increased by 1.7%.
Chemical Looping Combustion of Rice HuskIJERA Editor
A thermodynamic investigation of direct chemical looping combustion (CLC) of rice husk is presented in this paper. Both steam and CO2 are used for gasification within the temperature range of 500–1200˚C and different amounts of oxygen carriers. Chemical equilibrium model was considered for the CLC fuel reactor. The trends in product compositions of the fuel reactor, were determined. Rice husk gasification using 3 moles H2O and 0 moles CO2 per mole carbon (in rice husk) at 1 bar pressure and 900˚C was found to be the best operating point for hundred percent carbon conversion in the fuel reactor. Such detailed thermodynamic studies can be useful to design chemical looping combustion processes using different fuels.
Experimental investigation of Methanol blends with gasoline on SI engineIJERA Editor
Automobile have become a very important part of our modern life style. And it runs on fossil fuel. But the excessive use of fossil fuels will very soon leads to the energy crises so the future of automobile based on fossil fuels has been badly affected by two major problems. That is less availability of fuel and environmental degradation. So it is very important to found some new renewable non polluting alternative fuels to ensure the proper and safe survival of internal combustion engines. In present study we evaluate the performance of two stroke single cylinder spark ignition engine with ratio of 10%, 20% and 30% of methanol and gasoline by volume. Performance parameters (brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption and brake specific fuel consumption) were determined at various loads on engine with methanol blended gasoline. The comparison was made on performance of conventional SI engine with pure gasoline operation. As a result, brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption showed improved performance when compared with pure gasoline performances.
Performance Study of Ethanol Blended Gasoline Fuel in Spark Ignition EngineIOSR Journals
Growing energy needs and environmental concern worldwide have propelled the interest for quest
and utilization of renewable and eco friendly fuels .Various substitutes are available to be used engines with the
possibility of reducing harmful emissions. In this work gasoline is taken as reference which is blended with
ethanol. Physical properties relevant to the fuel were determined for the four blends of gasoline and ethanol. A
four cylinder, four stroke, varying rpm, Petrol engine connected to eddy current type dynamometer was run on
blends containing 5%,10%,15%,20% ethanol and performance characteristics were evaluated. In this paper it
is shown that the higher blends can replace gasoline in a SI engine, results showed that there is a reduction in
exhaust gases and increase in Mechanical efficiency, Specific Fuel Consumption and air fuel ratio on blending.
We can conclude from the result that using 10% ethanol blend is most effective and we can utilize it for further
use in SI engines with little constraint on material used to sustain little increase in pressure
Effect of HHO Gas as Fuel Additive on the Exhaust Emissions of Internal Combu...IJASRD Journal
The use of carbon-base fuels by diesel engines release gases such as CO, NOx, SO2, and THCs which constitute a major source of environmental pollution. These gases when released into the atmosphere result in the formation of acid rain and cause greenhouse effect. In the present study, an experiment was carried out with and without the use of HHO gas. The concentrations of the emitted gases were measured using an E8500 Plus gas analyzer. The results showed that the average concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), total unburnt hydrocarbons (THCs), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) emitted from the combustion chamber of the test engine was decreased by 68.8%, 35.2%, 16.4% and 97.9% respectively when a mixture of HHO gas/petrol/air was used instead of petrol/air mixture in an internal combustion engine. However, the average concentration of oxygen (O2) gas increased by 1.7%.
Chemical Looping Combustion of Rice HuskIJERA Editor
A thermodynamic investigation of direct chemical looping combustion (CLC) of rice husk is presented in this paper. Both steam and CO2 are used for gasification within the temperature range of 500–1200˚C and different amounts of oxygen carriers. Chemical equilibrium model was considered for the CLC fuel reactor. The trends in product compositions of the fuel reactor, were determined. Rice husk gasification using 3 moles H2O and 0 moles CO2 per mole carbon (in rice husk) at 1 bar pressure and 900˚C was found to be the best operating point for hundred percent carbon conversion in the fuel reactor. Such detailed thermodynamic studies can be useful to design chemical looping combustion processes using different fuels.
Experimental investigation of Methanol blends with gasoline on SI engineIJERA Editor
Automobile have become a very important part of our modern life style. And it runs on fossil fuel. But the excessive use of fossil fuels will very soon leads to the energy crises so the future of automobile based on fossil fuels has been badly affected by two major problems. That is less availability of fuel and environmental degradation. So it is very important to found some new renewable non polluting alternative fuels to ensure the proper and safe survival of internal combustion engines. In present study we evaluate the performance of two stroke single cylinder spark ignition engine with ratio of 10%, 20% and 30% of methanol and gasoline by volume. Performance parameters (brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption and brake specific fuel consumption) were determined at various loads on engine with methanol blended gasoline. The comparison was made on performance of conventional SI engine with pure gasoline operation. As a result, brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption showed improved performance when compared with pure gasoline performances.
Performance Study of Ethanol Blended Gasoline Fuel in Spark Ignition EngineIOSR Journals
Growing energy needs and environmental concern worldwide have propelled the interest for quest
and utilization of renewable and eco friendly fuels .Various substitutes are available to be used engines with the
possibility of reducing harmful emissions. In this work gasoline is taken as reference which is blended with
ethanol. Physical properties relevant to the fuel were determined for the four blends of gasoline and ethanol. A
four cylinder, four stroke, varying rpm, Petrol engine connected to eddy current type dynamometer was run on
blends containing 5%,10%,15%,20% ethanol and performance characteristics were evaluated. In this paper it
is shown that the higher blends can replace gasoline in a SI engine, results showed that there is a reduction in
exhaust gases and increase in Mechanical efficiency, Specific Fuel Consumption and air fuel ratio on blending.
We can conclude from the result that using 10% ethanol blend is most effective and we can utilize it for further
use in SI engines with little constraint on material used to sustain little increase in pressure
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance Analysis of HIGHER ALCOHOL/GASOLINE BLENDS as a fuel in 4-stroke ...IOSR Journals
An experimental investigation of combustion characteristics of higheralcohols/gasoline (UTG 96) blends is presented. Lower alcohols (methanol and ethanol)have been used in the past as fuel extenders by mixing them with gasoline, but relativelylittle work has been reported on higher alcohols (propanol, butanol, and pentanol). Comparisons of knock limits, indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP),emissions, and fuel characteristics between higher alcohol/gasoline blends and neatgasoline were made to determine the advantages and disadvantages of blending alcoholwith gasoline. All tests were conducted on a single-cylinder Waukesha Cooperative FuelResearch (CFR) engine operating at steady state conditions and stoichiometric air-to-fuelratio.
This document describes about recent progress in bringing down the cost of Hydrogen fuel cells. Around 3 papers were summarised and all of them belong to a timespan of 2012-2013.
Performance analysis of single cylinder diesel engine by ethanol dieselKalprajsinh Zala
In view of increasing pressure on crude oil reserves and environmental degradation as an outcome, blending of diesel fuel has provided a better solution. The objectives of this report is to analyse the performance and the emission characteristic of a Single Cylinder Diesel engine that are using blended fuel & compared to usage of ordinary diesel that are available in the market. This paper describes the setups and the procedures for the experiment which is to analyse the emission characteristics of diesel engine. Data that are required for the analysis will be observed from the experiments. Calculations and analysis will be done after all the required data needed for the experiment is obtained. A four stroke Single cylinder CI engine will be adopted to study the emissions at zero load, partial load & full load with using 5, 10, 15 & 20% ethanol-diesel blends.
Performance Analysis of Single Cylinder Diesel Engine by Using Alcohol-Blends...Kalprajsinh Zala
In view of increasing pressure on crude oil reserves and environmental degradation as an outcome, blending of diesel fuel has provided a better solution. The objectives of this report is to analyse the performance and the emission characteristic of a Single Cylinder Diesel engine that are using blended fuel & compared to usage of ordinary diesel that are available in the market. This paper describes the setups and the procedures for the experiment which is to analyse the emission characteristics of diesel engine. Data that are required for the analysis will be observed from the experiments. Calculations and analysis will be done after all the required data needed for the experiment is obtained. A four stroke Single cylinder CI engine will be adopted to study the emissions at zero load, partial load & full load with using 5, 10, 15 & 20% ethanol-diesel blends.
A Technical Review Paper on Use of WTO (Waste Transformer Oil)-Diesel Blends ...IJSRD
Pollution from the petroleum oil increases day by day in terms of CO2, CO, NOx, PM and many other gases and particles. Price difference and economy leads people toward the use of alternative fuels. These problems indicate that the initiatives to replace gasoline and diesel fuel, due to the impact of fossil fuel crisis, hike in oil price and stringent emission norms, must be taken. Solution to long term energy problem will come only through research and developments in the field of alternative energy sources. Waste to energy is the recent trend in the selection of alternate fuels. One such fuel is WTO (waste transformer oil), which can be obtained from waste as an alternative fuel. By using WTO as a replacement of Diesel, both the above stated problems can be solved at great extent. From literature review it comes clear Fuels additives have become essential tool not only improve the performance and also produce lower emissions (NOx) of diesel engines. A variety of additives (metal based, oxygenated, antioxidants, lubricity improvers, cetane number improvers, and cold flow improvers) are used in biodiesel fuel to meet the international emission standards. Prime objective of this work is to find out an alternative fuel that can be used as a replacement of diesel and analyses the performance and reduce emission parameters. To fulfill the prime objective, Diesel engine, fuelled with Waste transformer Oil (WTO) - Diesel blends with Additive should be used to be operated at different blend ration with different concentration of Additives.
Simulation of Combustion Process with Delayed Entry Technique Using Discrete ...AM Publications
The rapidly increasing worldwide demand for energy and the progressive depletion of fossil fuels has led to an
intensive research for alternative fuels which can be produced on a renewable basis. Hydrogen in the form of energy will
almost certainly be one of the most important energy components of the early next century. Hydrogen is a clean burning and
easily transportable fuel. Most of the pollution problems posed by fossil fuels at present would practically disappear with
Hydrogen since steam is the main product of its combustion. This Paper deals with the modeling of Suction and Compression
Processes for Hydrogen Fuelled S.I.Engine and also describes the safe and backfire free Delayed entry Technique. A four
stroke, Multicylinder, Naturally aspirated, Spark ignition engine, water cooled engine has been used to carrying out of
investigations of Suction Process. The Hydrogen is entered in the cylinder with the help of Delayed Entry Valve. This work
discusses the insight of suction process because during this process only air and Hydrogen enters in to cylinder, which after
combustion provides power. Simulation is the process of designing a model of a real system and conduction experiment with it,
for the purpose of understanding the behavior of the design. The advent of computers and the possibilities of performing
numerical experiments may provide new way of designing S.I.Engine. In fact stronger interaction between Engine Modelers,
Designers and Experimenters may results in improved engine design in the not-to-distant future. A computer Programme is
developed for analysis of suction and Compression processes. The parameter considered in computation includes engine speed,
compression ratio, ignition timing, fuel-air ratio and heat transfer. The results of computational exercise are discussed in the
paper.
Optimizing Reactor Parameters to Achieve Higher Process Yield in Ex-Situ Oil ...IJERA Editor
Declining worldwide crude oil reserves and increasing energy needs have the attentions focused on developing existing unconventional fossil fuels including oil shale. America’s richest oil shale deposits are found in the Green River Formation of western Colorado, eastern Utah and south-western Wyoming. The current work describes process simulation of an ex-situ oil shale pyrolysis process in a pyrolytic reactor using a novel method involving external and internal heating to increase heat transfer and mixing ratio inside the reactor. Efforts to improve process yield for commercial operation relies on first developing a complete Aspen based process model of a proposed shale refining plant, identifying the key process parameters for the reactor and then optimizing the overall process. Simulation results are compared to earlier experimental data collected from a pilot scale rotary reactor operated by Combustion Resources Inc. (CR). This work identified the critical impact of bed temperature on crude production in such a way that for a bed temperature of less than 400°C, results showed less than 10% conversion in crude production and for bed temperatures between 450 and 500°C, above 90% conversion was achieved. The proposed model consists of four zones including drying, shale reactions, natural gas combustion and gas/oil recovery. Different cases were defined and studied based on various operational conditions. Optimized operational values for the key parameters including reactor temperature, reactor volume and feed rate were given as results to maximum shale oil production.
Parameters Analysis of the Assisted Combustion of Residual Biodiesel Glycerol drboon
With the increased production of biodiesel, an excess of glycerol is being generated worldwide. One way to reduce the surplus of glycerol would be to use it as low calorific fuel in the own process of biodiesel production. However, being a high viscosity fuel with also high ignition point, its combustion requires severe control and monitoring due to the formation of the toxic pollutants. It is common practice mainly in developing countries to use biomass fuels in rural regions and it looks that with glycerol will not be different. The present article had as objective the construction of a simple chamber for the LPG assisted combustion of the biodiesel residual glycerol and the evaluation of all parameters related to the combustion itself. At a fixed mass flow of LPG different mass flows of glycerol were burnt and parameters such as O2, CO, CO₂, NOx, exhaust gases temperature, combustion efficiency and excess air were measured.
Study and comparison of emission characteristics of n butanol diesel blend i...eSAT Journals
Abstract A lot of emphasis is being laid on the use of biodegradable fuel directly or in blends with diesel to control harmful exhaust emissions and to help environment by reducing global warming in addition to reducing dependence on import of fossil fuels. An experimental study was conducted to study and compare the emission characteristics of n-butanol/diesel blend and diesel. The experiment was conducted on single cylinder, four stroke kirloskar diesel engine with different blends of n-butanol/diesel blends. The exhaust emissions of HC, CO, CO2 and O2 were measured with Neptune make analyzer. Keywords: HC, CO, CO2 and O2
Méier+ - Uma plataforma colaborativa para construção de bairros.Erik Rodrigues
O Méier+ é uma plataforma de construção coletiva do bairro e é aberta para qualquer pessoa poder participar. Qualquer pessoa que usa a plataforma e colabora com seus usuários faz parte da Rede Méier+.
O Méier+ não é uma empresa, ONG ou outro tipo de instituição, é uma plataforma gerida horizontalmente pelas pessoas que a utilizam para melhorar o seu bairro. A própria rede decide como a plataforma funciona.
A forma como o Méier+ opera é entendendo os problemas do bairro pelas pessoas que vivem ou o frequentam, e conectando esses problemas com pessoas que podem e querem resolve-los.
A plataforma do Méier+ funciona através do envio de demandas (problemas ou ideias) da rede pelos nossos formulários e na criação de grupos de trabalho (GT’s) para criar e implementar soluções para esses problemas.
Todas as decisões da rede, criações de grupos de trabalho e acompanhamento das missões são feitas nos encontros presenciais.
Como participar?
- Demandas - Você pode enviar ou ver as demandas do bairro.
Demandas do bairro podem ser ENVIADAS aqui:http://goo.gl/Ndt1jt
Demandas do bairro podem ser VISTAS aqui: http://goo.gl/GUJMJg
- Encontros - Você pode participar dos encontros presenciais do Méier+.
Encontros presenciais ocorrem aos domingos, no Terraço do Imperator, às 17h da tarde: https://goo.gl/OOUvoR
As pautas (itens a serem discutidos nos encontros) são realizadas através de enquetes no evento do encontro e qualquer um pode adicionar itens a pauta.
Qualquer pessoa pode inserir uma demanda do bairro na pauta de algum encontro.
Duas pessoas são responsáveis por anotar o que foi discutido no encontro e postar na área “arquivos” do grupo do facebook.
Na área “arquivos” do grupo do facebook você pode ver o que foi discutido em todas as reuniões da rede.
- Missões - Você pode criar um grupo de trabalho para criar uma solução para uma demanda do bairro.
Demandas do bairro são inseridas nas pautas de encontros presenciais, através de enquetes nos eventos dos encontros.
Se houver 3~6 interessados em resolver a demanda inclusa na pauta de algum encontro, esse grupo constitui um GT (grupo de trabalho) encarregado de resolver a missão.
Qualquer pessoa pode colaborar com uma missão (mesmo não participando de um GT) através dos formulários de colaboração das missões: https://goo.gl/HDl5ex
Os GT's ativos são responsáveis por atualizar a rede com o acompanhamento das missões durante os encontros semanais e nesse documento: https://goo.gl/o83G6b
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance Analysis of HIGHER ALCOHOL/GASOLINE BLENDS as a fuel in 4-stroke ...IOSR Journals
An experimental investigation of combustion characteristics of higheralcohols/gasoline (UTG 96) blends is presented. Lower alcohols (methanol and ethanol)have been used in the past as fuel extenders by mixing them with gasoline, but relativelylittle work has been reported on higher alcohols (propanol, butanol, and pentanol). Comparisons of knock limits, indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP),emissions, and fuel characteristics between higher alcohol/gasoline blends and neatgasoline were made to determine the advantages and disadvantages of blending alcoholwith gasoline. All tests were conducted on a single-cylinder Waukesha Cooperative FuelResearch (CFR) engine operating at steady state conditions and stoichiometric air-to-fuelratio.
This document describes about recent progress in bringing down the cost of Hydrogen fuel cells. Around 3 papers were summarised and all of them belong to a timespan of 2012-2013.
Performance analysis of single cylinder diesel engine by ethanol dieselKalprajsinh Zala
In view of increasing pressure on crude oil reserves and environmental degradation as an outcome, blending of diesel fuel has provided a better solution. The objectives of this report is to analyse the performance and the emission characteristic of a Single Cylinder Diesel engine that are using blended fuel & compared to usage of ordinary diesel that are available in the market. This paper describes the setups and the procedures for the experiment which is to analyse the emission characteristics of diesel engine. Data that are required for the analysis will be observed from the experiments. Calculations and analysis will be done after all the required data needed for the experiment is obtained. A four stroke Single cylinder CI engine will be adopted to study the emissions at zero load, partial load & full load with using 5, 10, 15 & 20% ethanol-diesel blends.
Performance Analysis of Single Cylinder Diesel Engine by Using Alcohol-Blends...Kalprajsinh Zala
In view of increasing pressure on crude oil reserves and environmental degradation as an outcome, blending of diesel fuel has provided a better solution. The objectives of this report is to analyse the performance and the emission characteristic of a Single Cylinder Diesel engine that are using blended fuel & compared to usage of ordinary diesel that are available in the market. This paper describes the setups and the procedures for the experiment which is to analyse the emission characteristics of diesel engine. Data that are required for the analysis will be observed from the experiments. Calculations and analysis will be done after all the required data needed for the experiment is obtained. A four stroke Single cylinder CI engine will be adopted to study the emissions at zero load, partial load & full load with using 5, 10, 15 & 20% ethanol-diesel blends.
A Technical Review Paper on Use of WTO (Waste Transformer Oil)-Diesel Blends ...IJSRD
Pollution from the petroleum oil increases day by day in terms of CO2, CO, NOx, PM and many other gases and particles. Price difference and economy leads people toward the use of alternative fuels. These problems indicate that the initiatives to replace gasoline and diesel fuel, due to the impact of fossil fuel crisis, hike in oil price and stringent emission norms, must be taken. Solution to long term energy problem will come only through research and developments in the field of alternative energy sources. Waste to energy is the recent trend in the selection of alternate fuels. One such fuel is WTO (waste transformer oil), which can be obtained from waste as an alternative fuel. By using WTO as a replacement of Diesel, both the above stated problems can be solved at great extent. From literature review it comes clear Fuels additives have become essential tool not only improve the performance and also produce lower emissions (NOx) of diesel engines. A variety of additives (metal based, oxygenated, antioxidants, lubricity improvers, cetane number improvers, and cold flow improvers) are used in biodiesel fuel to meet the international emission standards. Prime objective of this work is to find out an alternative fuel that can be used as a replacement of diesel and analyses the performance and reduce emission parameters. To fulfill the prime objective, Diesel engine, fuelled with Waste transformer Oil (WTO) - Diesel blends with Additive should be used to be operated at different blend ration with different concentration of Additives.
Simulation of Combustion Process with Delayed Entry Technique Using Discrete ...AM Publications
The rapidly increasing worldwide demand for energy and the progressive depletion of fossil fuels has led to an
intensive research for alternative fuels which can be produced on a renewable basis. Hydrogen in the form of energy will
almost certainly be one of the most important energy components of the early next century. Hydrogen is a clean burning and
easily transportable fuel. Most of the pollution problems posed by fossil fuels at present would practically disappear with
Hydrogen since steam is the main product of its combustion. This Paper deals with the modeling of Suction and Compression
Processes for Hydrogen Fuelled S.I.Engine and also describes the safe and backfire free Delayed entry Technique. A four
stroke, Multicylinder, Naturally aspirated, Spark ignition engine, water cooled engine has been used to carrying out of
investigations of Suction Process. The Hydrogen is entered in the cylinder with the help of Delayed Entry Valve. This work
discusses the insight of suction process because during this process only air and Hydrogen enters in to cylinder, which after
combustion provides power. Simulation is the process of designing a model of a real system and conduction experiment with it,
for the purpose of understanding the behavior of the design. The advent of computers and the possibilities of performing
numerical experiments may provide new way of designing S.I.Engine. In fact stronger interaction between Engine Modelers,
Designers and Experimenters may results in improved engine design in the not-to-distant future. A computer Programme is
developed for analysis of suction and Compression processes. The parameter considered in computation includes engine speed,
compression ratio, ignition timing, fuel-air ratio and heat transfer. The results of computational exercise are discussed in the
paper.
Optimizing Reactor Parameters to Achieve Higher Process Yield in Ex-Situ Oil ...IJERA Editor
Declining worldwide crude oil reserves and increasing energy needs have the attentions focused on developing existing unconventional fossil fuels including oil shale. America’s richest oil shale deposits are found in the Green River Formation of western Colorado, eastern Utah and south-western Wyoming. The current work describes process simulation of an ex-situ oil shale pyrolysis process in a pyrolytic reactor using a novel method involving external and internal heating to increase heat transfer and mixing ratio inside the reactor. Efforts to improve process yield for commercial operation relies on first developing a complete Aspen based process model of a proposed shale refining plant, identifying the key process parameters for the reactor and then optimizing the overall process. Simulation results are compared to earlier experimental data collected from a pilot scale rotary reactor operated by Combustion Resources Inc. (CR). This work identified the critical impact of bed temperature on crude production in such a way that for a bed temperature of less than 400°C, results showed less than 10% conversion in crude production and for bed temperatures between 450 and 500°C, above 90% conversion was achieved. The proposed model consists of four zones including drying, shale reactions, natural gas combustion and gas/oil recovery. Different cases were defined and studied based on various operational conditions. Optimized operational values for the key parameters including reactor temperature, reactor volume and feed rate were given as results to maximum shale oil production.
Parameters Analysis of the Assisted Combustion of Residual Biodiesel Glycerol drboon
With the increased production of biodiesel, an excess of glycerol is being generated worldwide. One way to reduce the surplus of glycerol would be to use it as low calorific fuel in the own process of biodiesel production. However, being a high viscosity fuel with also high ignition point, its combustion requires severe control and monitoring due to the formation of the toxic pollutants. It is common practice mainly in developing countries to use biomass fuels in rural regions and it looks that with glycerol will not be different. The present article had as objective the construction of a simple chamber for the LPG assisted combustion of the biodiesel residual glycerol and the evaluation of all parameters related to the combustion itself. At a fixed mass flow of LPG different mass flows of glycerol were burnt and parameters such as O2, CO, CO₂, NOx, exhaust gases temperature, combustion efficiency and excess air were measured.
Study and comparison of emission characteristics of n butanol diesel blend i...eSAT Journals
Abstract A lot of emphasis is being laid on the use of biodegradable fuel directly or in blends with diesel to control harmful exhaust emissions and to help environment by reducing global warming in addition to reducing dependence on import of fossil fuels. An experimental study was conducted to study and compare the emission characteristics of n-butanol/diesel blend and diesel. The experiment was conducted on single cylinder, four stroke kirloskar diesel engine with different blends of n-butanol/diesel blends. The exhaust emissions of HC, CO, CO2 and O2 were measured with Neptune make analyzer. Keywords: HC, CO, CO2 and O2
Méier+ - Uma plataforma colaborativa para construção de bairros.Erik Rodrigues
O Méier+ é uma plataforma de construção coletiva do bairro e é aberta para qualquer pessoa poder participar. Qualquer pessoa que usa a plataforma e colabora com seus usuários faz parte da Rede Méier+.
O Méier+ não é uma empresa, ONG ou outro tipo de instituição, é uma plataforma gerida horizontalmente pelas pessoas que a utilizam para melhorar o seu bairro. A própria rede decide como a plataforma funciona.
A forma como o Méier+ opera é entendendo os problemas do bairro pelas pessoas que vivem ou o frequentam, e conectando esses problemas com pessoas que podem e querem resolve-los.
A plataforma do Méier+ funciona através do envio de demandas (problemas ou ideias) da rede pelos nossos formulários e na criação de grupos de trabalho (GT’s) para criar e implementar soluções para esses problemas.
Todas as decisões da rede, criações de grupos de trabalho e acompanhamento das missões são feitas nos encontros presenciais.
Como participar?
- Demandas - Você pode enviar ou ver as demandas do bairro.
Demandas do bairro podem ser ENVIADAS aqui:http://goo.gl/Ndt1jt
Demandas do bairro podem ser VISTAS aqui: http://goo.gl/GUJMJg
- Encontros - Você pode participar dos encontros presenciais do Méier+.
Encontros presenciais ocorrem aos domingos, no Terraço do Imperator, às 17h da tarde: https://goo.gl/OOUvoR
As pautas (itens a serem discutidos nos encontros) são realizadas através de enquetes no evento do encontro e qualquer um pode adicionar itens a pauta.
Qualquer pessoa pode inserir uma demanda do bairro na pauta de algum encontro.
Duas pessoas são responsáveis por anotar o que foi discutido no encontro e postar na área “arquivos” do grupo do facebook.
Na área “arquivos” do grupo do facebook você pode ver o que foi discutido em todas as reuniões da rede.
- Missões - Você pode criar um grupo de trabalho para criar uma solução para uma demanda do bairro.
Demandas do bairro são inseridas nas pautas de encontros presenciais, através de enquetes nos eventos dos encontros.
Se houver 3~6 interessados em resolver a demanda inclusa na pauta de algum encontro, esse grupo constitui um GT (grupo de trabalho) encarregado de resolver a missão.
Qualquer pessoa pode colaborar com uma missão (mesmo não participando de um GT) através dos formulários de colaboração das missões: https://goo.gl/HDl5ex
Os GT's ativos são responsáveis por atualizar a rede com o acompanhamento das missões durante os encontros semanais e nesse documento: https://goo.gl/o83G6b
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS ON DI-DIESEL ENGINE RUNS WITH THE COMBINATION OF BLENDE...IAEME Publication
An experimental Study is carried out to study the performance and emission on direct injection, diesel engine run with Bio diesel (PaME), Diesel and ethanol blended fuel taking
conventional Diesel as base line. The test fuels (six) are pure Diesel, pure PaME, (95% PaME + 5%
ethanol in vol.), (80% Diesel+15% PaME+5% ethanol in vol.), (95% Diesel + 5% ethanol in vol.),and (80% PaME +15% Diesel +5% ethanol in vol.) respectively.
Performance Test of Engine Fuelled With Diesel and Ethanol Blends.IJERA Editor
Environmental concerns and limited amount of petroleum fuels have caused interests in the development of alternative fuels
for internal combustion (IC)engines. As an alternative, biodegradable and renewable fuel, ethanol is receiving increasing
attention. An experimental investigation on the application of the blends of ethanol with diesel to a diesel engine was carried
out. First the solubility of ethanol and diesel was conducted with and without the additive of normal butanol (n-butanol). The
purpose of this project is to find the optimum percentage of ethanol that gives simultaneously better performance and lower
emissions. The experiments were conducted on a water-cooled single-cylinder Direct Injection (DI) diesel engine using 0%
(neat diesel fuel), 10% (E10-D), 15%(E15–D), 20% (E20–D), and 25%(E25–D) ethanol–diesel blended fuels. Experimental
tests were carried out to study the performance of the engine fuelled with the blends compared with those fuelled by diesel.
The test results show that it is feasible and applicable for the blends with n-butanol to replace pure diesel as the fuel for
diesel engine.
Performance & emission of Twin Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Diesel & EthanolIJMER
In view of increasing pressure on crude oil reserves and environmental degradation as an
outcome, fuels like ethanol may present a sustainable solution as it can be produced from a wide range
of carbon based feedstock. The present investigation evaluates Ethanol as a diesel engine fuel. The
objectives of this report is to analyze the fuel consumption and the emission characteristic of a twin
cylinder diesel engine that are using Ethanol & compared to usage of ordinary diesel that are available
in the market. This report describes the setups and the procedures for the experiment which is to analyze
the emission characteristics and fuel consumption of diesel engine due to usage of the both fuels. Detail
studies about the experimental setup and components have been done before the experiment started.
Data that are required for the analysis is observed from the experiments. Calculations and analysis have
been done after all the required data needed for the thesis is obtained. The experiment used diesel
engine with no load which means no load exerted on it. A four stroke Twin cylinder diesel engine was
adopted to study the brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption, and emissions at zero
load & full load with the fuel of Ethanol. In this study, the diesel engine was tested using 100% Ethanol.
By the end of the report, the successful of the project have been started which is Diesel engine is able to
run with Ethanol but the engine needs to run by using diesel fuel first, then followed by Ethanol and
finished with diesel fuel as the last fuel usage before the engine turned off. The performance of the
engine using Ethanol fuel compared to the performance of engine with diesel fuel. Experimental results
of Ethanol and Diesel fuel are also compared.
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showed similar properties to diesel. With similar engine performance, like torque, power,efficiency, energy, and exergy metrics, the blends showed insignificant variations in emissions (carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide) compared to a reference diesel fuel. Interestingly, the experimental results were compared with the modelling results, and the maximum variations between
them were 10%. The outcome of this research can promote waste tire pyrolysis oil as an alternative fuel for diesel engines and accords with alternative energy development initiatives all over the world.
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One of the major drawbacks of IC engines is low efficiency and pollution resulting from incomplete combustion. In order to improve the emission properties and performance an additive is blended with gasoline. The main objective of this paper was preparation of premium gasoline. The paper do literature study on effect of different additive on engine performance and emission. Through the study of literature survey, effect of different additives has been studied, it is found that different additive had some negative effect when used individually which conclude that there is need for new composite additives having better performance in respect of engine performance and emission control.
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yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Evaluate the Performance and Emission using EGR (Exhaust gas recirculation) i...IOSR Journals
To study different paper related to exhaust gas recirculation on four stroke compression ignition
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studied to evaluate the performance and emission of engine. The performance of diesel engine increase with
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and is used in most modern high speed direct injection diesel engines because it lowers oxygen concentration
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result the output power and torque for diesel fuel is lower compared to methanol-diesel blended fuel at any
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Engine Performance and Emission Test of Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Oil, Methanol...inventionjournals
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NOx Reduction of Diesel Engine with Madhuca Indica biodiesel using Selective ...IOSR Journals
A comparison analysis for different flow rates of urea-water selective catalytic reduction (SCR) has
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In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
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Characterization of diesel hydrogen peroxide fuel blend
1. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy
www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013 – Special Issue for International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Economy (EESE 2013)
Characterization of Diesel-Hydrogen Peroxide Fuel Blend
1
Muhammad Saad Khan, *1Iqbal Ahmed, 1M I Abdul Mutalib and 1M A Bustam
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
University Teknologi PETRONAS, Tronoh, Perak, Malaysia;31750.
*iqbalmouj@gmail.com
Abstract
In the present work, the outcome of Hydrogen peroxide–diesel fuel blends on the physicochemical properties
and kinetic study has been studied. A various blends of diesel-hydrogen peroxide ranging from 5% hydrogen
peroxide (H2O2), up to 15% by volume in several fuel blends were experimentally investigated and compared
with standard diesel fuel. A new emulsifier has been developed for obtaining better emulsion between diesel and
hydrogen peroxide. According to ASTM Standard for fuel tests, the results showed that hydrogen peroxide is
capable of enhancing the diesel fuel properties. This is due to the presence of additional oxygen atom within the
H2O2 molecule which can enhance the combustion process and ultimately affecting the exhaust emission.
Keywords:ASTM test, diesel, hydrogen peroxide, physicochemical properties.
1. Introduction
Diesel engines are a type of internal combustion engine. Rudolf Diesel firstly designed the diesel engine to use
coal dust and vegetable oil as a fuel. Rudolf subsequently tested it with diesel derived from various type of oils
including some vegetable oils, such as peanut oil, to power the engines, which he exhibited at the 1900 Paris
Exposition and the 1911 World's Fair in Paris (Mustufa and Havva, 2008). Generally, petroleum-derived diesel
comprises of about 75% saturated hydrocarbons (primarily paraffin’s including n, iso, and cycloparaffins), with
25% aromatic hydrocarbons (including naphthalenes and alkylbenzenes). The average chemical formula for
common diesel fuel is C12H23, ranging approximately from C10H20 to C15H28(Riazi, 2005).
Investigations on various types of fuels had been conducted in recent years for improving the quality and
performance of diesel fuel. Especially for the reduction of emitted pollutants; researchers have focused their
interest on the area of fuel related techniques such as, the use of alternative fuels, often in fumigated form, or
gaseous fuels of renewable nature that are environmentally friendly (Anand et al., 2011; Lujaji et al., 2011;
Torres-jimenez et al., 2011; Yasar et al., 2011; Ying et al., 2008) or oxygenated fuels that show the ability to
reduce particulate emissions (Ashok and Saravanan 2007; Chen et al. 2008; Karas et al., 1995; Lin and K. Wang,
2004; X Shi et al., 2005; Jianxin Wang et al., 2009).
Significant attention has been given to alternative fuel with superior physiochemical properties for protecting the
environment and enhancing the fuel efficiency aspect, particularly the alcohol based fuels. Much attention has
been given to ethanol because of its admirable properties (Chen et al., 2009; Guarieiro et al., 2009; Huang et al.,
2009; Kwanchareon et al., 2007; Kwanchareon and Luengnaruemitchai, 2007; ,Rakopoulos et al., 2010; Xingcai
et al. 2004a; Xing-cai et al., 2004b) . Also methanol (M100) has been looked into as an alternative diesel fuel for
used in heavy-duty vehicles (Cenk et al., 2010; Sayin et al., 2009). Denatured ethanol (E95) had also been used
in transport buses, that operated in the Midwest and as a replacement for M100 in transport buses during a period
of high methanol prices. Blends of methanol and ethanol used in gasoline, with a focus on blends containing
85% alcohol (M85 and E85) (Ajba et al., 2011; Mehta et al., 2012) were evaluated as alternative light-duty
vehicle fuels.
To attain substantial reductions in emissions, it is thought that reformulation of diesel fuels properties has played
a very important role (De-gang et al., 2005; Tat and Gerpen, 2002). The reformulation of diesel fuels include;
lowering the sulfur and/or aromatic content, or potentially the addition of oxygen atoms within the fuel. It has
been shown that many oxygenates were effective in reducing particulate emissions from diesel engines (Neeft et
al., 1996; Grabowski and McCormick, 1998; Choi and Reitz, 1999; Beatrice et al., 1999). Therefore, much
research was focused on screening of oxygenated fuel additives, including alcohols, esters, and ethers. Dimethyl
ether (DME) was regarded as one of the promising alternative fuels or oxygen additives for diesel engines, with
its advantages of a high cetane number and oxygen content (Arinan and Orman, 2011).
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a pale blue liquid, slightly more viscous than water, which appears colorless in
dilute solution. It is a weak acid along with strong oxidizing properties, and a powerful bleaching agent. It is
widely used as a disinfectant, antiseptic, oxidizer, and in rocketry as a propellant. The oxidizing capacity of H2O2
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EESE-2013 is organised by International Society for Commerce, Industry & Engineering.
2. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy
www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013 – Special Issue for International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Economy (EESE 2013)
is so strong that it is considered a highly reactive oxygen species (Ashok and Saravanan, 2008; Voloshin et al.,
2007).
In this study, introduction of H2O2 as blend for diesel was carried out experimentally. Various compositions of
H2O2 were tested in order to enhance the properties of diesel, ranging from lean crude diesel and up to the
optimum condition. Poly saccride (PS) based emulsifier reduces the surface tension between the diesel and H2O2
and stabilizes the blend for longer period. Previously, Ashok and Saravanan worked on performance and
emission characteristics of adding H2O2 as an additive with the selected ratio of the most common available
emulsifies (Span 80) (Abe et al., 2010; Ashok and Saravanan, 2008; Taylor, 2011).
2. Material &Method
For the experimental work, the reference diesel fuel was obtained from PETRONAS fuel station whilst the
commercial grade hydrogen peroxide (30%) was obtained from the Chemical Company of Malaysia Berhad
(CCM). Analytical grade acetone (99.9%) and the Agarose were purchased from Merck. Prior to performing the
experimental measurements of each material and fuel blends, all the mass measurements were performed using
an electrical balance (Dhona 200 D, India) which has a precidsion of 0.0001mg. The densities of each liquid
(diesel, H2O2, and acetone) were measured with a capillary pycnometer. All experiments are repeated three times
for consistency and the average reading was used. The emulsifier was prepared shortly prior to the mixing
between the reference diesel (R.D) and the H2O2 to form the diesel blend fuel. The reaction between the poly
saccride and acetone at a ratio of 1:4 (weight/volume) were conducted in a 250 ml sealed Schott bottle with a
magnetic stirrer inserted in the solution and then place on a hot plate at temperature 50 oC for 12 hours, which
was necessary to obtain the desired characteristics. The diesel/H2O2 blends were prepared under closed heating
system at room temperature and atmospheric inner oxygen pressure. During diesel/H2O2 blends preparation, the
amount of poly saccride emulsifier was kept at 5 vol. %, and the volume ratios of H2O2 to the reference diesel
were varied within the range of 0 to 0.15 vol%. Details of experiments which were performed according to
ASTM D-975 methods are shown in Table 1.
Table 3: ASTM standard for Diesel fuel Testing
S. No.
Property
ASTM Method
1
Density
ASTM D-1298
2
Viscosity
ASTM D-445
3
Kinematic Viscosity
ASTM D-445
4
Flash Point
ASTM D-93
5
Fire Point
ASTM D-92
6
Refractive Index
ASTM D-1218
7
Surface Tension
ASTM D-971
8
Ph
ASTM D-4539
9
Moisture Contents
ASTM D-2709
10
API Gravity
ASTM D-287
3. Results& Discussion
3.1Influence of H2O2 on density of fuel blend
Density is a key fuel property, which directly affects the engine performance characteristics. Many performance
characteristics, such as cetane number and heating value, are related to the density of fuel (Wisniak et al., 2007).
The density of diesel fuel usually varies between 0.81 and 0.89 g/cm3. In this study, the densities of prepared fuel
blend are laid between these values. Emulsifier has the lowest density value of 0.6123g/cm3 among the
individual component, while hydrogen peroxide having a density of 1.130 g/cm3 is higher value than the pure
diesel fuel. As a result, the experimentally measured values of densities for the fuel blends as presented in Figure
1 showed higher values than the reference diesel. Although the density of hydrogen peroxide is much greater, the
energy content is apparently lower both on a mass and volume basis when compared to the reference diesel fuel
(Ashok and Saravanan, 2007). Figure 1 shows the density and API gravity for all the fuel blends with different
hydrogen peroxide composition. The density of the fuel blends showed increasing value with the increased in
hydrogen peroxide composition in the mixture due to higher density of H2O2, having a value of 1.130 g/cm3.
However, the density of the fuel blends does not increase much when the hydrogen peroxide exceeded more than
15%.
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EESE-2013 is organised by International Society for Commerce, Industry & Engineering.
3. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy
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ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013 – Special Issue for International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Economy (EESE 2013)
Due to the reduction in the energy content after the addition of the hydrogen peroxide, more fuel injection into
the combustion chamber is required. Nevertheless, such disadvantage is compensated back through the higher
cetane number of the fuel blends with the addition of hydrogen peroxide. Higher cetane number of the fuel
blends will lead to cleaner combustion hence lowering the emission of carbon monoxide from the engine.
Figure 1: Density (g/cm3) versus volumetric compositions of H2O2
3.2Influence of H2O2 on Viscosity of blend fuel
The viscosity of a fluid demonstrate its resistance to shear or flow, and is a measure of the fluids
adhesive/cohesive or frictional properties. Usually the viscosity of diesel fuel varies between 1.8 and 4.9 cP
(Alptekin and Canakci, 2008). In the study, the viscosities of the prepared diesel fuel blend were found to be well
within these values. The value of the viscosity of pure reference diesel fuel is 3.84 cP whilst the viscosity of the
emulsifier is 10.5 cP which is the highest among the components. The hydrogen peroxide has a viscosity of
1.245 cP, which is relatively much lower compared to the diesel fuel. The experimental values of the viscosities
along with the kinematic viscosities of the fuel blend are presented in Figure 2. Only small changes in the value
of the viscosity was observed as the composition of hydrogen peroxide in the diesel fuel blend varied but the
changes did not reflect a linear pattern. Viscosities play very important role in fuel atomization and appropriate
distribution in the combustion chamber. The viscosity of fuel blends slightly decrease with the increased in the
amount of hydrogen peroxide presence in the mixture due to the lower viscosity value of H2O2 which is 1.145 cP.
Figure 2: Viscosity versus volumetric compositions of H2O2
3.3Influence of H2O2 on pH Content of fuel blend
The pH of a diesel fuel usually varies between 3.6 to 5.6 . In this study, the pH value of the prepared diesel fuel
blend was found to be well within these values. Emulsifier has the highest pH value of 6.4 among the individual
component, while hydrogen peroxide having a pH of 3.20, which has a quite lower value than pure diesel fuel.
The experimental pH values of the diesel fuel blend as presented in Figure 3 showed that the pH of each blend
fuels has lower than those of the reference diesel. Although the pH of hydrogen peroxide is much lower,
subsequently the addition of hydrogen peroxide improved the acidic nature of the fuel blend. The pH value of
fuel blends decreases with the increased in the amount of hydrogen peroxide in the mixture due to lower pH
value of hydrogen peroxide as shown in Figure 3. Again, similar observation was obtained as the pH of the
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4. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy
www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013 – Special Issue for International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Economy (EESE 2013)
blends exceeded beyond 15% hydrogen peroxide. Below the limit, the changes in the pH of the diesel fuel blends
will becomes smaller.
Figure 3: pH versus volumetric compositions of H2O2
3.4Influence of H2O2 on Refractive Index of blend fuel
Refractive index is a significant property characteristic for fuel characterization, especially for intermediate
calculations like hydrogen contents of hydrocarbons and refractivity intercept (Perkash, 2003; Riazi, 2005).
Refractive index is independent of units as it is counted as the ratio of the speed of light in air compared to the
specific medium. The refractive index value of diesel fuel frequently varies between 1.45 to 1.475. In this study,
the refractive index value of the prepared fuel blend is well within the stated values. The order of the refractive
index for the three components could be arranged in the sequence of pure diesel fuel, hydrogen peroxide and the
emulsifier with the latter having the lowest value. Consequently, the experimental values of the refractive index
and the fuel blend compositions are presented in Figure 4. From the figure, it is clearly illustrated that the
refractive index of the fuel blends decreases slightly with the increased in the amount of hydrogen peroxide in
the fuel blends.
Figure 4: Refractive Index versus volumetric compositions of H2O2
4. Conclusion
In this experimental study, the effects of adding hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on diesel fuel blends have been
carried out at various compositions ranging between 0 to 15 vol%.. The results of the physicochemical
characterizations according to ASTM D-975 (standard diesel fuel Testing) showed that addition of hydrogen
peroxide in a diesel fuel blend will alter its properties comprising of density, viscosity, pH and refractive index.
The density of the fuel blend increases slightly with hydrogen peroxide composition due to the higher density of
the latter. While the viscosity of the fuel blend decreases slightly due to the lower viscosity value of the
hydrogen peroxide. The pH of the diesel fuel blend demonstrates larger effect where it decreases linearly as the
amount of hydrogen peroxide is increased in the fuel blend respectively. Finally, the refractive index showed
extremely small reduction as the quantity of the hydrogen peroxide is increased in the diesel fuel blend.
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EESE-2013 is organised by International Society for Commerce, Industry & Engineering.
5. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy
www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013 – Special Issue for International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Economy (EESE 2013)
Acknowledgements: Authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to staff of Department of Chemical
engineering UTP Malaysia, for their selfless help and assistance. University Technology PETRONAS financially
supported this project.
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