Traditionally, the term business commonly referred to commercial activities aimed at makinga profit or to organisations formed to make a profit. Indeed, in the past, economic theory madea fundamental assumption that profit maximisation was the basic objective of every firm. Themodern outlook, however, is different. For them, profit is only secondary. There are, moreover,
many organisations, both private and public, which do not aim at profit from their business.
In short, the definition of a business as a commercial activity to make a profit or an organisationformed to make a profit is a narrow one. Yet, to a layman, business still means industry andcommerce.
The old concept of business, confining it to commerce and private profit, has undergone aradical change. Today, business is regarded as a social institution forming an integral part of thesocial system. As Davis and Blomstorm observe, business is “social institution, performing a social mission and having a broad influence on the way people live and work together.”1 As Calkinsremarks: “It is now recognised that the direction of business is important to the public welfare,that businessmen perform a social function.”2
Thus, “viewed in a broad way, the term business typically refers to the development andprocessing of economic values in society. Normally, we use the term to apply to the private (nongovernment)portion of the economy whose primary purpose is to provide goods and services tocustomers at a price, but the lines of distinction are getting hazy as business and government overlap their functions in organisations such as the Communications, Satellite Corporation and
the Tennessee Valley Authority. In addition, business is a term applied to economic and commercial activities of institutions having other purposes, such as the business office of an opera association.
Thus, organisations which do not aim of making a profit, like the Delhi Development Authority,charitable hospitals, or other institutions, public relations organisations, government departments,etc., invest capital, price and market their products, services or ideas, manage their human
resources, and so on.According to Davis and Blomstorm, “our modern view of society is an ecological one.
Ecology is concerned with the mutual relations of human populations or systems with their
environment. It is necessary to take this broad view because the influence and involvement of
business are extensive. Business cannot isolate itself from the rest of society. Today, the whole
society is a business’s environment
Davis and Blomstorm point out that, in taking an ecological view of business in a systemrelationship with society, three ideas are significant in addition to the systems idea. The three ideas are values, viability and public visibility
Values
Business, like other social institutions, develops certain belief systems and values for whichthey stand, and these beliefs, and values are a source of institutional drive. These values deriv
Introduction Society has become extremely complex, and.pdfaoneonlinestore1
Introduction
Society has become extremely complex, and there are several stakeholders which need to
be controlled in order to have a smooth and transparent functioning of the administrative levers.
Administrative prowess has become one of the primary skill sets that is required to become an
efficient leader in any organization or social institution. However, administrative control or
leadership also comes with great responsibility and a sense of duty. One has to perform with
utmost diligence and demonstrate moral behaviour in order to be successful in an administrative
role. Governance and transparency are some of the key features of public administration which
can only be achieved through ethical and moral behaviour. Several concepts related to ethical
behaviour and morality in the domain of public demonstration have been discussed by James
Svara and Edelman in their books. The ethical behaviour of a public administrator and the duties
of a government are important parameters of good governance because they impact the
development of the society and therefore, needs to be critically analyzed.
Businesses throughout the world have expanded over the years as a result of globalization, and
they impact people’s everyday life in all possible ways. A lot of debate has been going on
regarding the responsibility of a corporation. Some scholars are of the view that the only
responsibility of a corporation is to generate profits and increase the wealth of the shareholders,
while others believe that corporates have a social responsibility as well(Duska, 2000). They
should give back to the community and society, in which the business thrives. There are several
ethical aspects to look into while analyzing the topic of corporate responsibility and
sustainability.
Corporate social responsibility for businesses have been made mandatory in several
countries. However, in several cases it can be seen that there are ethical dilemmas while
investing in such projects(Dunfee, 1991). Corporations tend to invest in such projects which can
add value to their business in some way or other such as increasing their brand value, improving
their public relations, attracting talented human resource, and getting regulatory favors. Hence,
this leads to ethical dilemma that can be resolved through traditional ethical theories, which is a
form of normative ethical theory. It believes in the absolutist point of view. Some of the ethical
theories which can be applied in business context include self-interest, compassion, and duty to
people. Stakeholder theory explains that apart from investors there are several other stakeholders
of an organization such as customers, employees, environment, suppliers, and
government(Goodpaster, 1991). A business should work in their interests as well. Compassion is
an ethical perspective which urges companies to be compassionate and humanitarian in their
decision making.
These are some of the ethical aspects which comes into play while analyzing t.
Its an assembled file of five different topics on Suicide in Pakistan, Corporate social responsibility, Crime & deviance, Social Class & Elton Mayo's Theory
The present study addresses the influence of business ethics at global perspective and its management system. The study highlights on why society, business and ethics are intertwined with each other. This is a broad view which will be influencing how business is extensive with its involvement. Business is something which cannot be isolating itself as an entity from that of the society in it. The entire social environment needs to be taken into consideration by the business when they come up with ideas of manufacturing. This is also the main reason why ethics need to be in place for it
Art of Managing Business Ethics with Global Perspectiveijtsrd
The present study addresses the influence of business ethics at global perspective and its management system. The study highlights on why society, business and ethics are intertwined with each other. This is a broad view which will be influencing how business is extensive with its involvement. Business is something which cannot be isolating itself as an entity from that of the society in it. The entire social environment needs to be taken into consideration by the business when they come up with ideas of manufacturing. This is also the main reason why ethics need to be in place for it. Vishal Dineshkumar Soni "Art of Managing Business Ethics with Global Perspective" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31701.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-ethics-and-legal-issues/31701/art-of-managing-business-ethics-with-global-perspective/vishal-dineshkumar-soni
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Presentation by Jared Jageler, David Adler, Noelia Duchovny, and Evan Herrnstadt, analysts in CBO’s Microeconomic Studies and Health Analysis Divisions, at the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists Summer Conference.
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2. There is no other way whereby the
administrator could escape from the
influences of the external environmental
forces of his organization, except for his
organization to control it.
3. The organization’s external factors can be
classified as follows:
1) Educational Constraint
2) Legal-Political Constraint
3) Socio-Cultural Constraint
4) Economic Constraint
5) Religious Constraint
4. Advanced society is not exempt from the
educational constraint of environment. As seen
by Harold Koontz and Cyril O’Donnell, there is always
the phenomenon of a shortage of educational brain
power. They claim that the characteristics of a society,
the presence of literacy level, the availability of
specialized vocational training, higher education, and
management development program could lessen its
educational motives.
EDUCATIONAL CONSTRAINT
5. For this, the development of certain level
of education in the country, particularly those
pertaining to the development of management
skills, has an important impact on the pace of
economic progress the organization is capable
of undertaking. In fact, this problem is not only
limited to the intervention of organization’s
external forces, but also on the country’s total
national socio-economic development
program.
6. Elaborating on this, Arsenio P. Talingdan
says that technical skill implies an
understanding of and proficiency in a specific
kind of activity, particularly those involving
methods, approaches, processes or techniques
in dealing with education as an external
constraint. He suggests also that the
conceptual skill of an administrator should be
developed. It involves the ability to recognize
and integrate the interrelationships of any
various factors in the organization.
7. In other words, an administrator must
perceive the significant elements in any
management situation. He should, by then, be
capable to act in any given way to advance the
organization toward attaining its goals. To do
that, he must possess the ability to perceive
any changes that will happen within the
environment of his organization. Only in this
manner can he be capable of gearing the
activities of his organization along such
developments.
8. Most organizations, if not all, are governed by
laws that are extremely complicated. These laws
usually apply to personnel administration.
While these laws were designed to guide the
administrator in the management of the
organization, in some instances, they hamper the
attainment of its administrative efficiency.
In other words, the administrator cannot apply
these laws to many of his administrative problems.
Administration is not only based on laws but also on
human relations.
LEGAL - POLITICAL CONSTRAINT
9. As Albert K. Wickesberg says:
...the task and duties required of the firm
if it is to survive and remain successful are
continually in flux in response to the changing
needs and of the external environment, the
interest and personalities within the firm, and
the goals as these are formulated and
reformulated for the firm. The result is an ever-
changing, continually adjusting set of personal
relationships.
Thus, Wickesberg concludes:
External as well as internal environmental
factors thus play a role in determining the nature,
extent, and effectiveness of the individual’s
actual authority.
10. Needless to say, politics and administration are
inseparable. Very few administrators understand,
however, as a Filipino author views it, that “politics is
government itself.” Thus, decision-making in the
government is shaped by them.
Politics should never be a problem to a
knowledgeable administrator. Indeed, politics would
be an asset in public administration, if he knows how
to handle this properly. If not, it will, of course, hamper
the effectiveness of his administration.
11. Richard A. Johnson, Fremont E. Kast and James E.
Rosenzweig point out that “organization can be thought of
as a subsystem of the broader sociocultural environment in
which it operates.”
Accordingly, Benita Yap states that social processes
are interactive. In this way, the administrator, interacting
with the other members of his social system, is capable of
modifying the behavior of his group. Likewise, the members
of the group can modify his behavior. The extent to which
such interaction is reciprocal depends, of course, upon the
dominating character possessed by each person, as well as
on the rigidity of the patterns of the group behavior.
SOCIO – CULTURAL CONSTRAINT
12. In this regard, Talingdan observes that the
Filipino people is a conglomeration of different
customs, idiosyncrasies and habits. By this, it is shown
that the social relationships of the Filipinos are quite
complicated. The administrator must fully consider
these characteristics of his people in planning, as well
as in implementing, his programs.
Organization has its own culture. This culture
must be fully known and understood by the
administrator. R.N. Farmer and B.M. Richman identify a
large number of factors that pronounced the behavior,
as well as the tie of relationship between the
administrator and subordinates.
13. These factors are as follows:
1. The general attitude of the society towards
managers;
2. The dominant views of authority and
subordinates;
3. The extent to which cooperation between
various group is a way of life;
4. The view of achievement;
5. The extent of inflexible class structure and
individual class structure and individual mobility;
6. The view of scientific method;
7. The view of risk; and
8. The view of change.
14. Moreover, due to varying beliefs,
values or cultures of the people, these
factors, many social scientists claim,
could either contribute to the building of
the constructive atmosphere or to the
failure of administration.
Also, Yap had observed that culture
affects the individual in the traditions he
has learned, shared and valued.
15. Economic stability is a significant economic
variable. It is accepted by many that money is the
lifeblood of any organization. By that alone, it is clear
that it is an important economic environmental factor.
In preparing the development plans of the
organization, the administrator is required to commit,
by necessity, not only the financial resources of the
organization but also its other resources. Here, he is
forced to be guided only by the limited data on the
economic conditions of his environment.
ECONOMIC CONSTRAINT
16. Utilization of production factors, as Koontz and
O’Donnell point out, is also an economic
environmental matter of great significance. He should,
therefore, consider production factors, such as factor
endowment, the extent of which a country has
available natural resources, adequate and useful labor,
capital which can be employed for efficient
production, or the extent to which social overhead
capital is available. That is, the supply and quality of
public utility-type services.
In this way, production factors refer to the host
of services necessary to support the production,
distribution and consumption of certain products.
17. Religion can be considered as one of the
constraints or outside forces that creates a
problem to the effectiveness of public
administration.
Certainly, there are differences among
the various religious denominations existing in
the country today. Members of these religious
organizations are ,sometimes, fanatical in their
adherence to their faiths and beliefs.
RELIGIOUS CONSTRAINT
18. Of this, Yap has found out that some of the
roots of personnel administration are embedded in
religion and ethics. She explained that the attitudes
and outlook of people are bound to be influenced by
their religious perception of what is right and wrong.
Their relations with others are influenced by what may
be considered the correct conduct to follow.
One of the inalienable rights of every Filipino is
the freedom to exercise one’s religious belief. This
right is mandated, sanctioned and protected by the
Constitution of the Philippines.