This document provides information about cancer statistics and prevention in Puerto Rico, with a focus on breast cancer. It discusses that cancer is a major public health problem and the second leading cause of death. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in Puerto Rican women and the second leading cause of cancer death, though rates have decreased in recent years. The document emphasizes the importance of prevention, early detection, and treatment to reduce cancer mortality.
This document discusses cancer epidemiology and statistics globally, nationally, and locally. It provides data on the most common types of cancer worldwide, in the United States, and in Colombia in terms of incidence and mortality. It also discusses trends in cancer rates and risk factors for cancer such as obesity, tobacco use, diet, physical activity, and more. Graphics show cancer statistics for specific countries and populations.
This class covers what all physicians need to know about colorectal cancer (except prevention and screening, dealt with elsewhere). It is exceedingly simple, but accurate to the best of my knowledge. It is based on Harrison's 19th, Edition.
Cancer is caused by abnormal cell growth that spreads uncontrollably. It develops through a complex interaction between genes, environment, and chance. Cancer cells do not die like normal cells and continue growing and dividing in a disorderly fashion. The media needs to accurately report on cancer research studies and not oversimplify results or mislead the public. The UK has higher cancer death rates than some other countries, which may be partly due to lower spending on cancer medications.
Genetic testing and counseling can help determine cancer risk based on family history and genetic mutations. Most cancers are sporadic but 5-10% are hereditary due to inherited gene mutations. Genetic counselors use family histories and genetic tests to assess cancer risks, recommend screening, and provide counseling to relatives. While some cancers have clear high-risk genes, most have contributions from multiple common and rare variants, so interpretation requires expertise.
85% of gastric cancers are adenocarcinomas which can be diffuse or intestinal type. Diffuse cancers have worse prognosis and lack cell cohesion. Risk factors include dried foods, nitrates, H. pylori infection, and pernicious anemia. Symptoms include abdominal pain, weight loss, and anemia. Treatment involves surgery with D1 or D2 lymph node dissection and chemotherapy or chemoradiation for advanced or high risk cancers.
This document discusses cancer, including the types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It notes that cancer prevalence is increasing worldwide and especially in developing countries. In India, the major causes of cancer are dietary habits, tobacco, alcohol, radiation, and other pollutants. Recent studies discussed found that lifestyle changes can reduce prostate cancer risk, research aims to suppress brain cancer therapy resistance, and fish oil may reduce breast cancer risk. The conclusion emphasizes controlling cancer risk factors, increasing awareness, and focusing on diet and lifestyle to prevent cancer.
Cancer is caused by damage to DNA that causes cells to multiply uncontrollably and form tumors. There are over 100 types of cancer that can affect different parts of the body. Cancer spreads via metastasis where cancer cells break off from the original tumor and travel through the bloodstream to form new tumors in other parts of the body. Early detection of cancer increases the chances of successful treatment, while risk factors like tobacco, alcohol, UV exposure, and certain viruses can increase the risk of developing cancer. Screening tests can help detect cancers early before symptoms appear.
CES202002 - 08 - Cáncer de colon y rectoMauricio Lema
This document provides information about colorectal cancer (colon and rectal cancer), including:
- Epidemiology statistics showing it is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide and the third in Colombia. Survival rates are much lower in Colombia compared to the US.
- Risk factors including diet high in fat and calories, inflammatory bowel disease, family history, and certain hereditary syndromes.
- Screening recommendations in Colombia include annual fecal immunochemical testing for those at average risk starting at age 50.
- Presenting symptoms vary depending on tumor location but can include anemia, abdominal pain, changes in bowel habits.
- The TNM staging system is used to classify tumors based on
This document discusses cancer epidemiology and statistics globally, nationally, and locally. It provides data on the most common types of cancer worldwide, in the United States, and in Colombia in terms of incidence and mortality. It also discusses trends in cancer rates and risk factors for cancer such as obesity, tobacco use, diet, physical activity, and more. Graphics show cancer statistics for specific countries and populations.
This class covers what all physicians need to know about colorectal cancer (except prevention and screening, dealt with elsewhere). It is exceedingly simple, but accurate to the best of my knowledge. It is based on Harrison's 19th, Edition.
Cancer is caused by abnormal cell growth that spreads uncontrollably. It develops through a complex interaction between genes, environment, and chance. Cancer cells do not die like normal cells and continue growing and dividing in a disorderly fashion. The media needs to accurately report on cancer research studies and not oversimplify results or mislead the public. The UK has higher cancer death rates than some other countries, which may be partly due to lower spending on cancer medications.
Genetic testing and counseling can help determine cancer risk based on family history and genetic mutations. Most cancers are sporadic but 5-10% are hereditary due to inherited gene mutations. Genetic counselors use family histories and genetic tests to assess cancer risks, recommend screening, and provide counseling to relatives. While some cancers have clear high-risk genes, most have contributions from multiple common and rare variants, so interpretation requires expertise.
85% of gastric cancers are adenocarcinomas which can be diffuse or intestinal type. Diffuse cancers have worse prognosis and lack cell cohesion. Risk factors include dried foods, nitrates, H. pylori infection, and pernicious anemia. Symptoms include abdominal pain, weight loss, and anemia. Treatment involves surgery with D1 or D2 lymph node dissection and chemotherapy or chemoradiation for advanced or high risk cancers.
This document discusses cancer, including the types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It notes that cancer prevalence is increasing worldwide and especially in developing countries. In India, the major causes of cancer are dietary habits, tobacco, alcohol, radiation, and other pollutants. Recent studies discussed found that lifestyle changes can reduce prostate cancer risk, research aims to suppress brain cancer therapy resistance, and fish oil may reduce breast cancer risk. The conclusion emphasizes controlling cancer risk factors, increasing awareness, and focusing on diet and lifestyle to prevent cancer.
Cancer is caused by damage to DNA that causes cells to multiply uncontrollably and form tumors. There are over 100 types of cancer that can affect different parts of the body. Cancer spreads via metastasis where cancer cells break off from the original tumor and travel through the bloodstream to form new tumors in other parts of the body. Early detection of cancer increases the chances of successful treatment, while risk factors like tobacco, alcohol, UV exposure, and certain viruses can increase the risk of developing cancer. Screening tests can help detect cancers early before symptoms appear.
CES202002 - 08 - Cáncer de colon y rectoMauricio Lema
This document provides information about colorectal cancer (colon and rectal cancer), including:
- Epidemiology statistics showing it is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide and the third in Colombia. Survival rates are much lower in Colombia compared to the US.
- Risk factors including diet high in fat and calories, inflammatory bowel disease, family history, and certain hereditary syndromes.
- Screening recommendations in Colombia include annual fecal immunochemical testing for those at average risk starting at age 50.
- Presenting symptoms vary depending on tumor location but can include anemia, abdominal pain, changes in bowel habits.
- The TNM staging system is used to classify tumors based on
The presentation briefly describe details regarding different types of cancers prevalance in Pakistan and the opportunity this country offer in Cancer Research Projects by the availability of mostly chemo naive cancer patients
This presentation provides an overview of cancer and therapeutics. It discusses key areas that will be covered, including cell and molecular biology of cancer development, genetic pathways, cancer diagnosis and pathology, principles of cancer chemotherapy, drug discovery and delivery, and the future of cancer research. Recent papers and discussions are also mentioned.
General awareness of cancer and statistic of severity in India Kamlakar More
The document discusses cancer and its general awareness. It provides information about an orientation program on cancer awareness from September 14th to October 12th presented by Mr. K.C. More. It then discusses what cancer is, symptoms of cancer, types of cancers, causes of cancer including tobacco, alcohol, viruses, sunlight and diet. It emphasizes the importance of early detection and notes that cancer is 100% curable if detected early. It also provides statistics on cancer patients and shortage of oncologists in India. The document aims to increase awareness about cancer prevention and importance of screening and early diagnosis.
CES202002 - 09 - Cáncer de esófago y estómagoMauricio Lema
This document provides an overview of esophageal and gastric cancer management. It discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, workup, staging, and treatment approaches for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and stomach. Treatment options include endoscopic resection for very early stages, surgery with or without chemotherapy/radiotherapy for early-mid stages, and definitive chemotherapy/radiotherapy or palliative chemotherapy for advanced stages. The document aims to provide a general understanding of the usual management of patients with these cancers.
This document defines cancer and its major categories. It provides worldwide statistics on cancer incidence and mortality. The most common cancers by gender and region are described. Environmental and genetic factors that can cause cancer are discussed. Methods of cancer prevention, screening, and treatment are outlined. Two specific cancers - oral and stomach cancer - are summarized in terms of epidemiology, causes, diagnosis, and prevention.
This document provides information about colorectal cancer, including:
- Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death in Colombia. Survival rates are much lower in Colombia than the US.
- Risk factors include diet high in fat and low in fiber, obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, family history, and hereditary syndromes.
- Hereditary syndromes associated with colorectal cancer include Lynch syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), and MUTYH-associated polyposis (MAP).
- Diagnosis involves screening via colonoscopy to detect polyps which can be removed to prevent cancer development. Staging determines cancer extent and guides treatment.
This document summarizes the management of hepatocellular carcinoma. It begins by introducing HCC as the most common form of liver cancer. It then discusses risk factors, surveillance methods, diagnosis via imaging and biopsy, and the BCLC staging system. The BCLC system links stage of disease to treatment options and expected survival outcomes. For early stages, curative treatments like resection, transplantation, and ablation are recommended. Intermediate stages receive transarterial chemoembolization, while advanced stages are treated with sorafenib. End-stage disease involves symptomatic support only.
The document provides information about oncology nursing including objectives, cancer pathophysiology, risk factors, prevention, screening, detection methods, grading and staging of cancer, common cancer types, and nursing interventions. Key points include identifying risk factors from a patient's history, formulating nursing diagnoses, utilizing interventions to maintain health, providing spiritual care, and displaying caring behavior in the delivery of cancer nursing care.
Cancer develops through a multistep process as cells accumulate genetic mutations. Normal proto-oncogenes can become cancer-causing oncogenes when they mutate and remove controls over cell division. Tumor suppressor genes normally inhibit cell division, but when they mutate or are absent, cells divide unchecked and cancer can develop. Examples are the BRCA1, BRCA2, and p53 genes. Oncogenes alone do not cause cancer; mutation of both oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes disrupts the normal controls on cell growth and division.
Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. If left untreated, cancer can result in death. The document discusses several types of cancer including lung cancer, the leading cause of cancer death, and colon cancer, the second most common cancer. It also covers cancer statistics, risk factors, screening, treatment milestones, and specific cancers like lung and colon cancer. Preventable lifestyle factors contribute to nearly 1/3 of cancer deaths in the US. Early detection through screening improves diagnosis and survival rates.
This document compares risk factors and molecular analysis of right-sided colon cancer and left-sided colon cancer. It discusses that:
- Right-sided colon cancer predominantly follows a MSI pathway while left-sided colon cancer follows a CIN pathway.
- There are differences in the embryonic development, function, and gene expression between the right and left colon that influence cancer risk.
- Certain risk factors like family history, inflammatory bowel disease, diet, and geographic location are associated with increased rates of either right-sided or left-sided colon cancers.
This document discusses newer tumor markers that can be used for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring treatment. It describes various types of biochemical entities that serve as tumor markers, including nucleic acids, proteins, sugars, lipids, and whole tumor cells. Specific examples of tumor markers are discussed, such as enzymes, hormones, oncofetal antigens, tumor-associated proteins, carbohydrate antigens, and genetic markers. The ideal properties of tumor markers and their clinical applications are also summarized.
Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth that spreads locally and metastasizes throughout the body, with over 100 types of cancer that can develop. The four most common cancers are breast, lung, prostate, and colorectal cancer, which together account for around half of all new cancer cases diagnosed in the United States each year. The document discusses the causes of cancer from genetic mutations and carcinogens like tobacco, as well as types of treatment including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and efforts toward prevention through lifestyle changes and cancer screening.
The document discusses two types of cancer - throat cancer and ovarian cancer. It provides details on:
1) The causes, symptoms, stages and treatments of throat cancer including surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
2) The types, risk factors, stages and treatment approaches for ovarian cancer including surgery to remove tumors followed by chemotherapy and targeted therapies to block blood vessel growth that enable cancer growth.
3) After treatment issues for ovarian cancer patients like early menopause and the importance of exercise and follow up care.
The document discusses cancer including what it is, different types like carcinomas and sarcomas, how cancers are named based on their location, the process of normal cell growth becoming uncontrolled cancerous growth, how cancers are detected through screening tests, what can cause cancers like viruses, chemicals, radiation, and heredity, and ways to prevent cancers through behaviors like not smoking, limiting sun exposure, and diet.
This document provides an overview of cancer basics including epidemiology, common cancers, pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnosis, staging, treatment, prevention and screening. Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that can invade locally or metastasize. It is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and risk increases with age. Both genetic and environmental factors can contribute to cancer development.
The document provides an overview of cancer including its causes, risk factors, types, detection, and treatment. It discusses that cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and can be benign or malignant tumors. The top causes of cancer deaths in the US are lung cancer for men and breast cancer for women. Risk factors include smoking, diet, genetics, viruses, chemicals, and radiation exposure. Detection methods include exams, biopsies, and scans. Treatments involve surgery, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy.
Herramientas para Slideshare con Youtubejalmeyda23
Este documento describe dos herramientas, Slideshare y Slidescast, que permiten crear y compartir presentaciones en línea de manera interactiva. Slideshare permite subir presentaciones de PowerPoint para que otros usuarios puedan verlas y comentarlas, mientras que Slidescast agrega narración de audio a las presentaciones de Slideshare para crear una experiencia más dinámica. El documento explica detalladamente cómo usar ambas herramientas paso a paso.
El documento proporciona cifras sobre la morbilidad hospitalaria de varios tipos de cáncer en mujeres mexicanas agrupadas en diferentes rangos de edad. El cáncer de cuello de útero fue el más común con 4,594 casos, seguido por cáncer de mama con 3,373 casos y cáncer de ovario con 1,625 casos. Las tasas fueron más altas entre mujeres de 15 a 44 años y de 45 a 64 años.
The presentation briefly describe details regarding different types of cancers prevalance in Pakistan and the opportunity this country offer in Cancer Research Projects by the availability of mostly chemo naive cancer patients
This presentation provides an overview of cancer and therapeutics. It discusses key areas that will be covered, including cell and molecular biology of cancer development, genetic pathways, cancer diagnosis and pathology, principles of cancer chemotherapy, drug discovery and delivery, and the future of cancer research. Recent papers and discussions are also mentioned.
General awareness of cancer and statistic of severity in India Kamlakar More
The document discusses cancer and its general awareness. It provides information about an orientation program on cancer awareness from September 14th to October 12th presented by Mr. K.C. More. It then discusses what cancer is, symptoms of cancer, types of cancers, causes of cancer including tobacco, alcohol, viruses, sunlight and diet. It emphasizes the importance of early detection and notes that cancer is 100% curable if detected early. It also provides statistics on cancer patients and shortage of oncologists in India. The document aims to increase awareness about cancer prevention and importance of screening and early diagnosis.
CES202002 - 09 - Cáncer de esófago y estómagoMauricio Lema
This document provides an overview of esophageal and gastric cancer management. It discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, workup, staging, and treatment approaches for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and stomach. Treatment options include endoscopic resection for very early stages, surgery with or without chemotherapy/radiotherapy for early-mid stages, and definitive chemotherapy/radiotherapy or palliative chemotherapy for advanced stages. The document aims to provide a general understanding of the usual management of patients with these cancers.
This document defines cancer and its major categories. It provides worldwide statistics on cancer incidence and mortality. The most common cancers by gender and region are described. Environmental and genetic factors that can cause cancer are discussed. Methods of cancer prevention, screening, and treatment are outlined. Two specific cancers - oral and stomach cancer - are summarized in terms of epidemiology, causes, diagnosis, and prevention.
This document provides information about colorectal cancer, including:
- Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death in Colombia. Survival rates are much lower in Colombia than the US.
- Risk factors include diet high in fat and low in fiber, obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, family history, and hereditary syndromes.
- Hereditary syndromes associated with colorectal cancer include Lynch syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), and MUTYH-associated polyposis (MAP).
- Diagnosis involves screening via colonoscopy to detect polyps which can be removed to prevent cancer development. Staging determines cancer extent and guides treatment.
This document summarizes the management of hepatocellular carcinoma. It begins by introducing HCC as the most common form of liver cancer. It then discusses risk factors, surveillance methods, diagnosis via imaging and biopsy, and the BCLC staging system. The BCLC system links stage of disease to treatment options and expected survival outcomes. For early stages, curative treatments like resection, transplantation, and ablation are recommended. Intermediate stages receive transarterial chemoembolization, while advanced stages are treated with sorafenib. End-stage disease involves symptomatic support only.
The document provides information about oncology nursing including objectives, cancer pathophysiology, risk factors, prevention, screening, detection methods, grading and staging of cancer, common cancer types, and nursing interventions. Key points include identifying risk factors from a patient's history, formulating nursing diagnoses, utilizing interventions to maintain health, providing spiritual care, and displaying caring behavior in the delivery of cancer nursing care.
Cancer develops through a multistep process as cells accumulate genetic mutations. Normal proto-oncogenes can become cancer-causing oncogenes when they mutate and remove controls over cell division. Tumor suppressor genes normally inhibit cell division, but when they mutate or are absent, cells divide unchecked and cancer can develop. Examples are the BRCA1, BRCA2, and p53 genes. Oncogenes alone do not cause cancer; mutation of both oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes disrupts the normal controls on cell growth and division.
Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. If left untreated, cancer can result in death. The document discusses several types of cancer including lung cancer, the leading cause of cancer death, and colon cancer, the second most common cancer. It also covers cancer statistics, risk factors, screening, treatment milestones, and specific cancers like lung and colon cancer. Preventable lifestyle factors contribute to nearly 1/3 of cancer deaths in the US. Early detection through screening improves diagnosis and survival rates.
This document compares risk factors and molecular analysis of right-sided colon cancer and left-sided colon cancer. It discusses that:
- Right-sided colon cancer predominantly follows a MSI pathway while left-sided colon cancer follows a CIN pathway.
- There are differences in the embryonic development, function, and gene expression between the right and left colon that influence cancer risk.
- Certain risk factors like family history, inflammatory bowel disease, diet, and geographic location are associated with increased rates of either right-sided or left-sided colon cancers.
This document discusses newer tumor markers that can be used for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring treatment. It describes various types of biochemical entities that serve as tumor markers, including nucleic acids, proteins, sugars, lipids, and whole tumor cells. Specific examples of tumor markers are discussed, such as enzymes, hormones, oncofetal antigens, tumor-associated proteins, carbohydrate antigens, and genetic markers. The ideal properties of tumor markers and their clinical applications are also summarized.
Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth that spreads locally and metastasizes throughout the body, with over 100 types of cancer that can develop. The four most common cancers are breast, lung, prostate, and colorectal cancer, which together account for around half of all new cancer cases diagnosed in the United States each year. The document discusses the causes of cancer from genetic mutations and carcinogens like tobacco, as well as types of treatment including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and efforts toward prevention through lifestyle changes and cancer screening.
The document discusses two types of cancer - throat cancer and ovarian cancer. It provides details on:
1) The causes, symptoms, stages and treatments of throat cancer including surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
2) The types, risk factors, stages and treatment approaches for ovarian cancer including surgery to remove tumors followed by chemotherapy and targeted therapies to block blood vessel growth that enable cancer growth.
3) After treatment issues for ovarian cancer patients like early menopause and the importance of exercise and follow up care.
The document discusses cancer including what it is, different types like carcinomas and sarcomas, how cancers are named based on their location, the process of normal cell growth becoming uncontrolled cancerous growth, how cancers are detected through screening tests, what can cause cancers like viruses, chemicals, radiation, and heredity, and ways to prevent cancers through behaviors like not smoking, limiting sun exposure, and diet.
This document provides an overview of cancer basics including epidemiology, common cancers, pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnosis, staging, treatment, prevention and screening. Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that can invade locally or metastasize. It is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and risk increases with age. Both genetic and environmental factors can contribute to cancer development.
The document provides an overview of cancer including its causes, risk factors, types, detection, and treatment. It discusses that cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and can be benign or malignant tumors. The top causes of cancer deaths in the US are lung cancer for men and breast cancer for women. Risk factors include smoking, diet, genetics, viruses, chemicals, and radiation exposure. Detection methods include exams, biopsies, and scans. Treatments involve surgery, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy.
Herramientas para Slideshare con Youtubejalmeyda23
Este documento describe dos herramientas, Slideshare y Slidescast, que permiten crear y compartir presentaciones en línea de manera interactiva. Slideshare permite subir presentaciones de PowerPoint para que otros usuarios puedan verlas y comentarlas, mientras que Slidescast agrega narración de audio a las presentaciones de Slideshare para crear una experiencia más dinámica. El documento explica detalladamente cómo usar ambas herramientas paso a paso.
El documento proporciona cifras sobre la morbilidad hospitalaria de varios tipos de cáncer en mujeres mexicanas agrupadas en diferentes rangos de edad. El cáncer de cuello de útero fue el más común con 4,594 casos, seguido por cáncer de mama con 3,373 casos y cáncer de ovario con 1,625 casos. Las tasas fueron más altas entre mujeres de 15 a 44 años y de 45 a 64 años.
El documento analiza el crecimiento del consumo de video online a través de plataformas como YouTube. Los usuarios ven en promedio 96 videos por mes en YouTube, y los más jóvenes ven una variedad de contenidos generados por usuarios, películas y shows de TV. El video online mejora el posicionamiento en los buscadores y aumenta el tiempo que los usuarios pasan en los sitios.
Descubre y aprovecha las oportunidades del vídeo en internet en el nuevo libro de Roger Cusa "Crea Tu Proyecto Tube". El primer libro sobre vídeo online en España (lanzamiento julio 2011, Lid editorial).
El documento describe cómo el cáncer puede ser causado por cambios genéticos hereditarios o adquiridos durante la vida de una persona. Los cambios genéticos hereditarios aumentan el riesgo de cáncer y pueden causar síndromes hereditarios como el síndrome de Li-Fraumeni y el síndrome hereditario de cáncer de seno y ovario. Los cambios genéticos adquiridos también contribuyen al desarrollo del cáncer y pueden ocurrir como resultado de errores en la división celular, exposición a sustancias cancerígen
YouTube es un sitio web creado en 2005 para compartir videos. Los fundadores originales eran empleados de PayPal que querían compartir videos entre ellos. Rápidamente se hizo popular y en 2006 fue comprado por Google por $1,650 millones. Hoy en día, YouTube es el tercer sitio web más visitado a nivel mundial y se publican alrededor de 65,000 nuevos videos cada día.
YouTube comenzó en 2005 como un sitio para compartir videos. Fue fundado por Steve Chen, Chad Hurley y Jawed Karim, quienes trabajaban juntos. El primer video subido fue "Me at the Zoo" en abril de 2005. En noviembre de 2006, Google compró YouTube por $1,650 millones. YouTube permite a usuarios subir y ver videos de forma gratuita y se ha vuelto muy popular.
El documento resume la anatomía del seno, los tipos de cáncer de mama, síntomas, factores de riesgo, incidencia en México, diagnóstico, tratamientos, seguimiento y organizaciones de apoyo para el cáncer de mama.
Este documento trata sobre la prevención y el diagnóstico temprano del cáncer de mama. Explica que el cáncer de mama es el tumor más frecuente en mujeres a nivel mundial y la principal causa de muerte por cáncer en mujeres. Recomienda realizar exámenes clínicos mamarios anuales a partir de los 25 años y mastografías anuales de tamizaje a partir de los 40-49 años. También describe el sistema BI-RADS para categorizar los hallazgos mamográficos y estandarizar los informes radioló
Kryton ofrece sistemas impermeabilizantes para concreto basados en tecnología de cristalización que sellan permanentemente el concreto contra la penetración de agua. Sus productos como la Membrana Interna Krystol y el Sistema Krystol Waterstop para juntas reemplazan membranas tradicionales de manera más económica y duradera, ofreciendo protección impermeable total al concreto por 25 años o más. Kryton ha impermeabilizado con éxito numerosos proyectos de infraestructura important
Este documento enumera 25 alimentos que pueden ayudar a prevenir el cáncer. Algunos de estos alimentos incluyen el aceite de oliva, agua, ajo, cebolla, algas, arroz integral, frutas del bosque, frutos secos, legumbres, pescado, pimientos, remolacha roja, soja, té verde, tomate, uva y yogur. Muchos de estos alimentos contienen antioxidantes, fibra y otras sustancias que pueden proteger las células del daño y prevenir mutaciones
Este documento trata sobre el cáncer de mama. Resume los objetivos del estudio de esta enfermedad, factores de riesgo como la historia familiar, y clasificaciones como el sistema de estadificación TNM. Explica conceptos clave como receptores hormonales, factores pronósticos y genes asociados como BRCA1, BRCA2 y HER2-neu.
Este documento proporciona instrucciones sobre cómo usar el programa de procesamiento de texto Microsoft Word. Explica cómo abrir y guardar documentos de Word, insertar imágenes e ilustraciones, aplicar formato de fuente como estilo y color de texto, revisar la ortografía, e insertar elementos como tablas, gráficos e hipervínculos. El documento guía al usuario a través de las pestañas y herramientas de la interfaz de Word.
Este documento trata sobre la necesidad de promover una ley para una alimentación saludable en niños, niñas y adolescentes en el Perú. Presenta datos sobre la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad, así como las enfermedades relacionadas como la diabetes. Propone regular la publicidad de alimentos, promover una alimentación basada en la gastronomía peruana tradicional y establecer un observatorio de nutrición. El objetivo final es educar sobre hábitos alimenticios saludables y prevenir problemas de salud.
El cáncer de mama es la neoplasia maligna más frecuente en mujeres y la principal causa de muerte por cáncer en mujeres entre 40 y 55 años. Sin embargo, el 95% de los casos pueden curarse si se detectan en etapas tempranas. Es importante realizar autoexámenes de senos mensuales a partir de los 20 años y someterse a mamografías periódicas según la edad para detectar posibles tumores de forma temprana y mejorar las posibilidades de tratamiento y supervivencia.
Este documento resume el estado actual del cáncer en Perú y la región de Lambayeque. Explica que el cáncer es un gran problema de salud pública a nivel mundial y en Perú es la segunda causa de muerte. Presenta datos sobre incidencia y mortalidad de diferentes tipos de cáncer en Lambayeque, así como factores de riesgo, recursos disponibles y desigualdades. Resalta la alta carga que representa el cáncer y la necesidad de mejorar la prevención, detección temprana y tratamiento.
Este documento presenta información sobre la anatomía, desarrollo, tipos y factores de riesgo del cáncer de mama. Explica que las glándulas mamarias se desarrollan a partir de líneas mamarias en el embrión y cumplen una función nutricional en la mujer. Describe los diferentes tipos de cáncer de mama, incluyendo carcinoma ductal y lobulillar in situ y los carcinomas invasores. Finalmente, resume los principales factores pronósticos como si es una enfermedad in situ o invasiva, la presencia
KaraCancer.pptx cancer epidemiology presentationAbiGale5
This document provides an outline and overview of cancer epidemiology. It discusses what cancer is, cancer statistics including incidence, mortality, prevalence and survival rates by cancer site and demographic groups. It also covers cancer disparities by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. The document reviews cancer prevention through modifiable risk factors and early detection methods. It concludes with sections on cancer survivorship and research.
KaraCancer.pptx cancer epidemiology presentationAbiGale5
This document provides an outline and overview of cancer epidemiology. It discusses what cancer is, cancer statistics including incidence, mortality, prevalence and survival rates by cancer site and demographic groups. It also covers cancer disparities by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. The document reviews cancer prevention through modifiable risk factors and early detection methods. It concludes with sections on cancer survivorship and research.
Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer in Puerto Rico flasco_org
The document provides an overview of prostate cancer epidemiology in Puerto Rico. Some key points:
- Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the third leading cause of cancer death among Puerto Rican men.
- Age-adjusted incidence and mortality rates of prostate cancer in Puerto Rico are higher than in the U.S. Rates are highest among Puerto Rican men compared to other racial/ethnic groups in the U.S.
- While screening rates for prostate cancer in Puerto Rico are higher than the U.S. median based on BRFSS data, adherence to screening guidelines remains a challenge, especially among less educated men.
This document discusses cancer incidence and mortality rates around the world. It notes that there are approximately 10 million new cancer cases diagnosed worldwide each year and 6 million cancer deaths. The most common cancers vary by region, with lung, colon, breast and prostate cancers being among the most common globally. Cancer rates also differ between developed and developing countries, with infections linked to some cancers in developing areas. Lifestyle factors like diet, tobacco use and physical activity are major contributors to cancer risk.
This document summarizes cancer epidemiology and risk factors from several sources. It discusses leading causes of cancer deaths worldwide by sex and site. Major known causes of cancer are discussed, including occupational exposures, lifestyle factors, infectious agents, and iatrogenic factors. Specific virus-related, bacterial-related, and smoking-related cancers are outlined. The document also summarizes genetic risk factors for cancer including familial cancer syndromes. Estimated reductions in cancer mortality from preventative measures are presented.
Oncology is the study of malignant diseases such as cancer. The oldest treatment is surgery, but now includes radiotherapy and drug treatments. Cancer prevalence is high, being the second leading cause of death in Western countries. The risk of developing certain cancers varies based on age, sex, geography, genetics, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Screening programs exist for some common cancers to facilitate earlier detection and improved treatment outcomes.
Oncology is the study of malignant diseases such as cancer. The oldest treatment is surgery, but now includes radiotherapy and drug treatments. Cancer prevalence is high, being the second leading cause of death in Western countries. The risk varies based on age, sex, geography, and lifestyle/environmental factors. Screening programs exist for some common cancers to facilitate earlier detection and improved outcomes. Treatment selection considers the patient's age, general health, and preferences.
Cancer is caused by abnormal cell growth and can invade other organs, potentially leading to death. Theories of cancer development include mutations in proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and DNA repair genes. Most cancers are caused by mutations in somatic cells from external agents or randomly, though some are hereditary. Cancers are classified by their cell of origin and some show genetic tendencies. Incidence and mortality of certain cancers like lung, breast, colorectal, and stomach are provided. Prevention strategies include controlling risk factors like tobacco, diet, and environment as well as screening and early diagnosis.
The document provides an overview of cancer biology, including key terminology, epidemiology, etiology, prevention, screening, diagnosis, staging, treatment, and biomarkers. It defines various types of cancers and neoplasms, describes the cellular and genetic events leading to cancer development, and outlines the general principles and goals of cancer treatment, which may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and palliative care.
Bladder cancer is the 7th most common cancer in the US. In 2014, there were 74,690 new cases and 15,580 deaths. Bladder cancer is more common in men than women. Risk factors include smoking, family history, occupational chemical exposure, and bladder infections. Symptoms include blood in the urine, frequent urination, and pain during urination. Diagnosis involves cystoscopy and biopsy. Staging uses CT, MRI, and PET scans to determine if the cancer has invaded the bladder wall or spread. Higher stage and grade cancers have a worse prognosis. Treatment and survival depend on the stage, with 5-year survival rates ranging from 96% for stage 0 to 5.5% for stage IV cancer
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for 12% of deaths globally. In 2008 there were an estimated 12.7 million new cancer cases and 7.6 million cancer deaths. The global cancer burden is expected to nearly double by 2030. Tobacco use is responsible for approximately 50% of cancer deaths. Other major risk factors include diet, infections, environmental exposures, and genetic factors. Prevention strategies focus on reducing tobacco use, promoting healthy diets, vaccinations, and screening programs. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy and stem cell transplantation.
This document provides an outline and learning objectives for a presentation on cancer. The outline includes sections on solid tumors, hematological malignancies, and chemotherapy complications. The learning objectives cover topics such as the difference between cancer and tumors, epidemiology of cancer in Palestine, cancer mechanisms, screening, staging, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Statistics are provided on cancer incidence and mortality rates in Palestine in 2016. Risk factors, prevention strategies, and genetic factors involved in carcinogenesis are discussed.
Estadísticas del Cáncer: Un análisis detallado sobre su incidencia y impacto ...FabrizzioJamancaAgue
The document discusses cancer statistics globally and in different countries. It notes that approximately 10 million new cancer cases are diagnosed worldwide each year, with 6 million cancer deaths. The most common cancers vary by sex and level of development - lung, breast, prostate and colon cancers are among the most frequent. Factors like infections, lifestyle, and environment contribute to higher rates of specific cancers in certain regions. Obesity, diet and tobacco are leading causes of cancer worldwide.
This document provides an overview of cancer including its causes, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. It discusses that cancer is caused by genetic mutations that disrupt normal cell growth and can be due to factors such as viruses, radiation, chemicals and heredity. The diagnosis of cancer involves tissue biopsies, imaging tests and tumor marker tests to determine the cancer type and stage. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy and targeted therapies to cure early stage cancer or control later stage cancer. Screening tests can help detect some cancer types early when they are more likely to be cured. Prevention strategies include avoiding risk factors, vaccinations, chemoprevention and healthy behaviors.
1) Anorectal cancer includes anal cancer, which occurs in the anal canal or margin, and rectal cancer. Symptoms of rectal cancer commonly include bleeding, changes in bowel habits, abdominal pain, and occult bleeding.
2) Physical examination involves digital rectal examination to assess the size, ulceration and fixation of tumors, as well as nearby lymph nodes. Risk factors for anorectal cancer include HPV infection, immunosuppression, smoking, and inflammatory bowel diseases.
Cancer remains a leading cause of death in the US. While cancer death rates have declined, incidence rates are increasing for some cancers. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among men and women. African Americans have higher death rates than whites for several cancers. Survival rates are lower for African Americans compared to whites for many cancers.
This document provides information about an oncology certification program called "abc in oncology". It discusses the program's aim to provide oncology knowledge to non-oncologists across various medical specialties. The program consists of several modules covering general cancer topics and specific cancer types. It is held every 3-4 weeks for a duration of 12 months, with evaluations to assess participation and knowledge. The document also includes an agenda and details for upcoming modules on colon cancer and breast cancer.
Cancer epidemiology is the study of cancer occurrence and distribution in human populations. Some key points from the document include:
- The earliest known descriptions of cancer come from ancient Egyptian medical texts from 3000-1500 BC.
- Important historical discoveries in cancer epidemiology include linking tobacco smoking to lung cancer in 1950 and occupations like chimney sweeping to scrotum cancer in 1775.
- Common sources of cancer epidemiology data include registries like SEER in the US and IARC internationally, which provide statistics on incidence, mortality, survival rates.
- Cancer risk varies based on age, sex, race, and other demographic factors. Globally, lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer while breast
1. The document discusses prostate cancer and colorectal cancer. It provides information on risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, and statistics for both cancers.
2. A digital rectal exam is usually done to evaluate the prostate, which should feel smooth, while abnormal findings could indicate prostate cancer.
3. Prostate cancer risk increases with age and may be hereditary, while colorectal cancer risk factors include diet, obesity, smoking, and family history.
1. The document discusses prostate cancer and colorectal cancer. It provides information on risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, and statistics for both cancers.
2. A digital rectal exam is usually done to evaluate the prostate, and abnormal findings could indicate prostate cancer. Prostate cancer risk increases with age and family history.
3. Colorectal cancer symptoms include abdominal pain, changes in bowel habits, and rectal bleeding. It is the second leading cause of cancer death in the US. Risk factors include diet, obesity, smoking, and family history.
Similar to Conferencia De Cáncer De Seno Al PúBlico (20)
Autosomal Dominant Inheritance of PGM in a family from PRRHMBONCO
This case report describes a Puerto Rican family with four generations affected by the prothrombin gene mutation (PGM) inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. The oldest member, an 82-year-old male, presented with deep vein thrombosis. His 62-year-old daughter suffered a rare splenic infarction due to PGM. Testing revealed the 37-year-old grandson and 8-year-old great-grandson also carry the mutation. This is the second report of PGM causing a hypercoagulable state and the first reported PGM-related splenic infarction in Puerto Rico.
This document provides a biographical sketch and statement for Dr. Raul Morales-Borges, who currently serves as Medical Director of the American Red Cross in San Juan, Puerto Rico and Chief Medical Officer of Ashford Institute of Hematology & Oncology in San Juan. It outlines his education, training, experience in research and healthcare administration, and selected publications. He has over 25 years of experience in hematology, oncology, transfusion medicine, and stem cell therapies.
Articulo Hypertrigyceridemia In Blood Donors En Boletin Asoc Med PrRHMBONCO
Three key points from the document:
1. Severe hypertriglyceridemia was identified in Puerto Rican blood donors, presenting as turbid plasma. The affected donors were mostly overweight males with an average age of 44.5 years.
2. Donations resulting in milky serum must be discarded as they cannot be properly tested. Screening donors for cardiovascular and metabolic risks could help address problems with recruitment and retention.
3. The study provides the first data correlating turbid plasma donations in Puerto Rico with gender, age, region, and blood type. The most common blood type was O, Rh(+), followed by A, Rh(+). Further research is needed on the role of blood donation
Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a potentially fatal pulmonary complication of blood transfusion. It is caused by antibodies and bioactive substances in blood products that activate neutrophils in the lungs. TRALI accounts for 13% of transfusion-related fatalities. Risk factors include plasma-containing products and antibodies from female donors who have been pregnant. Studies show implementing male-predominant plasma transfusion strategies and HLA antibody screening can reduce TRALI cases and fatalities. However, screening also reduces the available donor pool and platelet availability. Further research is still needed to balance TRALI mitigation and adequate blood supply.
Presentation Of Dengue Arc Washington Sept 2011[1]RHMBONCO
Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral infection that causes a range of symptoms from mild fever to life-threatening hemorrhagic fever, and is endemic in Puerto Rico. A study of blood donations in Puerto Rico found dengue virus RNA in 0.07% of donations through nucleic acid testing, demonstrating the potential risk of transfusion-transmitted dengue. The prevalence found was similar to estimates of West Nile virus RNA found in U.S. blood donations during outbreaks, warranting further evaluation of the risks and costs/benefits of routine dengue screening in endemic areas.
Sangamos Hiv Study Slides Dr 1. Morales Borges Of Arc 09.12.12RHMBONCO
This document summarizes results from two phase 1 clinical trials testing the infusion of autologous CD4 T-cells modified using zinc finger nuclease technology to disrupt the CCR5 co-receptor gene (SB-728-T). The trials found that SB-728-T infusion was safe and well-tolerated, increased CD4 counts and normalized CD4:CD8 ratios. SB-728-T cells engrafted, expanded, and persisted over one year in blood and tissues. During treatment interruptions in subjects with high CD4 counts, HIV-RNA decreased, correlating with estimated CCR5 modification levels. A new trial is testing pre-conditioning with cyclophosphamide prior to SB-728
Diseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy And OthersRHMBONCO
DIC is a pathologic process secondary to an underlying illness where widespread activation of coagulation leads to microvascular fibrin deposition and compromised blood supply. The main features are attributable to excessive thrombin generation. Clinical conditions associated with DIC include sepsis, trauma, organ destruction, malignancy, and vascular abnormalities. The pathogenesis involves tissue factor-dependent microvascular fibrin deposition via the extrinsic coagulation pathway. Treatment focuses on treating the underlying condition, and transfusions are only used if bleeding risk is present.
Este documento presenta una conferencia sobre la utilización de componentes sanguíneos dirigida a médicos, enfermeras y técnicos médicos. La conferencia cubre temas como las indicaciones clínicas para la transfusión de células rojas, plaquetas y factores de coagulación, así como consideraciones especiales para neonatos. El objetivo es mejorar el conocimiento sobre este tema importante para tomar decisiones de transfusión apropiadas.
Transfusion Reactions Evaluation & ManagementRHMBONCO
This document discusses the evaluation and management of hemolytic transfusion reactions. It begins by describing the clinical signs and symptoms of an acute hemolytic transfusion reaction, which can include fever, chills, hypotension, renal failure, and gastrointestinal issues. It then discusses the differential diagnosis and similarities between an acute hemolytic transfusion reaction and sepsis. The document outlines the steps for investigating a potential transfusion reaction, including checking for clerical errors, examining the blood for hemolysis, and performing a direct antiglobulin test. It also reviews common causes of immunologic and non-immunologic acute adverse transfusion reactions.
Clinical Applications Of Therapeutic ApheresisRHMBONCO
This document discusses therapeutic apheresis, which involves separating blood components using centrifugation. It describes how plasma exchange is used to selectively remove plasma constituents like immunoglobulins, proteins, and metabolic waste from the blood to treat various conditions. Conditions treated include autoimmune diseases, renal diseases, hematologic diseases, and neurological disorders. The document outlines the ASFA guidelines for therapeutic apheresis indications and categories, procedures like plasma exchange and photopheresis, and considerations for evaluating new patients and managing risks.
A Practical Approach To Apheresis In Sickle CellRHMBONCO
This document provides an overview of sickle cell disease (SCD) and red blood cell exchange transfusions. It discusses the pathophysiology and complications of SCD, including increased blood viscosity and reduced blood flow. Treatment options are presented, with red blood cell exchange transfusions explained as removing sickle cells and replacing them with normal red blood cells to improve oxygen carrying capacity and reduce complications. The document covers procedural considerations for red blood cell exchange transfusions, such as goals, potential complications, and their management. It provides resources for further information.
Hepatocellular & Pancreatic CarcinomasRHMBONCO
The document discusses hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and pancreatic cancer, including their epidemiology, risk factors, screening, diagnosis, staging, and management. For HCC, risk factors include hepatitis and other liver diseases, while targeted therapies such as sorafenib have shown efficacy. Surgical resection can cure early HCC but recurrence is common. For pancreatic cancer, risk increases with age and genetic factors, while surgery offers the only chance for cure if the cancer is resectable.
Renal Cell Carcinoma Diagnosis And ManagementRHMBONCO
This document provides an overview of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), including its epidemiology, pathology, clinical presentation, evaluation and staging, prognosis, and treatment options. RCC incidence has been rising and is more common in men than women. Surgery is the main treatment for localized RCC, while targeted therapies like sorafenib and sunitinib have improved outcomes for metastatic RCC compared to previous chemotherapy options. Ongoing clinical trials are exploring adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapies to improve prognosis.
The document provides an overview of the biology of cancer and pathophysiology of cancer. It discusses that cancer arises due to genetic damage that transforms normal cells into immortal cells that grow uncontrollably. Tumor development is a multistep process involving alterations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, as well as changes like angiogenesis, immortalization, and metastasis. Cancer management is multidisciplinary and aims for prevention, early detection and improving quality of life.
1. Qué es el Cáncer, Cuáles son las Estadísticas en Puerto Rico & Cómo podemos prevenir,detectar y manejar el Cáncer de Seno? Raúl H. Morales-Borges, M.D . Instituto de Hematologia & Oncologia Ashford
2. LA VIDA Y LA ESPERANZA SON MUY BONITAS Y NO PODEMOS NEGARLA. RHMB 2005
3. Prevención es lo mejor para gozar de una vida saludable. RHMB 2005
13. Tasa de Muerte por Cancer*, Todas las localizaciones, Puerto Rico 1990-2002 Hombres Ambos sexos Tasa por 100,000 Mujeres *Tasas ajustadas por edad a la población Estándar Millón de PR año 2000. Fuente: Registro Central de Cáncer de PR, 2004
14. Tasa de Mortalidad por Cáncer*, en Hombres, Puerto Rico,1990-2002 Tasa por 100,000
15. Tasa de Mortalidad por Cáncer*, en Mujeres, Puerto Rico, 1990-2000 Tasa por 100,000
16. Casos de Cáncer en Puerto Rico, 2000* *Excluye los tumores de piel de células basales y escamosas y el carcinoma in situ de cuello uterino. Hombres5,156 Mujeres 5,131 Próstata 32% Colorectal 13% Pulmón 7% Vejiga Urinaria 4% Estómago 4% Linfóma 4% Hígado 4% Leucemia 3% Esófago 3% Laringe 3% Otras Localizaciones 24% 35% Mama 14% Colorectal 6% Cuerpo útero 4% Cervix 4% Pulmón 4% Linfóma 3% Tiroides 3% Ovario 3% Estómago 2% Leucemia 22% Otras Localizaciones
17. Tasas de Incidencia de Cáncer* para Hombres, Puerto Rico, 1990-2000 Próstata Pulmón Colorectal Vejiga Uriraria Estómago Tasa por 100,000 *Tasas ajustadas por edad a la población Estándar Millón de PR año 2000. Fuente: Registro Central de Cáncer de PR, 2004
18. Tasas de Incidencia de Cáncer* para Mujeres, Puerto Rico, 1990-2000 *Age-adjusted to the 1970 US standard population. Source: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program, 1973-1998, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, 2001. Tasa por 100,000
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26. 2007 Estimated US Cancer Cases* * Excludes basal and squamous cell skin cancers and in situ carcinomas except urinary bladder. American Cancer Society, Cancer Facts & Figures 2007 Women 678,060 Breast 26% Lung and bronchus 15% Colon and rectum 11% Uterine corpus 6% Melanoma of skin 4% Non-Hodgkin’s 4% lymphoma Thyroid 4% Ovary 3% Kidney and renal pelvis 3% Leukemia 3% All Other Sites 21%
27. 2007 Estimated U.S. Cancer Deaths* Women 270,100 Lung & bronchus 26% Breast 15% Colon & rectum 10% Pancreas 6% Ovary 6% Leukemia 4% Non-Hodgkin’s 3% lymphoma Uterine corpus 3% Brain and other 2% nervous system Liver and intrahepatic 2% bile duct
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29. Cáncer de Seno con evidencia de engrosamiento de la piel y cambios inflamatorios
40. Hartmann, L. et al. N Engl J Med 2005;353:229-237 BENIGN BREAST DISEASES (FIBROCYSTIC BREAST DISEASE)
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42. Accurate clinical staging for breast cancer has always been considered essential before surgery is undertaken ( Sobin & Wittekind, 2002) . However, i t is important to remember the clinical signs of breast cancer that would invalidate surgical attempts at cure. In these instances, initial referral to a clinical oncologist would be more relevant.
43. The staging systems currently in use are based on the clinical size and extent of invasion of the primary tumour (T), the clinical absence or presence of palpable axillary lymph nodes and evidence of their local invasion (N), together with the clinical and imaging evidence of distant metastases (M). *For T1–3: 'a' indicates no attachment to underlying muscles; 'b' indicates attachment. Adapted from Sobin & Wittekind (2002).
44. The TNM classificatio has been subdivided into four broad categories by the Union Internationale Contre Cancer. *Many expert groups include T2 tumors in stage I. Adapted from Sobin & Wittekind (2002).
47. Oestrogens cause activation of various protein kinases, such as mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), and increase levels of second messengers, such as cAMP. EGF, epidermal growth factor; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; ERK, extracellular signal-activated protein kinase; JNK, c- jun N-terminal kinase. Reproduced with permission from Yager & Davidson (2006).
48. Growth factor reduction of progesterone receptor (PR) via direct inhibition of PR gene transcription and induction of membrane-initiated oestrogen receptor (ER) signalling. E 2 , oestradiol; ERK1/2, extracellular regulated kinase 1/2; HB-EGF, heparin-binding epidermal growth factor; HER, human epidermal growth factor receptor; IGF-IR, insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; SERM, selective oestrogen receptor modulator; Tam, tamoxifen. Reproduced with permission from Cui et al. (2005).
49. Binding of epidermal growth factor (EGF) to the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activates a cellular pathway, with induction of phosphorylation by intracellular kinases, leading to nuclear signals that increase cell proliferation. Based on Lo et al. (2006).
50. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family members are dysregulated in many human cancers, suggesting a pivotal role in tumorigenesis ( Grünwald & Hidalgo, 2003) .
51. A tumour's hormone receptor status can be determined by immunohistochemistry. This photomicrograph demonstrates strong positive nuclear staining (brown or black) for oestrogen receptors in an infiltrating ductal carcinoma.` Reproduced with permission from Dietz J et al. Atlas of Cancer.
52. Tumours that express ER and/or PR are deemed to be endocrine responsive, while those expressing neither receptor are endocrine unresponsive. ER, oestrogen receptor; PR, progesterone receptor; +, positive (Allred score ≥2); –, negative (Allred score <2); ?, unknown. *Calculated from the Nurses' Health Study (2096 incident breast cancer cases during 1,029,414 person-years of follow-up). Data from Colditz et al . (2004).
53. Endocrine responsiveness is an important prognostic marker in breast cancer. ER, oestrogen receptor. Reproduced with permission from Hess et al. (2003).
54. All patients were treated with systemic endocrine therapy (tamoxifen in >90%). ER+, oestrogen receptor positive; ER–, oestrogen receptor negative; PR+, progesterone receptor positive; PR–, progesterone receptor negative. Reproduced with permission from Cui et al. (2005).
55. Many hormones influence breast development and function, including oestrogens, progesterone, androgens, prolactin, and luteinising hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH). FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; LH, luteinising hormone; ACTH, adrenocorticotrophic hormone. Based on Dickson (2000) & Russo and Lamarque (1984) .
56. *The relative risk was calculated with the low-risk group as the reference group. †There is no association between the risk of breast cancer and oophorectomy performed at 35 years of age or older. Reproduced with permission from Clemons & Goss ( 2001).
57. Oestradiol and, to a lesser degree, other steroid hormones (e.g., progesterone) drive breast cell proliferation, which facilitates mutation, enhances fixation of mutations or facilitates expression of genetic errors by loss of heterozygosity by defects in DNA repair. Germline mutations in relevant tumour-suppressor genes accelerate the transformation to the malignant phenotype. Reproduced with permission from Henderson et al . (2000).
58. *ACI denotes a cross between August and Copenhagen-Irish strains and SENCAR sensitive to carcinogenesis. Reproduced with permission from Yager & Davidson (2006).
68. A variety of reconstructive techniques are available today aimed at minimising the mutilation effect of mastectomy without compromising the oncological clearance (Ahmed et al, 2005).
69. (A) A schematic representation of the post-operative appearance after transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap reconstruction. (B) A 35-year-old patient after skin-sparing mastectomy and immediate TRAM. Reproduced with permission from Dietz J et al. (2002).
70. (A) A schematic representation of latissimus dorsi (LD) flap breast reconstruction. (B) A 38-year-old patient after modified radical mastectomy with immediate reconstruction using the LD flap and submuscular saline implant. Reproduced with permission from Dietz J et al. (2002).
72. Careful attention to histopathology and quality assurance of treatment delivery is essential to ensure APBI is applied appropriately. To this end, both the American Brachytherapy Society ( Arthur et al ., 2002) and the American Society of Breast Surgeons ( ASBS, 2003) have published recommendations for patient selection criteria for accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI).
73. The EBCTCG confirmed that polychemotherapy produced substantial and highly significant proportional reductions in relation to the risk of relapse and death from breast cancer. The effects of treatment were described as either proportional or absolute benefits. For women under 50 years at randomisation, the absolute reduction in risk of relapse was 10.4% for node-negative and 15.4% for node-positive disease. The reduction was also significant for mortality (absolute improvements in 10-year survival of 5.7% and 12.4% for node-negative and -positive disease, respectively). CMF, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil. Reproduced with permission from the EBCTCG (2005).
74. AC, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide; FAC, 5-fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin; FEC, 5-fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide, epirubicin; HR, hazard ratio; OS, overall survival; T, docetaxel; TAC, docetaxel, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide; TC, docetaxol, cyclophosphamide. Data from Nabholtz et al . (2002), Jones et al . (2003), Roche et al . (2004), and Bear et al . (2003).
75. AC, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide; HR, hazard ratio; OS, overall survival; T, paclitaxel. Data from Henderson et al . (2003) and Mamounas et al . (2003).
76. Following the success of trastuzumab in metastatic breast cancer, four large international multicentre trials were designed to test the efficacy of trastuzumab as adjuvant treatment either with or following chemotherapy. *Group B from N9831 and Group A from HERA were excluded from the analysis. AC, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide; LN, lymph node. Data from Romond et al . (2005), Piccart-Gebhart et al . (2005), and Slamon et al . (2005).
77. Adapted from Piccart et al . (2005). There are international consensus guidelines based on clinicopathological features and outcomes, which are regularly updated to help inform local guidelines and individual clinicians. The 2005 St Gallen guidelines have defined low-, intermediate- and high-risk categories.
78. The 2005 St Gallen guidelines recommend adjuvant treatment according to risk and endocrine responsiveness. *Depending on clinician and patient discussion. ET, endocrine therapy; CT, chemotherapy. Adapted from Piccart et al . (2005).
Lung cancer is, by far, the most common fatal cancer in men (32%), followed by prostate (10%), and colon & rectum (10%). In women, lung (25%), breast (15%), and colon & rectum (10%) are the leading sites of cancer death.
The age-adjusted death rate from all cancers combined stabilized from 1998 to 2000, after decreasing from 1990 to 1998. The stabilization of death rates, during the most recent time period may be due, in part, to changes in the classification and coding of causes of death. Compared to the rates in 1990, the cancer death rate in 2000 was 10.7% lower in men and 4.2% lower in women.
Most of the increase in cancer death rates for men prior to 1990 was attributable to lung cancer. However, since 1990, the age-adjusted lung cancer death rate in men has been decreasing. Stomach cancer mortality has decreased considerably since 1930. Death rates from prostate and colorectal cancers have also been declining.
Currently, the lung cancer death rate in women is about two-and-a-half times what it was 25 years ago, and lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death. In comparison, breast cancer death rates were virtually unchanged between 1930 and 1990, and have since decreased. The death rates for stomach and uterine cancers have decreased steadily since 1930; colorectal cancer death rates have been decreasing for over 50 years.
Now we will turn our attention to the number of new cancers anticipated in the US this year. It is estimated that 1.37 million new cases of cancer will be diagnosed in 2004. Cancers of the prostate and breast will be the most frequently diagnosed cancers in men and women, respectively, followed by lung and colorectal cancers both in men and in women.
Prostate cancer incidence rates increased sharply from 1988 to 1992, after increasing steadily from 1975 to 1988. The short-lived surge in prostate cancer incidence most likely reflects the widespread introduction of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening test in the late 1980s. Lung cancer incidence rates in men have declined in recent years, while rates for cancers of the colon & rectum have stabilized.
In women, the breast cancer incidence rate increased rapidly (approximately 4% per year) from 1980 to 1986 and then increased at a slower rate from 1986 through 2000. The apparent decrease in female breast cancer incidence in 2000 is likely due to delay in reporting. Lung cancer incidence rates have continued to increase, although the rate of increase has slowed since the early 1990s. Colorectal cancer incidence rates have leveled off since the mid 1990s. Incidence rates for uterine corpus cancer stabilized from 1998 to 2000, after a slight increase from 1988 to 1998. Ovarian cancer rates have decreased 0.7% per year from 1989 through 2000.
The 5-year relative survival rate from cancer is 64% for whites and 53% for African Americans (taking normal life expectancy into consideration). For many sites, survival rates in African Americans are 10% to 25% lower than in whites. This is due, in part, to African Americans being less likely to receive a cancer diagnosis at an early, localized stage, when treatment can improve chances of survival. Additional factors that contribute to the survival differential include unequal access to medical care and a higher prevalence of coexisting medical conditions.