Cancer develops through a multistep process as cells accumulate genetic mutations. Normal proto-oncogenes can become cancer-causing oncogenes when they mutate and remove controls over cell division. Tumor suppressor genes normally inhibit cell division, but when they mutate or are absent, cells divide unchecked and cancer can develop. Examples are the BRCA1, BRCA2, and p53 genes. Oncogenes alone do not cause cancer; mutation of both oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes disrupts the normal controls on cell growth and division.
Cancer and its types, all tumours are not cancer, cancer, diagnosis of cancer, how cancer differ, how cancer spread, how cancer start, how normal cells act
Cancer and its types, all tumours are not cancer, cancer, diagnosis of cancer, how cancer differ, how cancer spread, how cancer start, how normal cells act
Introduction of cancer, Types of cancer, Causes of cancer, Signs and Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment of cancer, Prevention of cancer, Conclusion of cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. These contrast with benign tumors, which do not spread to other parts of the body.
## To understand how cancer develops and progresses, researchers first need to investigate the biological differences between normal cells and cancer cells. This work focuses on the mechanisms that underlie fundamental processes such as cell growth, the transformation of normal cells to cancer cells, and the spread, or metastasis, of cancer cells.
Introduction of cancer, Types of cancer, Causes of cancer, Signs and Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment of cancer, Prevention of cancer, Conclusion of cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. These contrast with benign tumors, which do not spread to other parts of the body.
## To understand how cancer develops and progresses, researchers first need to investigate the biological differences between normal cells and cancer cells. This work focuses on the mechanisms that underlie fundamental processes such as cell growth, the transformation of normal cells to cancer cells, and the spread, or metastasis, of cancer cells.
For the IB DP Biology course, core unit: Genetics. To get the file, please make a donation to one of my preferred charities via Biology4Good. Find out more here: http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com/about/biology4good/
Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells anywhere in a body
Causative agents – chemical, toxic compound exposures, ionizing radiation, some pathogens
Most cancer form tumors, but not all tumors are cancerous.
Cancer is a disease in which some of the body’s cells grow uncontrollably and spread to other parts of the body. Here in this presentation cancer and its characteristics are discussed along with anti-cancer drugs, in brief.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
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2. Learning Objectives
Understand the relationship between
cancer and cellular genetic controls.
Know the steps in cancer development.
List the environmental factors that influence
cancer development.
Describe the relationship between lifestyle
and cancer.
Describe some of the characteristics of
more well-known cancers.
4. Between You and Eternity
Cancer affects one in three people in the
U.S. and kills one in four; each year more
than 200,000 women are diagnosed with
breast cancer alone.
Some women carry the BRCA1 or BRCA2
gene, which increases the risk of developing
breast cancer.
Some women with elevated risk for breast
cancer opt for preventive mastectomy.
Diagnosed early, most cancers are
treatable, and many curable.
5. Video: Preventing Cancer Surgically
This video clip is available in CNN Today
Videos for Anatomy and Physiology, 2003,
Volume VII. Instructors, contact your local
sales representative to order this volume,
while supplies last.
6. Useful References for Impacts/Issues
The latest references for topics covered in this section can be found at
the book companion website. Log in to the book’s e-resources page at
www.thomsonedu.com to access InfoTrac articles.
Genome News Network: Breast Cancer
Susceptibility Genes: Overstating the Risk?
InfoTrac: Monster Tumors Show Scientific
Potential in War against Cancer. Elizabeth
Svoboda. The New York Times, June 6,
2006.
7. How Would You Vote?
To conduct an instant in-class survey using a classroom response
system, access “JoinIn Clicker Content” from the PowerLecture main
menu.
Would you support legislation requiring
insurers to pay for the removal of a breast
that is only at risk for developing cancer?
a. Yes, they should be required to pay at least in
proportion to a woman's chances for developing
cancer.
b. No, they should pay for annual exams, but not
for surgery unless cancer is actually detected.
8. Useful References for
How Would You Vote?
The latest references for topics covered in this section can be found at
the book companion website. Log in to the book’s e-resources page at
www.thomsonedu.com to access InfoTrac articles.
InfoTrac: Breast Removal: The Latest in Cancer
Prevention. HealthFacts, Feb. 1999.
InfoTrac: Is a 0.2% Chance of Death from Breast
Cancer Worth a Bilateral Prophylactic Mastectomy?
Contemporary OB/GYN, June 2005.
American Cancer Society: Insurance May Not
Cover Preventive Surgery for High-Risk Women
10. Cancer: Cell Controls Go Awry
Some tumors are cancer, others are not.
Overgrowth of cells in a tissue (hyperplasia)
results in the formation of a defined mass called
a tumor, or neoplasm.
Figure 23.2
11. Cancer: Cell Controls Go Awry
Benign tumors are often enclosed in a capsule
of connective tissue.
• The cells are organized in orderly array.
• The cells grow slowly and are well differentiated.
• Because they do not affect surrounding tissue (there
are exceptions), they usually are not considered a
threat to health.
13. Cancer: Cell Controls Go Awry
Dysplasia is an abnormal change in the sizes,
shapes, and organization of cells in a tissue.
• It is often a precursor to cancer.
• Microscopically, the edges of the tumor look ragged
and the cells are clumped.
• Functionally the cells have many characteristics that
alter their behavior from that of normal cells.
14. Cancer: Cell Controls Go Awry
Cancer cells have abnormal structure.
A cancer cell has a large nucleus, less
cytoplasm, and is poorly differentiated.
The cytoskeleton shrinks and becomes
disorganized; proteins of the plasma membrane
also become altered.
Cellular division of transformed cells results in
cancerous daughter cells.
15. Cancer: Cell Controls Go Awry
Cancer cells lack normal controls over cell
division.
In a cancerous tumor, more cells are dividing
than dying, so growth continues unaffected by
the usual contact inhibition provided by
crowding.
Cancer cells lack strong cell-to-cell junctions
and so tend to move about (metastasis) and
become malignant.
16. a Cancer cells break away
from their home tissue.
b The metastasizing cells become
attached to the wall of a blood vessel
or lymph vessel. They secrete
digestive enzymes into it. Then they
cross the wall at the breach.
c Cancer cells creep or tumble along
inside blood vessels, then leave the
bloodstream the same way they got in.
They start new tumors in new tissues.
Fig 23.3, p.429
17. Cancer: Cell Controls Go Awry
Some cancer cells produce HCG (human
chorionic gonadotropin), which can be detected
in blood and which signals cancer somewhere
in the body; cancer cells also produce
angiogenin, which encourages new blood
vessel development.
18. Video: Fibroid Tumors
This video clip is available in CNN Today
Videos for Anatomy and Physiology, 2004,
Volume VIII. Instructors, contact your local
sales representative to order this volume,
while supplies last.
19. Useful References for Section 1
The latest references for topics covered in this section can be found at
the book companion website. Log in to the book’s e-resources page at
www.thomsonedu.com to access InfoTrac articles.
InfoTrac: Gene Signature Helps Predict
Melanoma Outcome. Diana Mahoney.
Internal Medicine News, Mar. 1, 2006.
21. The Genetic Triggers for Cancer
Cancer develops in a multistep process.
The transformation of a normal cell into a
cancerous one is called carcinogenesis.
Cancer develops through a series of changes
that upset normal controls over cell division.
Oncogenes induce cancer when tumor
suppressor genes are mutated.
Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that
regulate cell growth and development.
23. POSSIBLE TRIGGERS virus chemical
carcinogens
normal cell
heredity radiation
mutation in proto-oncogenes and
tumor suppressor genes remove
normal growth controls
abnormal
cell
immune system breakdown immune system activated
(cytotoxic T cells and NK cells)
abnormal cell proliferates
abnormal cell destroyed
tumor
tumor cells break away;
metastasis to other parts of body Stepped Art
Fig 23.4, p.430
24. The Genetic Triggers for Cancer
Oncogenes are modified from proto-
oncogenes; they code for altered proteins that
remove the controls over cellular division.
• Cancer cannot be caused by oncogenes alone but
requires the absence or mutation of tumor
suppressor genes.
• For example, retinoblastoma is normally
suppressed by at least one gene, but if this gene is
altered, the suppression is removed and cancer
develops.
• BRCA1 and BRCA2 are also tumor suppressor
genes whose disruption can lead to breast cancer.
26. The Genetic Triggers for Cancer
The p53 gene codes for a regulatory protein
that turns on proto-oncogenes that stop cell
division at the right time; its alteration removes
this inhibition and allows cells to divide
unchecked.
An oncogene may mutate in a way that triggers
expression.
• Translocation may move an oncogene away from a
regulatory nucleotide sequence that normally
prevents its expression.
• New genetic material may be introduced into a cell
(as by a virus) and disrupt controls.
27. The Genetic Triggers for Cancer
There also are other routes to cancer.
Inherited susceptibility to cancer.
• If a mutation occurs in a germ cell and it removes
controls over a proto-oncogene, the defect can be
passed on to offspring.
• Most instances of inherited cancer susceptibility are
complicated by the fact that several genes are
probably involved.
Viruses.
• Viruses can become inserted into host cell DNA,
possibly altering the functioning of proto-oncogenes.
• Viruses can also carry oncogenes and insert them
into host cell DNA.
28. The Genetic Triggers for Cancer
Chemical carcinogens.
• Carcinogens are chemicals that can damage DNA,
resulting in subsequent mutations.
• Some of the chemicals that cause cancer are by-
products of an industrialized society, such as
asbestos, vinyl chloride, and benzene; hydrocarbons
in cigarette smoke and fireplace soot; and
substances in dyes and pesticides.
• Natural carcinogens include aflatoxin, produced by
a fungus that grows on peanuts.
• Some chemicals may be “pre-carcinogens” that
cause changes only after they have been altered by
metabolic activity of the cell.
29. The Genetic Triggers for Cancer
Radiation.
• Radiation can damage DNA.
• Sources include UV radiation from sunlight and
tanning lamps, X rays, cosmic rays, radon gas, and
nuclear reactors; sun exposure is probably the
greatest risk factor.
Breakdowns in immunity.
• A healthy immune system regularly detects and
destroys cancer cells by means of cytotoxic T cells.
• The protective function of the immune system can be
compromised by therapeutic drugs or even anxiety
and severe depression.
• Sometimes, the cancer itself can suppress the
immune system.
30. Useful References for Section 2
The latest references for topics covered in this section can be found at
the book companion website. Log in to the book’s e-resources page at
www.thomsonedu.com to access InfoTrac articles.
Cancer Backup: Retinoblastoma in Children
InfoTrac: Study IDs Gene Triggers to Liver
Cancer. Jamie Talan. Newsday (Melville,
NY), June 28, 2006.
InfoTrac: Scientists Link Gene to Metastatic
Cancer. UPI NewsTrack, July 3, 2006.
32. Assessing the Cancer Risk from
Environmental Chemicals
According to the American Cancer Society,
factors in the environment account for half
of all cancers; these factors include UV
light, radiation, and industrial and
agricultural chemicals.
Roughly 40% of the food
in supermarkets in the
U.S. contains pesticide
residues; some of these
pesticides are banned in
the U.S., but come in on imports.
Figure 23.6
33. Assessing the Cancer Risk from
Environmental Chemicals
More exposure comes from pesticides used in
community and home spraying.
The Ames test,
developed by
biochemist Bruce
Ames, uses bacteria
to test for the
mutagenic potential
of various chemicals.
34. Useful References for Section 3
The latest references for topics covered in this section can be found at
the book companion website. Log in to the book’s e-resources page at
www.thomsonedu.com to access InfoTrac articles.
InfoTrac: Science That Sticks: Chemist’s
Work behind U.S. Decision to Ban PFOA.
Canadian Chemical News, Mar. 2006.
EPA: Carcinogens
38. Diagnosing Cancer
Various tests can be performed to confirm
or rule out cancer.
Blood tests can detect tumor markers, such as
HCG or PSA (prostate-specific antigen).
Radioactively labeled monoclonal antibodies
are useful in pinpointing the location and size of
certain tumors; medical imaging techniques
such as MRI, X rays, ultrasound, and CT are
also used to locate tumors.
39. Diagnosing Cancer
The definitive detection tool is biopsy, removal
of a small piece of tissue for microscopic
examination.
A snippet of radioactively labeled DNA, called a
DNA probe, can be used to locate gene
mutations; however, it is expensive and usually
not covered by insurance.
41. Useful References for Section 4
The latest references for topics covered in this section can be found at
the book companion website. Log in to the book’s e-resources page at
www.thomsonedu.com to access InfoTrac articles.
Oncology Nursing Society: Cancer
Symptoms
Mayo Clinic: Diagnosing Cancer
InfoTrac: Early Cancer Diagnosis: Present
and Future. Andre Baron et al. Patient Care
for the Nurse Practitioner, Sept. 2005.
43. Some Major Types of Cancer
Cancers are named according to the type of
tissue where they are first formed.
Sarcomas are cancers of connective tissues.
Carcinomas arise from epithelium, including
skin and epithelial linings of internal organs.
Cancers of glands are adenocarcinomas.
Lymphomas are cancers of lymph tissue.
Cancer of stem cells or bone marrow is
leukemia.
44. Some Major Types of Cancer
The following conclusions are drawn from
the cancer statistics in Figure 23.8.
Highest cancer incidence: male—prostate;
female—breast.
Highest cancer deaths: both male and female
—lung.
46. Video: Fighting Sarcoma
This video clip is available in CNN Today
Videos for Anatomy and Physiology, 2004,
Volume VIII. Instructors, contact your local
sales representative to order this volume,
while supplies last.
47. Useful References for Section 5
The latest references for topics covered in this section can be found at
the book companion website. Log in to the book’s e-resources page at
www.thomsonedu.com to access InfoTrac articles.
InfoTrac: Sarcomas Most Common Cancer
Type in Teenagers. GP, April 7, 2006.
InfoTrac: Mutations Point the Way to New
Leukemia Drugs. Ascribe Higher Education
News Service, July 17, 2006.
Abramson Cancer Center: Oncolink
Association of Cancer Online Resources:
Types of Cancer
49. Treating and Preventing Cancer
Chemotherapy and radiation kill cancer
cells directly.
Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells.
• The cancer drugs disrupt DNA replication during S
phase or prevent mitosis by inhibiting the formation
of the mitotic spindle.
• These drugs are also toxic to rapidly growing human
cells, such as hair cells, stem cells, and epithelial
cells.
50. Treating and Preventing Cancer
Radiation kills both cancer cells and the healthy
cells around them.
Adjuvant therapy combines less-toxic
chemotherapy with surgery to remove the
tumor.
Monoclonal antibodies are used to deliver lethal
doses of radiation or anticancer drugs to tumor
cells specifically.
Immunotherapy is the use of substances such
as interferon and interleukins to activate
cytotoxic T cells to attack the cancer.
51. Treating and Preventing Cancer
Anticancer drugs may be matched to
genetic characteristics of cancer cells.
Traditional chemotherapy drugs were matched
to the organ where the cancer occurs.
New strategies aim to match therapy with the
specific genetic characteristics of the cancerous
cells, regardless of where the cancer occurs.
52. Treating and Preventing Cancer
You can limit your cancer risk.
We cannot control heredity of some aspects of
biology, but we can make choices to affect our
own health.
Some strategies for limiting cancer include:
• Avoid tobacco in any form.
• Maintain desirable weight.
• Eat a low-fat, high-fiber diet.
• Restrict alcohol intake.
• Avoid hazardous chemicals
in the workplace.
• Avoid excessive sun exposure.
Figure 23.9
53. Video: Prostate Cancer Prevention
This video clip is available in CNN Today
Videos for Anatomy and Physiology, 2004,
Volume VIII. Instructors, contact your local
sales representative to order this volume,
while supplies last.
54. Useful References for Section 6
The latest references for topics covered in this section can be found at
the book companion website. Log in to the book’s e-resources page at
www.thomsonedu.com to access InfoTrac articles.
National Cancer Institute: Clinical Trials
Cancer Research Institute
InfoTrac: HPV DNA Testing and HPV
Vaccines Described by Experts as
Combination That Offers Best Hope of
Preventing Cervical Cancer. PR Newswire,
April 27, 2006.
56. Cancers of the Breast and
Reproductive System
Breast cancer is a major cause of death.
Breast cancer ranks second to lung cancer as a
cause of death in females.
• Causative factors include obesity, late childbearing,
early puberty, late menopause, excessive estrogen,
and familial history.
• Early detection by breast examination and
mammography are keys to cure.
Treatment methods include modified radical
mastectomy and lumpectomy; some drugs
such as tamoxifen are also used.
57. 1. Lie down and put a folded towel under your left
shoulder,then put your left hand behind your head. With
the right hand (fingers flat), begin the examination of your
left breast by following the outer circle of arrows shown.
Gently press the fingers in small, circular motions to
check for any lump, hard knot, or thickening. Next, follow
the inner circle of arrows. Continue doing this for at least
three more circles, one of which should include the nipple.
Then repeat the procedure for the right breast. For a
complete examination, repeat the procedure while
standing in a shower. Hands glide more easily over wet
skin.
2. Stand before a mirror, lift your arms over your head, If you discover a lump or any other change
and look for any unusual changes in the contour of your during a breast self-examination, it’s
breasts, such as a swelling, dimpling, or retraction important to see a physician at once. Most
(inward sinking) of the nipple.Also check for any changes are not cancerous, but let the
unusual discharge from the nipple. doctor make the diagnosis.
Fig 23.10b, p 436
58. Cancers of the Breast and
Reproductive System
Uterine and ovarian cancer affect women.
Uterine cancer rates are declining due to early
detection, mainly by Pap smear.
Ovarian cancer is often lethal because
symptoms do not occur until the cancer is
advanced; the chemical taxol has been used
with moderate success.
59. Cancers of the Breast and
Reproductive System
Testicular and prostate cancer
affect men.
Testicular cancer is painless in
its early stages but may spread
to the lymph nodes and
eventually to the lungs; surgery
is the usual treatment.
Prostate cancer is second only
to lung cancer in causing cancer
deaths in men; a PSA blood test
is diagnostic, and cure rate is
high for cancers detected early.
Figure 23.11
60. Video: Breast Cancer Treatment
This video clip is available in CNN Today
Videos for Anatomy and Physiology, 2003,
Volume VII. Instructors, contact your local
sales representative to order this volume,
while supplies last.
61. Useful References for Section 7
The latest references for topics covered in this section can be found at
the book companion website. Log in to the book’s e-resources page at
www.thomsonedu.com to access InfoTrac articles.
InfoTrac: Tylenol Lowers Ovarian Cancer
Risk. UPI NewsTrack, July 10, 2006.
63. A Survey of Other Common Cancers
Oral cancers occur in the lips, mouth,
tongue, salivary glands, and throat and are
most common among users of any form of
tobacco; most of the cancers are highly
deadly.
64. A Survey of Other Common Cancers
Lung cancer kills more people than any
other cancer.
The overwhelming risk factor is smoking, a
practice that is declining in men but increasing
in women.
Lung cancers include squamous cell
carcinomas, adenocarcinomas (large-cell
carcinomas), and small-cell carcinomas.
65. A Survey of Other Common Cancers
Cancers of the stomach and pancreas are
usually adenocarcinomas of the duct cells
and are usually not detected until they have
spread.
66. A Survey of Other Common Cancers
Most cancers of the colon and rectum
(colorectal cancers) are
adenocarcinomas.
The cancers generally start
as small polyps (growths).
Warning signs include blood
in the feces; a family history
of colorectal cancer or
inflammatory bowel disease
is a major risk factor.
Figure 23.12
67. A Survey of Other Common Cancers
Urinary system cancers.
Carcinomas of the kidneys and bladder are
related to smoking and industrial chemicals.
Wilms tumor is an inherited type of kidney
cancer that appears most often in children.
68. A Survey of Other Common Cancers
Cancers of the blood and lymphatic system.
Lymphomas, such as non-Hodgkin
lymphoma, Hodgkin’s disease, and Burkitt
lymphoma, seem to increase with infections
that impair the immune system.
Leukemias—cancers of the stem cells of the
bone marrow—lead to overproduction of white
blood cells; treatment is with chemotherapy,
especially the plant derivatives vincristine and
vinblastine.
69. A Survey of Other Common Cancers
Skin cancers are the most common of all
cancers.
Malignant melanoma, cancer of the
melanocyte cells, metastasizes aggressively.
Squamous cell carcinomas start out as scaly,
reddened bumps that grow rapidly and can
spread to adjacent lymph nodes.
Basal cell carcinomas grow slowly into ulcers
with beaded margins.
70. A Survey of Other Common Cancers
Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell
carcinoma are more common than malignant
melanoma and can be easily treated with minor
surgery.
71. Video: Skin Sun Damage
This video clip is available in CNN Today
Videos for Biology, 2003, Volume VII.
Instructors, contact your local sales
representative to order this volume, while
supplies last.
72. Video: Custom Cancer Vaccine
This video clip is available in CNN Today
Videos for Anatomy and Physiology, 2003,
Volume VII. Instructors, contact your local
sales representative to order this volume,
while supplies last.
73. Useful References for Section 8
The latest references for topics covered in this section can be found at
the book companion website. Log in to the book’s e-resources page at
www.thomsonedu.com to access InfoTrac articles.
InfoTrac: American Academy of Dermatology
Warns of Skin Cancer Risks This Summer;
More Than 1 Million New Cases of Skin
Cancer to Be Diagnosed This Year in U.S.
Internet Wire, July 7, 2006.
Mayo Clinic: Pancreatic Cancer
American Cancer Society: All About Colon
and Rectum Cancer
Editor's Notes
Figure 23.1 ( a ) Sketch of a benign tumor. Cells appear nearly normal, and connective tissue encapsulates the tumor mass. ( b ) A cancerous neoplasm. Due to the abnormal growth of cancer cells, the tumor is a disorganized heap of cells. Some of the cells may break off and invade surrounding tissues, a process called metastasis.
Figure 23.3 Animated! Stages in metastasis.
Figure 23.4 The steps in carcinogenesis.
Figure 23.4 The steps in carcinogenesis.
Figure 23.5 The locations for BRCA1 and BRCA2 on chromosomes 13 and 17, respectively. Most cases of inherited breast cancer are due to mutation of one or the other of these tumor suppressor genes.
Figure 23.8 Summary of annual incidence of and deaths from common cancers, by site and sex. Data are estimates for the United States, 2005. Reprinted by permission of the American Cancer Society, Inc.
Figure 23.10 ( a , right) Mammogram showing a breast cancer tumor. ( b , below) How to perform a breast self-examination.