SPECIAL CONCRETE-Lightweightconcretehasstrengthscomparabletonormalweightconcrete,yetistypically25%to35%lighter. •Madewithlightweightaggregates. •FormedasaresultofreactionofAluminiumona 1.Proportionateblendoflime, 2.Cement&Flyash, 3.ThehydrogengasthatescapescreatesmillionsoftinyaircellsgivingitastrongCellularstructurewhichisfurtherstrengthenedbyhighpressuresteamcuring Lightweightaggregatesusedinlightweightconcretearetypicallyexpandedshale*,clayorslatematerialsthathavebeenfiredinarotarykilntodevelopaporousstructure.... TYPES OF SPECIAL CONCRETE 1.High Volume Fly Ash Concrete. 2.Silica fume concrete. 3.GGBS, Slag based concrete. 4.Ternary blend concrete. 5.Light weight concrete. 6.Polymer concrete. 7.Self Compacting Concrete. 8. Coloured Concrete. 9.Fibre-reinforced Concrete. 10. Pervious Concrete. 11.Water-proof Concrete. 12.Temperature Controlled Concrete.

1. SPECIAL CONCRETE
Group members
• Aiman naseem
• Sundus Hussain
• Iqbal Zafar
• M. Raghib
• Hamzah Meraj
JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA-
NEW DELHI

2. CONTENTS
Introduction
Classification on the base
of strength
Types of special Concrete
Sources

3. Special concrete is defined as concrete which meets special
performance
and
uniformity requirements
that cannot always be achieved routinely by using only
conventional materials and normal mixing, placing and curing practices.
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out-of-the-ordinary properties
unusual techniques

4. TYPES OF SPECIAL CONCRETE
1. High Volume Fly Ash Concrete.
2. Silica fume concrete.
3. GGBS, Slag based concrete.
4. Ternary blend concrete.
5. Light weight concrete.
6. Polymer concrete.
7. Self Compacting Concrete.
8. Coloured Concrete.
9. Fibre-reinforced Concrete.
10. Pervious Concrete.
11. Water-proof Concrete.
12. Temperature Controlled Concrete.

5. CLASSIFICATION- ORDINARY
GRADE- M10 (Ratio used in M10 concrete is 1:3:6 1 Cement, 3 Sand & 6 Aggregate)
PCC (Plain Cement Concrete) e.g. Levelling course, bedding for footing, concrete roads,
etc.
GRADE- M15
PCC e.g. Levelling course, bedding for footing, concrete roads, etc.
GRADE- M20
RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete) e.g. Slabs, beams, columns, footings, etc. (for
mild exposure)

6. CLASSIFICATION- STANDARD
GRADE- M25 (25N/mm2 compressive strength in a 150mm cube after 28 days of curing.)
RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete) e.g. Slabs, beams, columns, footings,
etc.M30RCC e.g. Slabs, beams, columns, footings, etc.
GRADE- M35
RCC e.g. Slabs, beams, columns, footings, etc.
GRADE- M40
RCC e.g. Pre-stressed concrete, slabs, beams, columns, footings, etc.
GRADE- M45
RCC e.g. Runways, Concrete Roads (PQC), Pressurised Concrete Girders, RCC
Columns, Pressurised beams
GRADE- M50
RCC e.g. Runways, Concrete Roads (PQC), Pressurised Concrete Girders, RCC
Columns, Pressurised beams
GRADE- M55
RCC e.g. Pressurised Concrete Girders and Pier

7. CLASSIFICATION- HIGH STRENGTH
GRADE- M60 -M80
RCC work Where high compressive strength is required such as high rise buildings,
long span bridges, ultra-thin white topping etc.
Constructions in aggressive environment e.g. Spillways* of dams, coastal construction
*A passage for surplus water from a dam

8. LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE

9. LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE
• Lightweight concrete has strengths comparable to
normal weight concrete, yet is typically 25% to
35% lighter.
• Made with lightweight aggregates.
• Formed as a result of reaction of Aluminium on a
1. Proportionate blend of lime,
2. Cement & Fly ash,
3. The hydrogen gas that escapes creates millions
of tiny air cells giving it a strong Cellular structure
which is further strengthened by high pressure
steam curing
Lightweight aggregates used in lightweight concrete
are typically expanded shale*, clay or slate materials
that have been fired in a rotary kiln to develop a
porous structure.
*soft finely stratified sedimentary rock
that formed from consolidated mud or
clay and can be split easily into fragile
plates.

10. Structural lightweight concrete offers design flexibility and
substantial cost savings by providing:
1. less dead load,
2. improved seismic structural response,
3. longer spans,
4. better fire ratings,
5. thinner sections,
6. decreased story height,
7. smaller size structural members,
8. less reinforcing steel, and
9. lower foundation costs.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
The compressive strength of structural lightweight concrete is
usually related to the cement content at a given slump and air
content, rather than to a water-to-cement ratio.

11. NUMEROUS ADVANTAGES ESPECIALLY FOR HIGH RISE
BUILDINGS
• Reduction in dead weight.
• Saving in steel / concrete (>10% - Steel and Concrete
Combined)
• Increase in floor area due to reduction in size of
columns
• Better Thermal /Sound Insulation.
• Easy to transport on upper floors.
• Time saving in construction.
APPLICATIONS
1. Walls Internal/External (Load Bearing in low and
medium rise Buildings)
2. (Non Load Bearing walls in framed construction)
3. Thermal Insulation Tiles
4. Heat insulation on roofs.
5. Insulating water pipes.
6. Construction of partition walls and panel walls in
frame structures.

12. Autoclaved aerated
concrete / autoclaved
lightweight concrete

13. Light concrete Block sizes and prices

14. TERNARY BLEND CONCRETE
• Ternary concrete mixtures include three
different cementitious materials i.e.
combinations of
1. Portland cement,
2. slag cement, and
3. a third cementitious material.
The third component is often fly ash, but
silica fume is also common.

15. BENEFITS
1. High strength
2. Low permeability
3. Corrosion resistance
4. Sulphate resistance
5. Elimination of thermal cracking
WHERE CAN TERNARY BLENDS BE USED?
• General construction (residential,
commercial, industrial)
• Paving
• All RCC application directly in contact with
aggressive soil / chemicals in marine
environment and in sewage /
effluent treatment plants

16. POLYMER CONCRETE
•Polymer concrete, known also as resin concrete
•is a constructional composite, a variation of concrete,
in which traditional binder - cement, has been
completely replaced with synthetic resins with a
hardening agent and filler.
•It is consist of well graded aggregates bonded
together by a strong resin binder(or plastic glue)
Instead of the water and cement alone.
•In polymer concrete, thermosetting resins are used
as the principal polymer component due to their high
thermal stability and resistance to a wide variety
of chemicals. Polymer concrete is also composed of
aggregates that
include silica, quartz, granite, limestone, and other
high quality material.

17. PROPERTIES OF POLYMER CONCRETE
•impervious to liquids, small number of pores, absolute tightness
•good electric insulation
•high resistance to corrosive chemical substances
•high resistance to scratches, it does not peel, does not require any maintenance, no
erosion, which reduces costs of maintenance and exploitation
•good adhesion to essential constructional materials (steel, traditional concrete)
•good ability to dampen vibrations due to resins contained in the material,
•resistance to changing weather conditions and atmospheric factors
•very short time to achieve installation and usage efficiency
•high abrasion resistance (comparable with granite).

18. •Polymer concrete may be used for new construction or repairing of old concrete.
The adhesive properties of polymer concrete allow repair of both polymer and
conventional cement-based concretes.
•The low permeability and corrosive resistance of polymer concrete allows it to
be used in swimming pools, sewer structure applications, drainage channels, and
other structures that contain liquids or corrosive chemicals.
• It is especially suited to the construction and rehabilitation of manholes due to
their ability to withstand toxic and corrosive sewer gases and bacteria commonly
found in sewer systems.
• The most prevalent use of polymer concrete is use in wastewater and acidic
environments, as polymer concrete structures have a significantly longer life cycle
than a traditional precast concrete with a coating or liner applied to it.
USES OF POLYMER CONCRETE

19. Advantages Disadvantages
1. Product hard to manipulate with
conventional tools such as drills and
presses due to its strength and
density. Recommend getting pre-
modified product from the
manufacturer
2. Expensive to use.
1. Rapid curing at ambient temperatures
2. High tensile, flexural, and compressive
strengths
3. Good adhesion to most surfaces
4. Good long-term durability
5. Low permeability to water and
aggressive solutions
6. Good chemical resistance
7. Good resistance against corrosion
8. Lighter weight (only somewhat less
dense than traditional concrete,
depending on the resin content of the
mix)
9. May be vibrated to fill voids in forms
10. Dielectric

20. FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE (FRC)
Fibre reinforced concrete is a composite
material consisting of cement, aggregate
and discontinues, discrete (individually separate),
uniformly dispersed suitable fibres.
Why to use FRC
1. Plain concrete is a brittle material with
limited ductility and low tensile
strength and strain capacity.
2. The role of randomly distributed fibres
is to bridge across the cracks.
1. They also reduce the permeability of
concrete and thus reduce bleeding of
water.
2. Imparts more resistance to impact
load.

21. • If the modulus of elasticity of the fibre is
higher than the matrix ( concrete or mortar
binder), they help to carry the load by
increasing the tensile strength of the
material.
• Some types of fibres produce greater
abrasion(wearing) and shatter resistance in
concrete.
Classification of FRC
1. Steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC)
2. Glass fibre reinforced concrete (GFRC)
3. Synthetic fibre reinforced concrete (SNFRC)
4. Natural fibre reinforced concrete (NFRC)

22. Factors affecting the Properties of FRC
1. Volume of fibres
2. Aspect ratio of fibre –(increase in the aspect ratio up to 75,
there is increase in relative strength & toughness.)
3. Orientation of fibre-(fibres aligned parallel to applied load offer
more tensile strength)
4. Relative fibre matrix stiffness
TYPES OF FIBERS
Hooks are provided at
the ends to improve the
bond with the matrix

23. STEEL FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE (SFRC)
• Concrete made of hydraulic cements containing
fine and coarse aggregate and discontinuous
discrete steel fibres.
• Diameter vary from 0.25mm to 0.75mm & L=
6.4mm to 76mm
• High structural strength.
• Reduced crack widths and control the crack
widths tightly, thus improving durability.
• Improve impact and abrasion resistance.
• Used in precast and structural applications-
highway and airport pavements, refractory and
canal linings, industrial flooring , bridge decks
etc.

24. Limitations Of Steel Fiber Reinforced
Concrete :
• The use of SFRC requires a more precise
configuration compared to normal concrete.
• Unless steel fibers are added in adequate
quantity, the desired improvements cannot
be obtained.
• Another problem is the corrosion of the
surface which may influence the appearance
of the surface.
• Steel fibers are not cost effective. Due to the
addition of 1% steel fiber of the total volume,
there will be a massive change in the total
cost of the construction.
• Loss of workability is proportional to volume
concentration of fibres in concrete.

25. Mechanism Of Failure Of Concrete Cylinders
Under Compression Testing
0.5% fiber
3
1.0% fiber
4
0.25% fiber
2
0% Fiber
1
mechanism of failure of
concrete cylinders under
tensile testing

26. GLASS FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE (GFRC)
• GFRC is actually cement mortar with
countless strands of embedded glass
fibre.
• Fibres are the principal load carrying
members.
• High tensile strength 1020-4080 N/mm2
• Increased flexural strength, ductility and
resistance to thermal shock.
• Used in formwork, swimming pools,
ducts and roofs, sewer lining, exterior
ornamentation, interior details,
landscape furnishings, architectural
project, in rocket launch pads etc.
Repair executed using GFRC

27. HIGH VOLUME FLY ASH CONCRETE
• Is used to replace a portion of the Portland cement used in the mix.
• According to IS: 456 – 2000 replacement of OPC by Fly-ash up to 35% as
binding material is permitted.
• HVFAC is a concrete where excess of 35% of fly-ash is used as
replacement.
• Use of fly ash is because of many factors such as
a) Abundance of fly ash i.e. 110million tons of fly ash is produced in
India every year.
b) Fly ashes from major TPP (thermal power plant) are of very high
quality i.e. quality of fly ash.
c) Economic factor i.e. Cost of fly ash with in 200 km from a TPP is as
low as 10% to 20% of the cost of cement.
d) Environmental factors i.e. reduction in CO2 emission.
Application-Mass concrete, raft foundations, roads, pavements etc.

28. SILICA FUME CONCRETE
• Very fine non-crystalline silica produced in electric arc
furnaces as a by product.
• Silica Fume greatly increase concrete strength and
reduce permeability which in turn contributes to
increased durability
• Silica fume plays a significant role in the transition zone
through both its physical and chemical effects.
How Does Silica Fume Work in Concrete?
silica fume is 100 to 150 times smaller than a cement particle it can
fill the voids created by free water in the matrix.
silica fume reduces the number and size of capillaries that would
normally enable contaminants to infiltrate the concrete.
Applications- in extreme environmental exposure condition like
marine structure etc.
FOUR SEASONS HOTEL &
TOWER
MIAMI, FL
self consolidating high
performance silica-fume
concrete.

29. GROUND GRANULATED BLAST-FURNACE SLAG
• It is obtained by quenching molten iron slag (a by-product
of iron and steel-making) from a blast furnace in water or
steam, to produce a glassy, granular product that is
then dried and ground into a fine powder.
• GGBS cement is added to concrete, along with Portland
cement, aggregates and water.
• To protect against chloride attack, GGBS is used at a
replacement level of 50% in concrete.
• The use of GGBS increases the life of the structure by
up to 50%
• it needs to be activated by combining it with Portland
cement.
• A typical combination is 50 per cent GGBS with 50 per
cent Portland cement

30. GGBS is used as a direct replacement for Portland cement because,
• Reduces thermal gradients in the concrete, which prevents the occurrence
of micro cracking.
• Dirt does not adhere to GGBS concrete as easily as concrete made with
Portland cement.
• Concrete made with GGBS continues to gain strength over time, and has been
shown to double its 28-day strength over periods of 10 to 12 years
Applications- All underground RCC application requiring high chemical resistance
and enhanced durability.

31. • It is customary to apply different shades of
paint to the concrete surfaces to achieve
the desired results.
• Coloured concrete gives a unique
elevational treatment to the building also
gives good options for pavings in outdoors.
• One of the major problems with this is that
the colours fade over time due to the effect
of ultraviolet rays. This necessitates painting
of the whole structure again and again
which is expensive and time consuming.
• UltraTech Colourcon is coloured concrete
available in a wide palette of fascinating
colours, with customized shades being
made available as per architectural
requirements.
• It uses consistent quality UV- resistant
pigments that help in retaining the true
colour/ shades for longer duration.
Coloured concrete

32. • Coloured concrete can be produced by
using coloured aggregates or by adding
colour pigments or both.
• Coloured aggregates may be natural
rock such as quartz, marble, and
granite, or they may be ceramic
materials.
• synthetic pigments generally give more
uniform results.
• Use of white portland cement with a
pigment will produce cleaner, brighter
colours and is recommended in
preference to gray cement, except for
black or dark gray colours.

33. USAGE
• Concrete floorings for both cast-in-situ and
precast type.
• Pathways and gangways for residential,
commercial and industrial buildings.
• Precast fascia panels.
• Interlocking pavers, blocks & bricks
• Parking bays in shopping malls, IT parks,
dockyards, airports and residential/
commercial complexes.
• Footpaths & cycle / two wheelers tracks.
• Taxi ways and aprons in the airport.
• Flooring in no entry/ no parking zones.
• Walk ways in gardens and entertainment
parks.

34. • Pervious (porous permeable,or no-fines) concrete contains a narrowly
graded coarse aggregate, little or no fine aggregate, and insufficient
cement paste to fill voids in the coarse aggregate.
• Low water-cement ratio, low-slump concrete resembling popcorn held
together by cement paste.
• Produces a concrete with a high volume of voids (20% to 35%) and a
high permeability that allows water to flow through it easily.
• Pervious concrete is used in hydraulic structures as drainage media,
and in parking lots, pavements, and airport local groundwater supply
by allowing water to penetrate the concrete to the ground below.
• Pervious concretes have also been used in tennis courts and
greenhouses.
• The compressive strength of different mixes can range from 3.5 to
27.5 Mpa.
• Drainage rates commonly range from 100 to 900 lit.per minute per
square meter.
Pervious concrete:

35. ADVANTAGES OF PERVIOUS CONCRETE
• Reduces development cost.
• Smaller capacity storm water drainage.
• Lower investment for rain water harvesting.
• Reduces overall runoff from an area and also reduces the total
amount of pollutants in the runoff
• Helps maintain growth of trees despite paving
• Reduces pooling of water and hence glare at night
• Has unique surface finish and enhanced traction, which provides
better skid resistance to light traffic, at the time of rainfalls.
FEATURES OF PERVIOUS CONCRETE
• The maximum size of coarse aggregate may be either 10mm or
20mm, with design porosity of 15-25%.
• The compressive strength of the concrete is 3-18 MPa. The size of
pores is in the range of 0.5-0.8 mm.
• Pervious concrete offers numerous environmental, structural and
economic benefits and is an excellent alternative to expensive
storm water management methods.
• It has lower life cycle costs, owing to good strength and excellent
durability.

36. USAGE OF PERVIOUS CONCRETE
Pavements with low volume of traffic
Residential roads, alleys, driveways, parking
areas. Sidewalks, pathways, tree grates in
sidewalks.
Low water crossings, Curbs, gutters.
Aquatic amusement centres, swimming pool
decks, zoos.
Fish hatcheries, well linings.
Hydraulic structures.
Drainage ditch lining.

37. • Waterproof concrete contains two specially
formulated admixtures.
• The first reduces the water/cement ratio,
• increasing the density of the mix and
• minimising the size of the pores.
• The second fills the remaining pores
ensuring a completely watertight finish.
• This means there is no need for external
membranes, reducing cost and labour.
• Uses in Terraces, basements, water contact
structures Swimming pools, Electrical and
other plant rooms Aquariums and aquatic
centres Waterside buildings.
11. Water-proof concrete:

38. Thank you…