Details about ingredients of concrete.

1. General, Ingredients of
Concrete
Subject - Concrete Technology

2. HISTORY OF CEMENT CONCRETE
Cement as we know it was first developed
by Joseph Aspdin, an enterprising 19th-
century British stonemason, who heated
a mix of ground limestone and clay in his
kitchen stove, then pulverized the
concoction into a fine powder. The result
was the world's first hydraulic cement: one
that hardens when water is added.
In, India the South India Industrial Ltd.
was first manufactured Portland Cement
Near Madras(Chennai) in 1904.

3. WHAT IS CONCRETE?
Concrete is a of cement, aggregates,
water, and additives. It's the of
modern construction, providing strength and
stability to structures. The key ingredient,
,binds everything together. Aggregates
like sand and gravel add strength and
durability. Water activates the chemical
reaction, while additives enhance specific
properties. Together, they create a material
that's both functional and visually appealing.

4. CEMENT
Cement, the of concrete, is a
fine powder made from
and . During the
hydration process, it undergoes a
chemical reaction that binds the
aggregates and water, forming a
solid mass. This
gives concrete its strength and
durability. The secret lies in the
precise ratio of limestone to clay and
the controlled heating process,
ensuring the quality and
performance of the cement.

5. THE ROLE OF AGGREGATES
Aggregates, such as and ,play a
crucial role in concrete. They provide
and to the mixture, making it
resistant to compression and tension. The
size and shape of aggregates influence the
concrete's workability and appearance.
From fine sand to coarse gravel, each
aggregate contributes to the overall
performance and aesthetics of the final
product.

6. WATER AND ADDITIVES
Water is the in the concrete-
making process. It triggers the chemical
reaction, allowing cement to bind with
aggregates and form a solid mass. Additives,
such as and ,can enhance
specific properties of concrete. They improve
workability, increase strength, provide color
variations, or even enhance resistance to
environmental factors. The right combination of
water and additives ensures the desired
characteristics of the concrete.

7. ADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE
1 Concrete has higher compressive strength.
2 Concrete posses some tensile strength
3 Concrete can be easily moulded into any desired shape.
4 Concrete has higher fire resistance as compared to steel and
timber.
5 Waste materials, i.e. flyash, slag, debris, waste iron can also be
used in making concrete.
6 Overall cost of concrete is low as compared to steel and timber.
7 Concrete Precast elements can be manufactured for speedy
construction.

8. TYPES OF CEMENT
1 Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) [Grade 33/43/53]
2 Rapid Hardening Cement.
3 Quick Setting Cement.
4 Low Heat Cement.
5 Sulphate Resisting Cement.
6 Masonary Cement.
7 Coloured Cement (White Cement).
8 Waterproof Cement.
9 Expansive Cement.
10 Oil Well Cement.

9. PURPOSES OF USING ADMIXTURES
1 To increase the strength of concrete.
2 To increase the strength of concrete.
3 To improve workability of concrete.
4 To increase durability of concrete.
5 To increase resistance of sulphate attack.
6 To make light weight concrete.
7 To control the alkali-aggregate expansion.
8 To reduce segregation and bleeding of concrete.
9 To control the corrosion of concrete.
10 To make light weight concrete.

10. BOGUE'S COMPOUNDS
C3S: Early Strength
C2S: Later Strength
C3A: Flash Setting
C4AF : Does not contribute to strength.
MINERAL ADMIXTURES
Various mineral admixtures used with cement are:
1 Fly ash.
2 Silica fume.
3 Blast Furnace.
4 Surkhi.
5 Rice husk ash, etc.

11. DESTRUCTIVE, SEMI DESTRUCTIVE AND NON
DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
In quality control of cement concrete works, testing of
hardened concrete plays an important role. The main
purpose of testing hardened concrete is to confirm that the
concrete used at site has developed desired strength.
Planned testing of cement, sand, aggregates, fresh
concrete and hardened concrete is helpful in assuring the
performance of the concrete with regard to both strength
and durability of concrete. There are two type of strength
tests which are destructive and non destructive test.

12. DESTRUCTIVE TESTS
In case of destructive tests, the concrete specimens
(cubes, cylinders, beams, etc.) are loaded till
destruction in the laboratory and the strength
properties of concrete are determined from the test
results. For example,
(1) Compression test
(2)Tensile strength test
• Split cylinder test
• Modulus of rupture test
(3) Bond strength test

13. NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTS(NDT)
Surface hardness test
Rebound Hammer test
Ultrasonic pulse velocity test
Radioactive methods
Nuclear methods
Magnetic methods
Electrical methods

14. PARTIALLY-DESTRUCTIVE TESTS
1-Pull-out testing
Cast-in method(Look-test)
Drilled-hole method(CAPO-test)
2-Pull-off test
3-Penetration resistance test