This document discusses key concepts related to organization, administration, and supervision in education. It defines an organization as a social unit established to achieve specific objectives. A school is an organization with a purpose to educate students. Responsibilities and duties are assigned to various positions to carry out the functions of the organization. Educational administration involves arranging resources and implementing plans, policies, and programs to achieve educational goals. Supervision aims to improve the teaching and learning process by providing support to teachers. The roles of administrators and supervisors include planning, monitoring activities, and ensuring quality instruction and results.

1. CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES
OF ORGANIZATION,
ADMINISTRATION, AND
SUPERVISION

2. Activity
• Draw the structure chart for your school starting with the principal of the
school committee or governing body and ending with the position of the
pupil. Preparing the chart should assist you in understanding the nature of
your school as an organisation.

3. Organization
• social units or human groupings deliberately established for the
accomplishment of specific objectives.
• An organization is thus the result of the grouping of work and the allocation
of duties, responsibilities and authority to achieve specific goals.

4. The School as an Organization
• Educational institutions are organizations.
• Your school is an organization.
• In the management of education, it is important that the school head
understands that a school as an organisation has a specific purpose.

5. Functions of the organization
• What the organization is supposed to do in order to achieve the goals.

6. Responsibilities and Duties
• People in various positions in the organization have to carry these out. These
responsibilities and duties are worked out from the functions.
• Responsibilities would include broad statements of the job;
• Duties are the day-to-day jobs arising from the responsibilities.

7. Tasks
• These are specific activities within a duty.

8. Standards
• These describe the amount and the quality of products from the
organization.

9. Targets
• These are the amount and quality of products which an organisation wishes
to give out over a given time.

10. Organization
• title of the organisation: its name, logo or symbol or emblem or badge or
trade mark, motto, location and address
• the mission statement and objectives of the organisation
• functions of the organisation
• expected results and products.

11. Administration and Management
• Some people use management to mean administration.
• However, management in an organization involves planning, designing,
initiating actions, monitoring activities and demanding results on the basis of
allocated resources. It is policy making, policy control and monitoring.

12. Administration
• Administration involves implementation of the policies, procedures, rules
and regulations as set up by the management.
• A school head plays the role of an administrator in the implementation of
policies on education within the country.

13. Educational Administration
• The arrangement of the human and material resources and programme
available for education and carefully using them systematically for the
achievement of educational objectives.

14. Educational Administration
• Educational administrator is essentially the organiser, the implementer of
plans, policies and programmes meant for achieving specific educational
objectives.
• The educational administrator may contribute, one way or the other, in
planning, policy – making and programme designing, yet his major role rests
with the effective and efficient implementation of such plans, policies and
programmes for the benefit of education.

15. Educational Administration
• Educational administration is concerned with organization and
implementation – it may be categorized under broad areas of
1. Planning and Policy
2. Implementation

16. Activity
• What is the language policy in education as stipulated in the constitution of
the country?
• What are policy statements on promotion and provision of education
services as stated in the education laws?
• Name some policy statements on education by government officials
especially those on code of conduct for pupils and for teachers; curriculum
development, implementation and evaluation.

17. Supervision and Inspection.
• supervision was a hand of assistance given to a professional colleague in the
process of instructional delivery.
• inspection activities focused on school administration and finding faults as
well as what was wrongly done by the teachers in order to punish them.

18. Objective of Supervision of Instruction
• to improve the overall teaching process and to ensure that effective
educational services are rendered by the teachers to the students.

19. Supervision of Instruction
• is carried out by those designated to do so.
• They are known by different names within and outside the school system;
• supervisors, superintendents, principals, department heads, deans, rectors,
etc.

20. Supervision of Instruction
• Supervision of instruction is a professional, continuous and cooperative
exercise that covers all the aspects of the life of a school. It covers all the
sub-systems of the school and influences them.
• The main purpose of influencing all the sub-systems in the school is to
ensure improvement in teaching-learning situation and also to ensure quality
teaching and learning in the school.

21. Supervision of Instruction
• Supervision of instruction takes place in educational institution which is a
social system with a number of interacting sub-systems
1. Teaching subsystem,
2. School management sub-system
3. Counseling and co-curriculum subsystems

22. Supervisions and leadership
• In addition to the managerial and administrative role, the head teacher has a
supervisory and a leadership role.

23. Activity
• Suppose you are appointed as head of a school where results in Mathematics
for Grade 7 have been poor for the last five consecutive years. Suggest any
three supervisory and any three leadership steps you would take towards the
improvement of the Mathematics results in the school.

24. Purpose of Supervision of Instruction
• to ensure that the right instruction is passed to the students with the right
method by the right people at the right time. This will influence the
attainment of the major instructional and educational goals.

25. Reasons for carrying out supervision of
instruction in schools
• assess and establish the performance of the teachers in the school,
• provide specific assistance to teachers with deficient teaching methods,
• discover teachers with special teaching skills and qualities in schools,
• ascertain and assess teachers classroom management skills,
• provide level play ground for teachers growth and development,
• provide both knowledge and encouragement to young and inexperienced
teachers

26. Reasons for carrying out supervision of
instruction in schools
• provide teachers with professional magazines, journals or references that
would enlighten, motivate and encourage them to be familiar with changes in
the instructional delivery methodologies,
• ensure the conformity of the dissenting teachers to the appropriate
instructional delivery methods through directional leadership,

27. Reasons for carrying out supervision of
instruction in schools
• organize induction programme to new teachers on various teaching methods
available and make available other staff development programme that should
serve as incentives to improve incompetent teachers, and
• Assess the overall climate of the instruction available in the school and
identify some of its most urgent needs.

28. Thank You.
Prepared by:
Romerson C. Orro
MA Educational Management student