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2. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian editionChapter 1:
In this chapter you will…In this chapter you will…
Learn that economics is about theLearn that economics is about the
allocation of scarce resources.allocation of scarce resources.
Examine some of the tradeoffs thatExamine some of the tradeoffs that
people face.people face.
Learn the meaning of opportunityLearn the meaning of opportunity
cost.cost.
See how to use marginal reasoningSee how to use marginal reasoning
when making decisions.when making decisions.
Learn that economics is about theLearn that economics is about the
allocation of scarce resources.allocation of scarce resources.
Examine some of the tradeoffs thatExamine some of the tradeoffs that
people face.people face.
Learn the meaning of opportunityLearn the meaning of opportunity
cost.cost.
See how to use marginal reasoningSee how to use marginal reasoning
when making decisions.when making decisions.
3. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian editionChapter 1:
In this chapter you will…In this chapter you will…
Discuss how incentives affectDiscuss how incentives affect
people’s behaviour.people’s behaviour.
Consider why trade among people orConsider why trade among people or
nations can be good for everyone.nations can be good for everyone.
Discuss why markets are a good, butDiscuss why markets are a good, but
not perfect, way to allocatenot perfect, way to allocate
resources.resources.
Learn what determines some trendsLearn what determines some trends
in the overall economy.in the overall economy.
Discuss how incentives affectDiscuss how incentives affect
people’s behaviour.people’s behaviour.
Consider why trade among people orConsider why trade among people or
nations can be good for everyone.nations can be good for everyone.
Discuss why markets are a good, butDiscuss why markets are a good, but
not perfect, way to allocatenot perfect, way to allocate
resources.resources.
Learn what determines some trendsLearn what determines some trends
in the overall economy.in the overall economy.
4. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian editionChapter 1:
The Word Economy ComesThe Word Economy Comes
From…From…
……the Greek word for “the Greek word for “one whoone who
manages a householdmanages a household.”.”
5. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian editionChapter 1:
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSTEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
• A household and an economy
face many decisions:
– Who will work?
– What goods and how many of them
should be produced?
– What resources should be used in
production?
– At what price should the goods be
sold?
• A household and an economy
face many decisions:
– Who will work?
– What goods and how many of them
should be produced?
– What resources should be used in
production?
– At what price should the goods be
sold?
6. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian editionChapter 1:
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSTEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
Society and Scarce Resources:
– The management of society’s
resources is important because
resources are scarce.
– Scarcity. . . means that society has
limited resources and therefore cannot
produce all the goods and services
people wish to have.
Society and Scarce Resources:
– The management of society’s
resources is important because
resources are scarce.
– Scarcity. . . means that society has
limited resources and therefore cannot
produce all the goods and services
people wish to have.
7. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian editionChapter 1:
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSTEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
EconomicsEconomics is the study of how society
manages its scarce resources.
Economists study how people make
decisions:
How much they work
What they buy
How much they save
How they invest their savings
EconomicsEconomics is the study of how society
manages its scarce resources.
Economists study how people make
decisions:
How much they work
What they buy
How much they save
How they invest their savings
8. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian editionChapter 1:
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSTEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
Economists also study how people
interact such as buyers and sellers.
Price determination.
Economists also analyze forces and
trends that affect the economy as a whole.
Growth in average income
The rate of price increase.
Economists also study how people
interact such as buyers and sellers.
Price determination.
Economists also analyze forces and
trends that affect the economy as a whole.
Growth in average income
The rate of price increase.
9. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian editionChapter 1:
HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONSHOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS
There is no mystery to what an “economy”
is.
It’s a group people interacting with one
another as they go about their lives.
We start the study of economics with four
principles of individual decision making:
People face tradeoffs
The cost of something is what you give up to
get it.
Rational people think at the margin.
People respond to incentives.
There is no mystery to what an “economy”
is.
It’s a group people interacting with one
another as they go about their lives.
We start the study of economics with four
principles of individual decision making:
People face tradeoffs
The cost of something is what you give up to
get it.
Rational people think at the margin.
People respond to incentives.
10. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian editionChapter 1:
Principle 1: People Face TradeoffsPrinciple 1: People Face Tradeoffs
“There is no such thing as a free lunch”
To get something we like we usually have
to give up something we don’t like.
A student and her time:
Studying vs. napping or cycling.
Society’s tradeoffs:
Guns vs. Butter
Clean environment and higher income
“There is no such thing as a free lunch”
To get something we like we usually have
to give up something we don’t like.
A student and her time:
Studying vs. napping or cycling.
Society’s tradeoffs:
Guns vs. Butter
Clean environment and higher income
11. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian editionChapter 1:
Principle 1: People Face TradeoffsPrinciple 1: People Face Tradeoffs
Society’s tradeoffs (cont’d):
Efficiency vs. Equity
Efficiency: Society getting the most it
can from its scarce resources.
Equity: Distributing economic
prosperity fairly among the members of
society.
Society’s tradeoffs (cont’d):
Efficiency vs. Equity
Efficiency: Society getting the most it
can from its scarce resources.
Equity: Distributing economic
prosperity fairly among the members of
society.
12. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian editionChapter 1:
Principle 2: The Cost of SomethingPrinciple 2: The Cost of Something
is what You Give Upis what You Give Up
Making decisions requires comparing
the costs and benefits of alternative
courses of actions.
To go to university or not to go?
Opportunity cost: Whatever must be
given up to obtain some item.
Making decisions requires comparing
the costs and benefits of alternative
courses of actions.
To go to university or not to go?
Opportunity cost: Whatever must be
given up to obtain some item.
13. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian editionChapter 1:
Marginal changes: Small incremental
adjustments to marginal changes.
Individuals and firms can make better
decisions by thinking at the margin.
By comparing the marginal benefits
(MB) with the associated marginal costs
(MC) of a decision.
Marginal changes: Small incremental
adjustments to marginal changes.
Individuals and firms can make better
decisions by thinking at the margin.
By comparing the marginal benefits
(MB) with the associated marginal costs
(MC) of a decision.
Principle 3: Rational People ThinkPrinciple 3: Rational People Think
at the Marginat the Margin
14. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian editionChapter 1:
• Marginal changes in costs or benefits
motivate people to respond.
– When the price of apples rise…
• The decision to choose one alternative
over another occurs when that
alternative’s marginal benefits exceed its
marginal costs!
• Marginal changes in costs or benefits
motivate people to respond.
– When the price of apples rise…
• The decision to choose one alternative
over another occurs when that
alternative’s marginal benefits exceed its
marginal costs!
Principle 4: People Respond toPrinciple 4: People Respond to
IncentiveIncentive
15. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian editionChapter 1:
• The first four principles discussed how
individuals make decisions.
• The next three principles concern how
people interact with one another.
• The first four principles discussed how
individuals make decisions.
• The next three principles concern how
people interact with one another.
HOW PEOPLE INTERACTHOW PEOPLE INTERACT
16. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian editionChapter 1:
• People gain from their ability to trade with
one another.
• Competition results in gains from trading.
• Trade allows people to specialize in what
they do best.
• People gain from their ability to trade with
one another.
• Competition results in gains from trading.
• Trade allows people to specialize in what
they do best.
Principle 5: Trade can MakePrinciple 5: Trade can Make
Everyone Better OffEveryone Better Off
17. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian editionChapter 1:
Market economy: An economy that
allocates resources through the
decentralized decisions of many firms and
households as they interact in markets for
goods and services.
Firms decide whom to hire and what to
make.
Households decide which firms to work
for and what to buy with their incomes.
Market economy: An economy that
allocates resources through the
decentralized decisions of many firms and
households as they interact in markets for
goods and services.
Firms decide whom to hire and what to
make.
Households decide which firms to work
for and what to buy with their incomes.
Principle 6: Markets are Usually aPrinciple 6: Markets are Usually a
Good Way to Organize EconomicGood Way to Organize Economic
ActivityActivity
18. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian editionChapter 1:
Market economy: An economy that
allocates resources through the
decentralized decisions of many firms and
households as they interact in markets for
goods and services.
Firms decide whom to hire and what to
make.
Households decide which firms to work
for and what to buy with their incomes.
Market economy: An economy that
allocates resources through the
decentralized decisions of many firms and
households as they interact in markets for
goods and services.
Firms decide whom to hire and what to
make.
Households decide which firms to work
for and what to buy with their incomes.
Principle 6: Markets are Usually aPrinciple 6: Markets are Usually a
Good Way to Organize EconomicGood Way to Organize Economic
ActivityActivity
19. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian editionChapter 1:
When the invisible hand does not work.
Market failure: A solution in which a market
left on its own fails to allocate resources
efficiently.
Externality: The impact of one person’s
actions on the well-being of a bystander.
Market power: The ability of a single economic
actor (or small group of actors) to have a
substantial influence on market prices.
When the invisible hand does not work.
Market failure: A solution in which a market
left on its own fails to allocate resources
efficiently.
Externality: The impact of one person’s
actions on the well-being of a bystander.
Market power: The ability of a single economic
actor (or small group of actors) to have a
substantial influence on market prices.
Principle 7: Governments canPrinciple 7: Governments can
Sometimes Improve MarketSometimes Improve Market
OutcomesOutcomes
20. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian editionChapter 1:
The last three principles concern the workings of
the economy as a whole.
The last three principles concern the workings of
the economy as a whole.
HOW THE ECONOMY AS AHOW THE ECONOMY AS A
WHOLE WORKSWHOLE WORKS
21. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian editionChapter 1:
Standard of Living may be measured in
different ways (e.g. personal income or total
market value of a nation’s production.)
– Differences in standard of living between
countries or even provinces is attributable to
the productivity of the country or province.
Productivity: The amount of goods and
services produced from each hour of a
worker’s time.
Standard of Living may be measured in
different ways (e.g. personal income or total
market value of a nation’s production.)
– Differences in standard of living between
countries or even provinces is attributable to
the productivity of the country or province.
Productivity: The amount of goods and
services produced from each hour of a
worker’s time.
Principle 8: A Country’s StandardPrinciple 8: A Country’s Standard
of Living Depends on its Ability toof Living Depends on its Ability to
Produce Goods and ServicesProduce Goods and Services
Productivity => Standard of LivingProductivity => Standard of Living
22. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian editionChapter 1:
In Germany…
In January 1921, a daily newspaper cost 0.30
marks.
In November 1922, the same paper cost 70 000
000 marks.
Inflation: An increase in the overall level of
prices in the economy.
• One cause of inflation is the growth in the
quantity of money.
• When the government creates large quantities of
money, the value of the money falls.
In Germany…
In January 1921, a daily newspaper cost 0.30
marks.
In November 1922, the same paper cost 70 000
000 marks.
Inflation: An increase in the overall level of
prices in the economy.
• One cause of inflation is the growth in the
quantity of money.
• When the government creates large quantities of
money, the value of the money falls.
Principle 9: Prices Rise when thePrinciple 9: Prices Rise when the
Government Prints Too MuchGovernment Prints Too Much
MoneyMoney
23. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian editionChapter 1:
Phillips curve: A curve that shows the
short-run tradeoff between inflation and
unemployment.
Phillips curve: A curve that shows the
short-run tradeoff between inflation and
unemployment.
Principle 10: Society Faces aPrinciple 10: Society Faces a
Short-Run Tradeoff BetweenShort-Run Tradeoff Between
Inflation and Unemployment.Inflation and Unemployment.
24. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian editionChapter 1:
SummarySummary
• When individuals make decisions, they
face tradeoffs among alternative goals.
• The cost of any action is measured in
terms of foregone opportunities.
• Rational people make decisions by
comparing marginal costs and marginal
benefits.
• People change their behavior in response
to the incentives they face.
• When individuals make decisions, they
face tradeoffs among alternative goals.
• The cost of any action is measured in
terms of foregone opportunities.
• Rational people make decisions by
comparing marginal costs and marginal
benefits.
• People change their behavior in response
to the incentives they face.
25. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian editionChapter 1:
SummarySummary
• Trade can be mutually beneficial.
• Markets are usually a good way of
coordinating trade among people.
• Government can potentially improve
market outcomes if there is some market
failure or if the market outcome is
inequitable.
• Productivity is the ultimate source of
living standards.
• Trade can be mutually beneficial.
• Markets are usually a good way of
coordinating trade among people.
• Government can potentially improve
market outcomes if there is some market
failure or if the market outcome is
inequitable.
• Productivity is the ultimate source of
living standards.
26. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian editionChapter 1:
SummarySummary
• Money growth is the ultimate source of
inflation.
• Society faces a short-run tradeoff between
inflation and unemployment.
• Money growth is the ultimate source of
inflation.
• Society faces a short-run tradeoff between
inflation and unemployment.
27. Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian editionChapter 1:
TheThe EndEnd