This document discusses pathophysiology and psychodynamics of disease causation. It begins with an introduction and outline. Then, it discusses various theories of disease causation from old theories like humoral theory to current biopsychosocial model. It also discusses pathogenesis of disease, concepts like iceberg phenomenon, and pathophysiological changes including alterations in fluid, electrolytes, immune response, and acid-base balance. It examines concepts like hypersensitivity, autoimmunity, and immunodeficiencies as they relate to immune system alterations.
pathophysiology and psychodynamics of disease causationPreet Kaur
Pathophysiology is the study of abnormal physiological processes in the body that cause or are caused by disease or injury. It involves understanding how and why normal anatomy and physiology is altered by the disease process. Any disruption to homeostasis, whether from internal or external factors, can potentially lead to physiological changes at the cellular level that may result in disease. Common disease processes studied in pathophysiology include genetic disorders, infections, inflammation, immune responses, cell injury and healing processes.
Pathophysiologic and psychodynamics of disease causationNamita Batra
This document discusses key concepts related to disease, including common causes, pathophysiology, and psychodynamics. It also covers the body's attempts to maintain homeostasis and adapt to stressors through four main concepts: constancy, homeostasis, stress, and adaptation. Homeostasis refers to maintaining stability through feedback systems, while stress disrupts this balance. The body responds to stress physiologically through the sympathetic nervous system and hormonally through the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Psychological responses to stress include anxiety, fear, anger, and depression. Adaptation occurs when coping mechanisms help re-establish equilibrium.
1.2 PRESPECTIVE OF NURSING PROFESSION.pptSushmaLath
This document discusses the perspectives of nursing education at the national and global levels. At the national level in India, it outlines the establishment of nursing programs and standards, including the Auxiliary Nurse Midwife program. It then discusses the development of nursing education in India from basic certificate programs to university-level BSc, post-basic, and post-graduate programs. At the global level, it summarizes the associate degree, diploma, baccalaureate, licensure, certification, and continuing education standards for nursing in the United States and Canada.
This document discusses perspectives on global and national nursing education. It highlights several issues related to nursing education internationally and locally, including efforts to strengthen standards. Globally, factors like the Millennium Development Goals, globalization, and technological advances are driving changes to nursing education. Nationally, countries face issues like nursing shortages, developing 21st century competencies, and adapting global standards to local practices and cultural diversity. Harmonization of international nursing education standards is an ongoing challenge being addressed through organizations like WHO and efforts like the Bologna Accord.
Nursing educational programs combine various nursing courses in an intertwined manner to achieve their objectives. Course planning involves organizing content and learning experiences within individual courses as well as in relation to the overall program. Effective course planning follows principles like stating objectives in behavioral terms, establishing logical sequence and continuity, and ensuring integration across courses. It also considers student needs, provides varied learning approaches, and gives adequate weightage to core curriculum content. Teachers play an important role in course and unit planning by formulating objectives, selecting appropriate content and methods, and evaluating student learning.
Different models of collaboration between nursing service andTHANUJA MATHEW
This document discusses different models of collaboration between nursing education and service. It describes several models including:
1) The clinical school of nursing model which brings academic staff into hospitals to foster exchange between clinical and academic nursing.
2) The dedicated education unit which uses staff nurses as clinical instructors for students on designated hospital units.
3) Research joint appointments where researchers have roles in both educational and clinical settings to improve nursing practice through research.
The document provides details on several other models and discusses the benefits of collaborative partnerships between nursing education and healthcare services.
Criterion and norm referenced evaluationJinto Philip
The document summarizes a departmental seminar on criterion and norm-referenced evaluation. The seminar was presented by Mr. Jinto Philip on August 31, 2010 from 2-3 PM in the Arts Theatre. It discussed the key differences between criterion-referenced tests, which evaluate performance against an absolute standard, and norm-referenced tests, which compare performance to other examinees. Some key differences highlighted were that criterion-referenced tests measure specific skills from a curriculum, while norm-referenced tests measure broad skill areas. Criterion-referenced tests aim to determine if students have achieved skills, while norm-referenced tests rank students against others.
Develop Learning Resource Material (Nursing Education, MSC Previous)Divyesh Pal Singh
This document defines and describes various learning resource materials including animations, assessment tools, assignments, case studies, collections, development tools, drills and practice exercises, ePortfolios, hybrid/blended courses, illustrations, online courses, open resources, photographs, presentations, quizzes/tests, simulations, social networking tools, syllabi, tutorials, instructional videos, and workshops. These materials are used for teaching courses and enabling students to learn skills and knowledge.
pathophysiology and psychodynamics of disease causationPreet Kaur
Pathophysiology is the study of abnormal physiological processes in the body that cause or are caused by disease or injury. It involves understanding how and why normal anatomy and physiology is altered by the disease process. Any disruption to homeostasis, whether from internal or external factors, can potentially lead to physiological changes at the cellular level that may result in disease. Common disease processes studied in pathophysiology include genetic disorders, infections, inflammation, immune responses, cell injury and healing processes.
Pathophysiologic and psychodynamics of disease causationNamita Batra
This document discusses key concepts related to disease, including common causes, pathophysiology, and psychodynamics. It also covers the body's attempts to maintain homeostasis and adapt to stressors through four main concepts: constancy, homeostasis, stress, and adaptation. Homeostasis refers to maintaining stability through feedback systems, while stress disrupts this balance. The body responds to stress physiologically through the sympathetic nervous system and hormonally through the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Psychological responses to stress include anxiety, fear, anger, and depression. Adaptation occurs when coping mechanisms help re-establish equilibrium.
1.2 PRESPECTIVE OF NURSING PROFESSION.pptSushmaLath
This document discusses the perspectives of nursing education at the national and global levels. At the national level in India, it outlines the establishment of nursing programs and standards, including the Auxiliary Nurse Midwife program. It then discusses the development of nursing education in India from basic certificate programs to university-level BSc, post-basic, and post-graduate programs. At the global level, it summarizes the associate degree, diploma, baccalaureate, licensure, certification, and continuing education standards for nursing in the United States and Canada.
This document discusses perspectives on global and national nursing education. It highlights several issues related to nursing education internationally and locally, including efforts to strengthen standards. Globally, factors like the Millennium Development Goals, globalization, and technological advances are driving changes to nursing education. Nationally, countries face issues like nursing shortages, developing 21st century competencies, and adapting global standards to local practices and cultural diversity. Harmonization of international nursing education standards is an ongoing challenge being addressed through organizations like WHO and efforts like the Bologna Accord.
Nursing educational programs combine various nursing courses in an intertwined manner to achieve their objectives. Course planning involves organizing content and learning experiences within individual courses as well as in relation to the overall program. Effective course planning follows principles like stating objectives in behavioral terms, establishing logical sequence and continuity, and ensuring integration across courses. It also considers student needs, provides varied learning approaches, and gives adequate weightage to core curriculum content. Teachers play an important role in course and unit planning by formulating objectives, selecting appropriate content and methods, and evaluating student learning.
Different models of collaboration between nursing service andTHANUJA MATHEW
This document discusses different models of collaboration between nursing education and service. It describes several models including:
1) The clinical school of nursing model which brings academic staff into hospitals to foster exchange between clinical and academic nursing.
2) The dedicated education unit which uses staff nurses as clinical instructors for students on designated hospital units.
3) Research joint appointments where researchers have roles in both educational and clinical settings to improve nursing practice through research.
The document provides details on several other models and discusses the benefits of collaborative partnerships between nursing education and healthcare services.
Criterion and norm referenced evaluationJinto Philip
The document summarizes a departmental seminar on criterion and norm-referenced evaluation. The seminar was presented by Mr. Jinto Philip on August 31, 2010 from 2-3 PM in the Arts Theatre. It discussed the key differences between criterion-referenced tests, which evaluate performance against an absolute standard, and norm-referenced tests, which compare performance to other examinees. Some key differences highlighted were that criterion-referenced tests measure specific skills from a curriculum, while norm-referenced tests measure broad skill areas. Criterion-referenced tests aim to determine if students have achieved skills, while norm-referenced tests rank students against others.
Develop Learning Resource Material (Nursing Education, MSC Previous)Divyesh Pal Singh
This document defines and describes various learning resource materials including animations, assessment tools, assignments, case studies, collections, development tools, drills and practice exercises, ePortfolios, hybrid/blended courses, illustrations, online courses, open resources, photographs, presentations, quizzes/tests, simulations, social networking tools, syllabi, tutorials, instructional videos, and workshops. These materials are used for teaching courses and enabling students to learn skills and knowledge.
The document discusses the differential scale, also known as the Thurstone scale. It is a type of measurement scale used to assess respondents' attitudes, behaviors, or feelings toward a topic. The scale consists of statements about an issue, with each assigned a numerical value indicating level of agreement. Respondents select the statements they agree with, and their average score reflects their overall attitude. The document provides details on developing and administering differential scales, including having judges rate statements and selecting a balanced set for questionnaires. It also describes how to analyze the results by calculating mean or median scores of the statements selected by each respondent.
The document discusses the need for educational reforms in India. It notes that after independence, the educational system needed to be reformed to impart education focused on nationalism, cooperation, and social unity. It also aimed to promote love for the country and human beings. Several committees and commissions like the Radhakrishnan Committee and Kothari Commission proposed reforms to develop a national education system, make education accessible to all, and align it with the changing social, economic and technological needs of independent India. Major reforms introduced include the 10+2+3 structure, establishing institutions of national importance, expanding access to higher and vocational education, and promoting education for women and disadvantaged groups.
CHANGE IS INEVITABLE.THE CHANGE IN EVERY ASPECT GIVES SOME IMPACT IN LIFE INCLUDING EDUCATION.THESE PRESENTATION ARE ABOUT IMPACT OF VARIOUS CHANGES IN PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
“Clinical rotation plan is the statement, which explains the order of the clinical posting of various groups of nursing students belonging to different classes in relevant clinical areas and community health settings as per the requirements laid down by the statutory bodies.”
Psycho social dynamics in causation of diseaseaneez103
This document discusses concepts related to health, disease, and their determinants from various perspectives. It defines health positively as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not just the absence of disease. Health is influenced by biological, behavioral, environmental, and socioeconomic factors. Disease results from the interaction between an external agent, the host, and the environment. A holistic view recognizes the multidimensional nature of health and its dependence on psychological, social, cultural, economic, and political influences. Maintaining health requires efforts at the individual, community, national, and international levels.
This document discusses concepts related to health, disease causation, homeostasis, stress, adaptation, and illness behavior. It defines key terms like health, health status, and the health belief model. It describes physiologic and psychologic manifestations of stress on the body as well as adaptation responses to maintain homeostasis. Finally, it outlines stages of adaptation, illness behavior, and health behavior change.
The document discusses the concepts and principles of nursing education. It notes that the unique function of nursing is to assist individuals in performing activities that contribute to their health, recovery, or peaceful death. Nursing education aims to draw out the best in students and help them develop holistically in body, mind and spirit. The document also discusses the concepts of education in ancient Indian texts like the Vedas and Upanishads as well as perspectives from thinkers like Gandhi.
National health policy, population policy, ayushKailash Nagar
The document outlines key aspects of India's national health, population, and Ayush policies. It discusses the objectives and goals of the National Health Policy of 2002, including reducing infant and maternal mortality rates and increasing health spending. It also summarizes the National Population Policy of 2000, which aims to address unmet family planning needs and reduce total fertility rates. Finally, it provides an overview of the various policy prescriptions and strategies across these national policies.
Nursing organizations instituted peer review to increase nurses' accountability and effective decision making. Peer review is a process where employees in the same field evaluate each other's job performance against accepted standards. It is a short but objective method using trained observers to provide constructive feedback for development. Peer reviews require establishing a policy, criteria for evaluations, and a procedure where tenured faculty higher in rank conduct written evaluations that are archived and included in personnel files for future reviews.
Oxygen insufficiency refers to an inadequate supply of oxygen to tissues in the body. It can be caused by factors that decrease oxygen delivery or utilization. Common types include hypoxemic hypoxia from low oxygen in the blood, circulatory hypoxia from poor blood flow, anemic hypoxia from low hemoglobin, and histotoxic hypoxia interfering with cellular oxygen use. Symptoms include shortness of breath, clubbing of fingers, and cognitive impairments. Treatment focuses on identifying and addressing the underlying cause, administering supplemental oxygen, and mechanical ventilation for severe cases. Nurses monitor patients' respiratory status and the ventilator to optimize oxygenation.
Collaboration issues and models within and outside nursingsangeetha antoe
This document discusses various models of collaboration within nursing and between nursing and other professions. It begins by defining collaboration and exploring the historical relationship between nurses and physicians. Several models of collaboration are presented, including the traditional practice model, nursing-institution collaboration model, public health nurse model, nurse-community collaboration, and nurse-physician collaborative practice model. The document also discusses collaboration with assistive personnel, interdisciplinary collaboration, and collaboration in advanced nursing practice. It explores various skills needed for effective collaboration and ways nurses can act as collaborators. Overall, the document provides an overview of the concepts of collaboration within the nursing profession and with other health professionals from both a theoretical and historical perspective.
CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS PROGRAMS OF TEACHER EDUCATION IN INDIAShweta Sharma
The document provides a critical analysis of teacher education programs in India. It discusses the importance of teachers in shaping the country's future and the shift in teacher preparation from apprenticeship to a professional model. It outlines the key points of teacher education programs in India, including the educational requirements for primary vs secondary teachers and the nature of institutions that provide teacher training. Suggestions are provided for improving teacher education, such as establishing model institutions, encouraging professional development for teacher educators, and increasing the focus on practical school experience.
Impact of ,social,economical,technological changes on educationsalman habeeb
- Education is impacted by social, economic, political, and technological changes. It both influences and is influenced by these factors.
- Education plays a key role in bringing about social change by making people aware of issues and the need for reform. It also prepares people for social changes.
- Economic factors like income levels, costs of education, and availability of loans influence access to education. Political decisions around education policy and funding also impact the system.
- Several government schemes over time have aimed to boost primary education, literacy, infrastructure, and inclusion in India through programs like DPEP, Mid-Day Meals, SARVA SHIKSHA ABHIYAN, and PRADHAN MANTHRI ADAR
This document discusses lesson planning and its importance for effective instruction. It defines instructional design as the systematic development of instruction to ensure quality using learning and instructional theory. Lesson planning is defined as a teacher's daily guide for what students need to learn, how it will be taught, and how learning will be measured. The key components of lesson planning are preparation of subject matter and effective presentation. Approaches to lesson planning include Herbartian, Gloverian, and RCEM, which involve steps like preparation, presentation, questioning, and evaluation. Lesson planning is important as it organizes the subject, keeps teachers prepared, allows for evaluation, and saves time. An effective lesson plan should be written clearly, link to
The document discusses curriculum research and development. It defines curriculum research as a systematic attempt to better understand all components of curriculum. It identifies key elements of curriculum including the teacher, subject matter, learners, and environment. The document also outlines various approaches that can be used in curriculum research, such as observational methods, surveys, interviews, and critical reflective techniques. Finally, it emphasizes that curriculum research should involve depth in planning, implementation, and evaluation stages.
Development of Nursing Education in India Post IndependenceProf Vijayraddi
- After India gained independence in 1947, nursing education underwent significant reforms and expansion. The formation of committees and organizations like the Trained Nurses Association of India (TNAI) and the Indian Nursing Council (INC) helped standardize nursing education.
- Early programs included training of dais (birth attendants), ANM and LHV courses. The GNM program was established to provide basic nursing education. University programs like BSc Nursing were introduced.
- Over time, nursing education has expanded to include post-basic and post-graduate programs up to the PhD level. Various committees helped reform and improve nursing education standards. Today nursing education encompasses a wide range of programs to meet India's healthcare needs.
The document summarizes key aspects of the National Education Policy 2019 in India. The main points are:
1) The National Education Policy 2019 aims to transform India's education system by providing high-quality education to all and contributing to making India a vibrant knowledge society.
2) Key aspects of the policy include strengthening early childhood education, ensuring universal access to education up to secondary level by 2030, developing new curricular and pedagogical structures, and transforming curriculum and pedagogy.
3) The policy focuses on ensuring foundational literacy and numeracy for all students by 2025, and taking measures like increased focus on early language and math, expanding mid-day meals, and regular learning assessments.
The document discusses the concepts of faculty, supervisor, and the dual role of faculty supervisor in nursing. It defines key terms and outlines the roles, responsibilities, qualifications, and advantages/disadvantages of a nursing faculty member taking on a dual role as a clinical supervisor. The dual role aims to address shortages in nursing faculty and clinicians while providing hands-on learning for students, though it also presents challenges in fulfilling both functions.
The biopsychosocial model reflects the development of illness through the complex interaction of biological factors (genetic, biochemical, etc.), psychological factors (mood, personality, behavior, etc.) ... A person may have a genetic predisposition for a disease, but social and cognitive factors must trigger the illness.
Historical background health psychology lecture aishaparacha2
This document provides an overview of health psychology. It defines health psychology as a field that deals with psychological and behavioral factors that influence health and well-being. The document then discusses the history of health psychology, including early perspectives on health from ancient cultures and the emergence of the biomedical and biopsychosocial models. It also outlines the scope of health psychology, including clinical, public, community, and critical health psychology approaches.
This document discusses concepts of disease causation and screening. It defines health and outlines several theories of disease causation, including supernatural, Ayurveda, miasma, germ, biomedical, and multifactorial causation theories. It also discusses the natural history of disease and the iceberg phenomenon. Regarding screening, the document defines screening and outlines its aims/objectives, uses, types, criteria for screening tests, and evaluations of screening programs.
The document discusses the differential scale, also known as the Thurstone scale. It is a type of measurement scale used to assess respondents' attitudes, behaviors, or feelings toward a topic. The scale consists of statements about an issue, with each assigned a numerical value indicating level of agreement. Respondents select the statements they agree with, and their average score reflects their overall attitude. The document provides details on developing and administering differential scales, including having judges rate statements and selecting a balanced set for questionnaires. It also describes how to analyze the results by calculating mean or median scores of the statements selected by each respondent.
The document discusses the need for educational reforms in India. It notes that after independence, the educational system needed to be reformed to impart education focused on nationalism, cooperation, and social unity. It also aimed to promote love for the country and human beings. Several committees and commissions like the Radhakrishnan Committee and Kothari Commission proposed reforms to develop a national education system, make education accessible to all, and align it with the changing social, economic and technological needs of independent India. Major reforms introduced include the 10+2+3 structure, establishing institutions of national importance, expanding access to higher and vocational education, and promoting education for women and disadvantaged groups.
CHANGE IS INEVITABLE.THE CHANGE IN EVERY ASPECT GIVES SOME IMPACT IN LIFE INCLUDING EDUCATION.THESE PRESENTATION ARE ABOUT IMPACT OF VARIOUS CHANGES IN PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
“Clinical rotation plan is the statement, which explains the order of the clinical posting of various groups of nursing students belonging to different classes in relevant clinical areas and community health settings as per the requirements laid down by the statutory bodies.”
Psycho social dynamics in causation of diseaseaneez103
This document discusses concepts related to health, disease, and their determinants from various perspectives. It defines health positively as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not just the absence of disease. Health is influenced by biological, behavioral, environmental, and socioeconomic factors. Disease results from the interaction between an external agent, the host, and the environment. A holistic view recognizes the multidimensional nature of health and its dependence on psychological, social, cultural, economic, and political influences. Maintaining health requires efforts at the individual, community, national, and international levels.
This document discusses concepts related to health, disease causation, homeostasis, stress, adaptation, and illness behavior. It defines key terms like health, health status, and the health belief model. It describes physiologic and psychologic manifestations of stress on the body as well as adaptation responses to maintain homeostasis. Finally, it outlines stages of adaptation, illness behavior, and health behavior change.
The document discusses the concepts and principles of nursing education. It notes that the unique function of nursing is to assist individuals in performing activities that contribute to their health, recovery, or peaceful death. Nursing education aims to draw out the best in students and help them develop holistically in body, mind and spirit. The document also discusses the concepts of education in ancient Indian texts like the Vedas and Upanishads as well as perspectives from thinkers like Gandhi.
National health policy, population policy, ayushKailash Nagar
The document outlines key aspects of India's national health, population, and Ayush policies. It discusses the objectives and goals of the National Health Policy of 2002, including reducing infant and maternal mortality rates and increasing health spending. It also summarizes the National Population Policy of 2000, which aims to address unmet family planning needs and reduce total fertility rates. Finally, it provides an overview of the various policy prescriptions and strategies across these national policies.
Nursing organizations instituted peer review to increase nurses' accountability and effective decision making. Peer review is a process where employees in the same field evaluate each other's job performance against accepted standards. It is a short but objective method using trained observers to provide constructive feedback for development. Peer reviews require establishing a policy, criteria for evaluations, and a procedure where tenured faculty higher in rank conduct written evaluations that are archived and included in personnel files for future reviews.
Oxygen insufficiency refers to an inadequate supply of oxygen to tissues in the body. It can be caused by factors that decrease oxygen delivery or utilization. Common types include hypoxemic hypoxia from low oxygen in the blood, circulatory hypoxia from poor blood flow, anemic hypoxia from low hemoglobin, and histotoxic hypoxia interfering with cellular oxygen use. Symptoms include shortness of breath, clubbing of fingers, and cognitive impairments. Treatment focuses on identifying and addressing the underlying cause, administering supplemental oxygen, and mechanical ventilation for severe cases. Nurses monitor patients' respiratory status and the ventilator to optimize oxygenation.
Collaboration issues and models within and outside nursingsangeetha antoe
This document discusses various models of collaboration within nursing and between nursing and other professions. It begins by defining collaboration and exploring the historical relationship between nurses and physicians. Several models of collaboration are presented, including the traditional practice model, nursing-institution collaboration model, public health nurse model, nurse-community collaboration, and nurse-physician collaborative practice model. The document also discusses collaboration with assistive personnel, interdisciplinary collaboration, and collaboration in advanced nursing practice. It explores various skills needed for effective collaboration and ways nurses can act as collaborators. Overall, the document provides an overview of the concepts of collaboration within the nursing profession and with other health professionals from both a theoretical and historical perspective.
CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS PROGRAMS OF TEACHER EDUCATION IN INDIAShweta Sharma
The document provides a critical analysis of teacher education programs in India. It discusses the importance of teachers in shaping the country's future and the shift in teacher preparation from apprenticeship to a professional model. It outlines the key points of teacher education programs in India, including the educational requirements for primary vs secondary teachers and the nature of institutions that provide teacher training. Suggestions are provided for improving teacher education, such as establishing model institutions, encouraging professional development for teacher educators, and increasing the focus on practical school experience.
Impact of ,social,economical,technological changes on educationsalman habeeb
- Education is impacted by social, economic, political, and technological changes. It both influences and is influenced by these factors.
- Education plays a key role in bringing about social change by making people aware of issues and the need for reform. It also prepares people for social changes.
- Economic factors like income levels, costs of education, and availability of loans influence access to education. Political decisions around education policy and funding also impact the system.
- Several government schemes over time have aimed to boost primary education, literacy, infrastructure, and inclusion in India through programs like DPEP, Mid-Day Meals, SARVA SHIKSHA ABHIYAN, and PRADHAN MANTHRI ADAR
This document discusses lesson planning and its importance for effective instruction. It defines instructional design as the systematic development of instruction to ensure quality using learning and instructional theory. Lesson planning is defined as a teacher's daily guide for what students need to learn, how it will be taught, and how learning will be measured. The key components of lesson planning are preparation of subject matter and effective presentation. Approaches to lesson planning include Herbartian, Gloverian, and RCEM, which involve steps like preparation, presentation, questioning, and evaluation. Lesson planning is important as it organizes the subject, keeps teachers prepared, allows for evaluation, and saves time. An effective lesson plan should be written clearly, link to
The document discusses curriculum research and development. It defines curriculum research as a systematic attempt to better understand all components of curriculum. It identifies key elements of curriculum including the teacher, subject matter, learners, and environment. The document also outlines various approaches that can be used in curriculum research, such as observational methods, surveys, interviews, and critical reflective techniques. Finally, it emphasizes that curriculum research should involve depth in planning, implementation, and evaluation stages.
Development of Nursing Education in India Post IndependenceProf Vijayraddi
- After India gained independence in 1947, nursing education underwent significant reforms and expansion. The formation of committees and organizations like the Trained Nurses Association of India (TNAI) and the Indian Nursing Council (INC) helped standardize nursing education.
- Early programs included training of dais (birth attendants), ANM and LHV courses. The GNM program was established to provide basic nursing education. University programs like BSc Nursing were introduced.
- Over time, nursing education has expanded to include post-basic and post-graduate programs up to the PhD level. Various committees helped reform and improve nursing education standards. Today nursing education encompasses a wide range of programs to meet India's healthcare needs.
The document summarizes key aspects of the National Education Policy 2019 in India. The main points are:
1) The National Education Policy 2019 aims to transform India's education system by providing high-quality education to all and contributing to making India a vibrant knowledge society.
2) Key aspects of the policy include strengthening early childhood education, ensuring universal access to education up to secondary level by 2030, developing new curricular and pedagogical structures, and transforming curriculum and pedagogy.
3) The policy focuses on ensuring foundational literacy and numeracy for all students by 2025, and taking measures like increased focus on early language and math, expanding mid-day meals, and regular learning assessments.
The document discusses the concepts of faculty, supervisor, and the dual role of faculty supervisor in nursing. It defines key terms and outlines the roles, responsibilities, qualifications, and advantages/disadvantages of a nursing faculty member taking on a dual role as a clinical supervisor. The dual role aims to address shortages in nursing faculty and clinicians while providing hands-on learning for students, though it also presents challenges in fulfilling both functions.
The biopsychosocial model reflects the development of illness through the complex interaction of biological factors (genetic, biochemical, etc.), psychological factors (mood, personality, behavior, etc.) ... A person may have a genetic predisposition for a disease, but social and cognitive factors must trigger the illness.
Historical background health psychology lecture aishaparacha2
This document provides an overview of health psychology. It defines health psychology as a field that deals with psychological and behavioral factors that influence health and well-being. The document then discusses the history of health psychology, including early perspectives on health from ancient cultures and the emergence of the biomedical and biopsychosocial models. It also outlines the scope of health psychology, including clinical, public, community, and critical health psychology approaches.
This document discusses concepts of disease causation and screening. It defines health and outlines several theories of disease causation, including supernatural, Ayurveda, miasma, germ, biomedical, and multifactorial causation theories. It also discusses the natural history of disease and the iceberg phenomenon. Regarding screening, the document defines screening and outlines its aims/objectives, uses, types, criteria for screening tests, and evaluations of screening programs.
This document discusses several concepts related to disease causation and pathogenesis. It introduces theories of disease causation including the germ theory, biomedical model, and theories of multifactorial causation. It describes the epidemiological triad of agent, host, and environment. It also discusses the natural history of disease, including prepathogenesis and pathogenesis phases, and the iceberg phenomenon where most disease is hidden and subclinical.
This document discusses various theories of disease causation and pathogenesis. It describes old theories from Ayurveda and Chinese medicine that attributed disease to imbalances in bodily principles. It also covers the germ theory proposed by Pasteur and Koch, and the biomedical model. More recent theories recognize multifactorial causation involving genetic, social, environmental, and lifestyle factors. The pathogenesis of disease is explained as the progression from pre-pathogenesis through clinical symptoms to recovery or death. An iceberg model is used to represent the majority of hidden or subclinical cases that maintain disease prevalence.
Health psychology developed in the 1970s to address challenges in healthcare as life expectancy increased and chronic diseases became more prevalent. It aims to promote health and prevent illness by understanding how biological, psychological, and social factors influence health behaviors and outcomes. Key developments included the biopsychosocial model of health and illness, emergence of behavioral medicine, and establishment of the field of health psychology through APA Division 38 in 1978.
The Biopsychosocial model was first conceptualised by George Engel in 1977, suggesting that to understand a person's medical condition it is not simply the biological factors to consider, but also the psychological and social factors.
The “biopsychosocial (BPS) model” emphasizes the interconnection between biological, psychological and socio-environmental factors. When this model is applied to health, it demonstrates the importance of maintaining wellness in all aspects of our lives.
The biopsychosocial model is an inter-disciplinary model that looks at the interconnection between biology, psychology, and socio-environmental factors. The model specifically examines how these aspects play a role in topics ranging from health and disease, to human development.
As well as being able to explain mental health in terms beyond the purely biomedical, it shows us there is potential to positively influence a person's mental health in the workplace.
Why it is important for mental well-being. The biopsychosocial model encourages clinicians to explain phenomena such as depression by examining all relevant biological, psychological, and social factors that might be contributing to the development or maintenance of the disorder.
The biopsychosocial model has been described both as a philosophy of clinical care and a guide for clinical practice [1]. It proposes that suffering, disease, or illness involve a host of factors from biological (tissues, structures, molecules) to environmental (social, psychological).The biopsychosocial model is an inter-disciplinary model that looks at the interconnection between biology, psychology, and socio-environmental factors. The model specifically examines how these aspects play a role in topics ranging from health and disease, to human development. The biopsychosocial model is a general model positing that biological, psychological (which includes thoughts, emotions, and behaviors), and social (e.g., socioeconomically, socioenvironmental, and cultural) factors, all play a significant role in health and disease.Which factors influence health, according to the biopsychosocial model? b. The biopsychosocial model suggests that health and illness are determined by psychological, biological, and social factors.Biopsychosocial model helps primary care doctors to understand interactions among biological and psychosocial components of illnesses to improve the dyadic relationship between clinicians and their patients and multidisciplinary approaches in patient care.
- The biopsychosocial approach to mental health looks at the way both internal and external factors influence our mental state. - This model acknowledges that we should look at the 'whole' patient and all of their circumstances when trying to support and understand their mental health.
This document provides an introduction to pathophysiology. It defines key terms like pathology, clinical pathology, hematology, immunology, disease, disorder, inflammation, and infection. It discusses the need to study pathophysiology and concepts of homeostasis and feedback mechanisms. Pathology is the study of the cause, origin, and nature of disease by analyzing tissues, blood, and fluids. Clinical pathology uses tests in biochemistry, microbiology, hematology and immunology for disease diagnosis. Homeostasis refers to maintaining internal equilibrium despite external changes through feedback loops.
The biomedical model views mental disorders as biological diseases caused by abnormalities in the brain. It assumes that diseases can be fully explained by deviations from biological norms, leaving no room for social, psychological or behavioral factors. The core tenets are that mental disorders are caused by biological abnormalities in the brain, there is no distinction between mental and physical diseases, and biological treatment is emphasized. Critics argue that this model is too reductionistic and neglects the influence of other important factors like social, cultural and environmental influences on mental health.
The natural history of disease refers to the progress of a disease process in an individual over time without medical intervention. It begins with exposure to disease factors and ends with recovery, disability, or death. Understanding natural history is important for disease prevention and control. While cohort studies best establish natural history, it is also informed by other epidemiological study designs. The stages include preclinical disease, onset of signs and symptoms, seeking medical care, diagnosis, and treatment outcome. Prevention strategies target different phases and include primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary approaches.
This document discusses key concepts in medical sociology. It defines medical sociology as the study of how humans manage health care for the sick and healthy. Major areas of investigation include the social facts of health and disease and the social behavior of health care personnel and clients. The document also contrasts ideas about health and social behavior throughout history, from primitive societies' spiritual views to the modern medical view of diseases having biological causes. It discusses the impact of germ theory and advances in treating infectious diseases, leading to a focus on chronic illnesses in recent decades.
This document provides an overview of social medicine and psychosomatic illnesses. It discusses:
1. Social medicine examines how social factors like culture, education, income impact population health. Individual and public health are interrelated.
2. Psychosomatic illnesses involve physical symptoms without clear medical causes that are influenced by psychological factors. Somatoform disorders are psychosomatic illnesses displayed through physical issues.
3. Symptoms of somatoform disorders include hypochondriasis, conversion disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, and somatization disorder which involve distress over minor physical symptoms. Treatment focuses on cognitive behavioral therapy and antidepressants.
CONCEPT OF DISEASE CAUSATION AND NATURE HISTORY OF DISEASE.pptxPRATIKAWALE5
This document discusses concepts related to disease causation and epidemiology. It defines disease and outlines historical concepts of disease causation from supernatural to germ theories. It emphasizes that disease results from interactions between an agent, host, and environment. Modern models recognize multiple interrelated factors. The natural history of disease progresses from pre-pathogenesis through pathogenesis phases. Disease manifestations vary in a spectrum from positive health to death. Unrecognized cases represent an iceberg of hidden disease burden in a community.
This document discusses theories and concepts related to disease causation. It begins by defining key terms like disease, cause, and association. It then covers historical theories of disease from the pre-modern era through the germ theory. Modern concepts discussed include the biomedical model, epidemiological triad, multifactorial causation, and the web of causation. Rothman's component cause model and Hill's criteria for causation are also summarized. The document aims to explain the differences between association and causation and how causal inferences are made in epidemiology.
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2. Germ theory identified specific microbes as the cause of different diseases, shifting focus to identifying and destroying disease agents.
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Health psychology is a field focused on understanding psychological influences on health, illness, and healthcare. It examines health promotion, disease prevention, and treatment through a biopsychosocial approach considering biological, psychological, and social factors. The field has grown in importance due to changing patterns of illness, expanded healthcare services, and recognition of the role of behavioral and social factors in health.
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2. OUTLINE
• Terminology related to pathophysiology and
psychodynamics of disease causation
• Concept of Disease causation
• Pathogenesis Of disease
• Alteration in fluid and Electrolytes
• Alteration in Immune response
• Acid Base disorders
2
3. INTRODUCTION
• Health and diseases have always been matters of concern of the
society
• Various concepts on health, diseases and treatment emerged,
thereby the practice of medicine got refined on scientific basis.
• In spite of development in more theories and concepts, there is a
consensus that health and well-being does not simply mean the
absence of pain and suffering or the lack of disease, disability,
defect and death, but has a positive dimension.
• Based on concepts of theories, develop models of treatment.
3
4. TERMINOLOGY RELATED TO PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND
PSYCHODYNAMICS OF DISEASE CAUSATION
Physiology Health Disease
Pathophysiology Psychodynamics Pathology
4
7. THEORIES
A. Old theories
1. Demonic theory:
• Religion recognized multiplicity of Gods, both good and evil.
• Evil spirit as a messenger of Gods giving warnings in the form of
diseases
• Other concept was a human enemy with supernatural powers,
send evil spirits to harm others.
7
8. 2. PUNITIVE THEORY
• The human body contains
blood, phlegm, yellow bile
and black bile.
• Health is primarily that
state in which these
constituent substances are
in the correct proportion to
each other, both in strength
and quantity, and are well
mixed.
Its origin with the religion
with the belief that one's
attitude toward the deity is
responsible as a cause of
sickness.
3. Humoral Theory
8
9. 4. CONTAGION THEORY
• Diseases such
as cholera, chlamydia infection,
or the Black Death were caused
by a miasma, a noxious form of
“bad air” emanating from
rotting organic matter.
Galen’s ‘seeds’ were
intended to explain why
some people contracted a
particular disease while
others escaped and he
located them within the
body.
5. Miasma theory
9
10. B. GERM THEORY
• Proposed by Louis Pasteur
(1822 –1895) and Robert Koch
(1843 –1910)
• Every human disease is caused
by a microbe or germ, which is
specific for that disease
• Organisms that cause disease
inside the human body are
called pathogens.
10
11. C. BIOMEDICAL MODEL
• Disease as a result of malfunctioning of organs or cells
• Drawback : only focuses on cause-and-effect relationship but not on psychosocial
component
11
12. D. THEORY OF MULTIFACTORIAL CAUSATION
• Suggested by Pettenkofer of Munich
• Many diseases are infectious, other causative factors such as Genetic,
Nutritional, Immunological, Metabolic, Cytological factors were identified
as the cause for specific diseases
Web Of Causation
• Given by Mac Mohan and Pugh.
• Considers all predisposing factors or risk factors and their interaction.
• Provides a model which shows a variety of possible interventions that
could be taken .
• In a multifactorial event, individual factors are by no means all of the equal
weight. 12
14. E. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRIAD
• States that an external agent can cause diseases on a susceptible host
when there is a conducive environment.
• Applied to non-infectious diseases where the agent could be ‘unhealthy
behaviors, unsafe practices, or unintended exposures to hazardous
substances’
• The agent is known as a ‘necessary’ factor.
• For the disease to occur it needs the combination of what have been
called ‘sufficient’ factors.
14
16. F. LAZARU’S THEORY OF STRESS RESPONSE
• Developed by Lazarus and Folkman (1984)
• Stress as resulting from an imbalance between perceived
external or internal demands and the perceived personal and
social resources to deal with them.
16
17. G. WOLFF'S THEORY OF STRESS, ORGAN MALADAPTATION
AND DISEASES
• Studied people’s response to chronic stressors, like a
frustrating job or unhappy life style
• Believed that a person’s total life situation profoundly
affects person’s susceptibility to disease
17
18. H. HOLMES AND RAHE’S THEORY OF LIFE
CHANGE
• In 1967, psychiatrists Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe
decided to study the links between stress and illness.
• They discovered that higher the person’s life change score,
greater will the likelihood illness will occur.
18
19. I. PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY
• Originating in the work of Sigmund Freud
• Emphasizes unconscious psychological processes and
contends that childhood experiences are crucial in shaping
adult personality.
• The id is the primitive and instinctual part of the mind that
contains sexual and aggressive drives and hidden
memories, the super-ego operates as a moral conscience,
and the ego is the realistic part that mediates between the
desires of the id and the super-ego.
19
22. J. ALFRED ALDERS THEORY
• Suggested that every person has a sense of inferiority.
• From childhood, people work toward overcoming this
inferiority by "striving for superiority."
• Adler believed that this drive was the motivating force
behind human behaviors, emotions, and thoughts.
22
23. K. BIOLOGICAL THEORY
Genetics
• Monogenic disorder
• Multifactorial inheritance
disorder
Neurotransmitters
• Neurotransmitter imbalance
can cause Depression,
anxiety, panic attacks,
insomnia, irritable bowel,
hormone dysfunction,
eating disorders,
Fibromyalgia, obsessions,
compulsions etc.,
Stress related factors
• Stress seems to worsen or
increase the risk of
conditions like heart
disease, Alzheimer's disease,
diabetes, depression,
gastrointestinal problems
etc.
23
24. L. SELYE’S THEORY OF GENERAL ADAPTATION
• Hans Selye (1907- 1982) was a hungarian endocrinologist, first
to give a scientific explanation for biological stress
• Stress model based on physiology and psychobiology as
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS).
• GAS is the three-stage process that describes the physiological
changes the body goes through when under stress.
24
26. M. SOCIOCULTURAL THEORY
• Important to distinguish between beliefs about the natural and
supernatural causes of illness and disease.
According to Murdock, supernatural causes include:
Theories of mystical causation i.e. fate, ominous sensation,
contagion, and mystical retribution
Theories of animistic causation (i.e., soul loss, and spirit
aggression)
Theories of magical causation (i.e., sorcery and witchcraft).
26
27. N. CURRENT THEORY: BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL
OF MENTAL ILLNESS
• An inter-disciplinary model
• Looks at the interconnection between biology , psychology,
and socio-environmental factors.
27
30. I. PRE-PATHOGENESIS
PHASE
Host Factors
Environmental Factors
Agent Factors
Period preliminary to
the onset of disease
in man.
This situation is
frequently referred
to as “man exposed
to the risk of
disease”.
30
31. AGE FACTORS
• Physical environment
• Sociocultural environment
• Biological environment
* Age
* Sex
* Literacy level
* Occupation
* Marital status
* Ethnicity
* Lifestyle
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
31
33. II. PATHOGENESIS PHASE
Entry of the disease “agent” in the susceptible human host
Agent multiplies and induces tissue and physiological changes
Disease progresses through the period of incubation
Period of early and
late pathogenesis
Recovery, Disability
or Death
33
34. NATURAL HISTORY OF DISEASE
• The progression of a disease process in an individual
over time, in the absence of treatment
• E.g untreated infection with HIV causes a spectrum of
clinical problems beginning at the time of
seroconversion (primary HIV) and terminating with AIDS
and usually death
34
37. PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES OF DISEASE
CAUSATION
• Cells are the complex units dynamically responding to the responding to the changing
demands and stressors of daily life.
• They possess two of the following functions:
1. Maintenance Function
2. Specialized Function
37
38. CELLULAR ADAPTATIONS AND INJURY
• Some diseases represent spontaneous alterations in the ability of a cell
to proliferate and function normally,
• In other cases, disease results when external stimuli produce changes in
the cell's environment that make it impossible for the cell to maintain
homeostasis.
• These adaptations include hyperplasia, hypertrophy,
atrophy, and metaplasia, and can be physiologic or pathologic,
depending upon whether the stimulus is normal or abnormal.
38
39. A. HYPERPLASIA
Increase in the number of cells is called
hyperplasia.
Types of Hyperplasia
Physiologic hyperplasia
• Increase in thickness of
endometrium during menstrual
cycle
Pathologic hyperplasia
• Growth of adrenal glands due
to production of
adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH) by a pituitary adenoma
39
40. B. HYPERTROPHY
• Increase in the size of the cell
Types of Hypertrophy
Physiologic hypertrophy
Occurs due to a normal stressor. For
example, enlargement of skeletal
muscle with exercise
Pathologic hypertrophy
Occurs due to an abnormal stressor.
For example, increase in the size of
the heart due to aortic stenosis.
40
41. C. ATROPHY
Shrinkage of a tissue or organ due to a decrease in size and/or number of
cells.
Types of Atrophy
Physiological
for example when the uterus decreases in size
after birth following the cessation of production
of hormones which stimulated its growth
Pathological
for example atrophy of an organ due to
inadequate blood or nutritional supply.
e.g Atrophy of disuse
41
42. D. METAPLASIA
• Reversible change of one differentiated cell type to another.
• Usually occurs in epithelial tissues as an adaptive response to cell stress; cells
can be substituted by those types better suited to the environment.
• Occurs via altered stem cell differentiation
• Metaplastic cells are fully differentiated, unlike dysplastic epithelium which is
abnormally differentiated.
• Examples of metaplasia include:
Bronchial pseudostratified ciliated epithelium becoming stratified
squamous epithelium in response to cigarette smoke.
Stratified squamous epithelium in the oesophagus becoming gastric
epithelium when exposed to persistent acid reflux (Barrett’s oesophagus)
42
43. E. DYSPLASIA
• The presence of abnormal cells within a tissue or organ.
• Not cancer, but it may sometimes become cancer.
• Dysplasia can be mild, moderate, or severe, depending on
how abnormal the cells look under a microscope and how
much of the tissue or organ is affected.
43
45. CELL INJURY OR
DAMAGE
This can caused by following:
Physical agents such as heat or
radiation
Impaired nutrient supply, such
as lack of oxygen.
Metabolic: Hypoxia and
Ischemia
Chemical Agents
Microbial Agents:-Virus &
Bacteria
Immunologic Agents: Allergy
and autoimmune diseases such
as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's
disease.
Genetic factors: Such as Down's
* Variety of changes of stress
that a cell suffers due to
external as well as internal
environmental changes
* Reversible or irreversible
45
47. ALTERATION IN FLUID AND
ELECTROLYTES
• A fluid imbalance may occur when individual loses more
water or fluid than body can take in.
• It can also occur when individual take in more water or
fluid than body is able to get rid of.
• Alteration in fluid cause edema or dehydration.
• Fluid excess can occur in two main ways in the body,
water intoxication and edema.
47
48. WATER INTOXICATION
• The excess of both solutes and water,
which is also termed isotonic volume
excess.
• The additional fluid is retained in the
extracellular compartment resulting
in fluid accumulation in the
interstitial spaces.
• Signs seen maily are weight gain,
excess fluid, dependent edema,
pitting edema, increased blood
pressure, neck vein engorgement,
effusions (pulmonary, pericardial,
peritoneal) and even Chronic heart
failure.
The result of an excess of
extracellular water without
having an excess of solutes.
Due to this imbalance, the
extracellular fluid (ECF)
becomes diluted causing water
to move into cells to equalize
solute concentration on each
side of the cell.
Hyponatremia, a potentially
lethal situation, may occur if
high volumes of water are
consumed without solute
EDEMA
48
49. DEHYDRATION • Moderate dehydration: include dry
mouth, lethargy, weakness in
muscles, headache and dizziness.
• Severe dehydration: loss of 10-15%
of the body’s water
• Characterized by extreme versions
of the symptoms above as well as:
lack of sweating, sunken eyes,
shriveled and dry skin, low blood
pressure, increased heart rate,
fever, delirium, unconsciousness.
• Occurs when more water and
fluids leave the body than enter it.
• The body can also move water
around to areas where it is needed
most if dehydration begins to
occur.
• The first symptoms of dehydration
include thirst, darker urine, and
decreased urine production.
• It is important to note that,
particularly in older adults,
dehydration can occur without
thirst.
49
50. ALTERATION IN ELECTROLYTES
• Electrolytes are minerals in body that have an electric charge.
• They are in blood, urine, tissues, and other body fluids.
50
52. CAUSES FOR AN ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE
Loss of body fluids from prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, sweating or high
fever
Inadequate diet and lack of vitamins from food
Malabsorption -body may be unable to absorb these electrolytes due to
a variety of stomach disorders, medications, or may be how food is taken
in
Hormonal or endocrine disorders
Kidney disease
A complication of chemotherapy is tumor lysis syndrome. 52
53. ACID BASE DISORDERS
• Acid-base disorders are pathologic changes in carbon dioxide
partial pressure (PCO2) or serum bicarbonate (HCO3
−) that
typically produce abnormal arterial pH values.
Acidemia is serum pH < 7.35.
Alkalemia is serum pH > 7.45.
Acidosis refers to physiologic processes that cause acid
accumulation or alkali loss.
Alkalosis refers to physiologic processes that cause alkali
accumulation or acid loss.
53
55. ALTERATION IN IMMUNE RESPONSE
Hypersensitivity Autoimmunity
Immunodeficienc
Disorders
55
56. HYPERSENSITIVITY
• Normal immune response that is inappropriately triggered or
excessive or produces undesirable effects on the body.
• The basic mechanism that triggers hypersensitivity is a specific
antigen-antibody reaction or a specific antigen-lymphocyte
interaction.
• Hypersensitivity types I, II, and III are mediated by antibodies
produced by B lymphocytes.
• Type IV hypersensitivity is mediated by T cells.
• The complex interactions between immune system inflammatory
mediators, cytokines, T cells, B cells, and mast cells characterize
hypersensitivity reactions.
56
58. AUTOIMMUNITY
• Occurs when the immune system recognizes a person’s own cells
(“self”) as foreign and mounts an immune response that injures self
tissues.
• Failure of self tolerance. Identification and tolerance of self antigens
occur during embryonic development.
• The adaptive immune response is the responsibility of antigen-specific
T cells and B cells that learn to identify “self” in the thymus and bone
marrow.
• The thymus gland is principally responsible for eliminating self-reactive
cells
58
59. IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISORDERS
• Impair the immune system's ability to defend the body
against foreign or abnormal cells that invade or attack it
(such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and cancer cells).
• As a result, unusual bacterial, viral, or fungal infections or
lymphomas.
59
60. REFERENCES
Aryal, S. (2021, December 1). Theories of Disease. The Biology Notes. Retrieved December 30, 2021,
from https://thebiologynotes.com/theories-of-disease/
B. (n.d.). Introduction to Health Psychology | Boundless Psychology. Lumen. Retrieved January 1,
2022, from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-psychology/chapter/introduction-to-
health-psychology/
Causation of Diseases | National Health Portal of India. (n.d.). National Heath Portal. Retrieved
December 30, 2021, from https://www.nhp.gov.in/causation-of-diseases_mtl
Cellular Adaptations - Cell Populations - Metaplasia. (2021, May 4). TeachMePhysiology. Retrieved
January 2, 2022, from https://teachmephysiology.com/histology/tissue-structure/cellular-
adaptations/
60
61. REFERENCES
Higuera, V. (2018, October 6). What Is General Adaptation Syndrome? Healthline. Retrieved
January 1, 2022, from https://www.healthline.com/health/general-adaptation-syndrome#stages
Kahissay, M. H. (2017, January 26). Beliefs and perception of ill-health causation: a socio-
cultural qualitative study in rural North-Eastern Ethiopia - BMC Public Health. BioMed
Central. Retrieved January 1, 2022, from
https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y
61