This document discusses various routes of drug administration in Ayurveda and modern medicine. It describes 4 main routes according to Ayurvedic classics: oral, nasal, rectal and topical. It also discusses other routes like ocular, auricular, urethral and vaginal. Factors deciding the route include disease location, dosha involvement and stage. Systemic routes include oral, parenteral like injection, and inhalation while local routes apply drugs topically or through specific openings. The choice of route depends on drug properties and desired effects.
Dravyaguna Vignyan Syllabus PPT ( CCIM 2012 ) -- By Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande
• This PPT – Based on New Syllabus of CCIM ,implemented from 2012 .This is like ATP – Advanced Teaching programme of that particular subject .Very useful for Teachers & Students of Ayurved college .Student can recite this syllabus ,which can boost up their confidence to get success in that subject .Teachers & students can download this PPT in their smart phone ,to keep eye on their subject goal .
• Visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
• Phone – 922 68 10 630
Sandhāna Kalpana is an Alcoholic or Acidic Medicinal preparations of Ayurvedic Pharmaceuticals, It involves the process of fermentation where the 'dravadravya' (kwātha, swarasa or liquid preparation), 'madhura dravya' (jaggery, honey or sugar), 'praksepa dravya' (fine powders of medicinal drugs) and 'sandhäna dravya' (dhātaki puspa, madhuka puspa as fermentation initiators) are put together in an inert vessel (mud pot) and sealed for a specified time period to facilitate the process of fermentation Madhya (Alcoholic) and Shukti (Acedic) are the two basic types of this process
Dravyaguna Vignyan Syllabus PPT ( CCIM 2012 ) -- By Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande
• This PPT – Based on New Syllabus of CCIM ,implemented from 2012 .This is like ATP – Advanced Teaching programme of that particular subject .Very useful for Teachers & Students of Ayurved college .Student can recite this syllabus ,which can boost up their confidence to get success in that subject .Teachers & students can download this PPT in their smart phone ,to keep eye on their subject goal .
• Visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
• Phone – 922 68 10 630
Sandhāna Kalpana is an Alcoholic or Acidic Medicinal preparations of Ayurvedic Pharmaceuticals, It involves the process of fermentation where the 'dravadravya' (kwātha, swarasa or liquid preparation), 'madhura dravya' (jaggery, honey or sugar), 'praksepa dravya' (fine powders of medicinal drugs) and 'sandhäna dravya' (dhātaki puspa, madhuka puspa as fermentation initiators) are put together in an inert vessel (mud pot) and sealed for a specified time period to facilitate the process of fermentation Madhya (Alcoholic) and Shukti (Acedic) are the two basic types of this process
Sandhana kalpana is the preparation of self generated alcohol. All the preparations that are resulting from FERMENTATION procedure come under SANDHANA KALPANA.
Sandhana kalpana is a special technique to prepare most effective medicines like Asava and Aristas. The medicines prepared through Sandhana kriya are quick in action, long shelf life, palatability and has nutritive value.The self-generated alcohol is the key factor behind the success of Sandhana kalpana.
Disease is very old nothing has changed it is we who
changed,The one which gives pain to body called roga,Nidana means the factors responsible for producing disease ie. etiological factors
The science with describes roga by means of nidana
purvaroopa,roopa,samprapthi,upashaya,anupashaya,and sadhyaasadhyata called Roganidana and Vikriti Vijnana
the concept of virya gives the knowledge of potency of drugs it is well explained by Virya. the action of the drugs depends on the potency presents in it.
Rasashala is the place for the manufacturing of Rasashastra medicines. Since it has significance in terms of business and auspiciousness, a suitable place with specific features has been advised
This is the second part of presentation regarding definitions in Rasa shastra. An attempt is made to clarify the definitions in more clear way also useful images are added to further improvise the presentation.
Sandhana kalpana is the preparation of self generated alcohol. All the preparations that are resulting from FERMENTATION procedure come under SANDHANA KALPANA.
Sandhana kalpana is a special technique to prepare most effective medicines like Asava and Aristas. The medicines prepared through Sandhana kriya are quick in action, long shelf life, palatability and has nutritive value.The self-generated alcohol is the key factor behind the success of Sandhana kalpana.
Disease is very old nothing has changed it is we who
changed,The one which gives pain to body called roga,Nidana means the factors responsible for producing disease ie. etiological factors
The science with describes roga by means of nidana
purvaroopa,roopa,samprapthi,upashaya,anupashaya,and sadhyaasadhyata called Roganidana and Vikriti Vijnana
the concept of virya gives the knowledge of potency of drugs it is well explained by Virya. the action of the drugs depends on the potency presents in it.
Rasashala is the place for the manufacturing of Rasashastra medicines. Since it has significance in terms of business and auspiciousness, a suitable place with specific features has been advised
This is the second part of presentation regarding definitions in Rasa shastra. An attempt is made to clarify the definitions in more clear way also useful images are added to further improvise the presentation.
the ppt gives detailed knowledge of Karma that are described in Ayurveda Dravyaguna (Ayurvedic Materia medica) it is useful to treat the patients by Ayurvedic way.
THE ROLE OF PHARMACOGNOSY IN TRADITIONAL SYSTEM OF MEDICINEDrugs of natural origin continue to be important for the treatment of many diseases worldwide.
Pharmacognosy a long-established pharmaceutical science, has played a diverse role in the discovery characterisation production and standardisation of these drugs.
herbal drugs play an important role as allopathic system drugs and also drugs of the traditional system of medicine
AYURVEDA- INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINE
CHINESE MEDICINE
UNANI SYSTEM OF MEDICINE
SIDDHA SYSTEM OF MEDICINE
HOMEOPATHY
AYURVEDA- INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINE
CHINESE MEDICINE
UNANI SYSTEM OF MEDICINE
SIDDHA SYSTEM OF MEDICINE
HOMEOPATHY
AYURVEDA- INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINE
CHINESE MEDICINE
UNANI SYSTEM OF MEDICINE
SIDDHA SYSTEM OF MEDICINE
HOMEOPATHY
Ayurvedic medicine Ayurveda for short is one of the world's oldest holistic whole-body healing systems.
It was developed more than 3000 years ago in India.
It's based on the belief that health and wellness depend on a delicate balance between the mind body and spirit.
Its main goal is to promote good health not fight disease But treatments may be geared toward specific health problems.
The different dosage forms available under Ayurveda system are followingLIQUID DOSAGE FORMS
SOLID DOSAGE FORMS.
SEMI- SOLID DOSAGE
Ayurveda believe every person is made of five basic elements found in the universe space, air, fire, water, and earth.
These combine in the human body to form three life forces or energies, called doshas.
They control how your body works.
They are Vata dosha (space and air)
Pitta dosha (fire and water)
Kapha dosha (water and earth).
Vata DoshaThose who practice Ayurveda believe this is the most powerful of all three doshas.
It controls very basic body functions like how cells divide.
It also controls your mind, breathing, blood flow, heart function and ability to get rid of waste through your intestines.
If vata dosha is your main life force, you're thought to be more likely to develop conditions like anxiety, asthma, heart disease, skin problems, and rheumatoid arthritis.
Pitta DoshaThis energy controls your digestion, metabolism (how well you break down foods), and certain hormones that are linked to your appetite.
Things that can disrupt it are eating sour or spicy foods and spending too much time in the sun.
If it's your main life force, you're thought to be more likely to have disease, heart disease, high blood pressure, and infections.
Kapha DoshaThis life force controls muscle growth, body strength and stability, weight, and your immune system.
You can disrupt it by sleeping during the day, eating too many sweet foods, and eating or drinking things that contain too much salt or water.
If it's your main life energy, practitioners believe you may develop asthma and other breathing disorders, cancer, diabetes, nausea after eating, and obesity.
Ayurvedic TreatmentAn Ayurvedic practitioner will create a treatment plan specifically designed for you.
He'll take
A Comparative Study of Lakshanas and Samprapti of BhasmakRog w.s.r to Hyperth...IJARIIT
Agni is the fundamental concept of Ayurveda, which has described an important factor of Digestion and Metabolism in our body. Agni converts Food in the form of Energy, which is responsible for all the Vital Functions of our body. According to Ayurveda, रोगाः सर्वेपि मंदाग्नौः.............॥ all diseases occurs due to Mandagni except Bhasmaka Rog. It occurs due to Agni vruddhi which response to Kshudda vriddhi, Dhatu ksheenta with various Pitta prakop Lakshanas, hence Bhasmaka Rog directly effects on Metabolism. In human body, Thyroxin Hormone also plays an important role in Metabolism. If level of this hormone increased, results to increase Appetite, Sweating etc. This high level of thyroxin called Hyperthyroidism and its symptoms are same as Pitta Prakopa Lakshana. So the question arises whether there is any correlation between Bhasmaka Rog and Hyprthyroidism? What are the Lakshanas and Samprapti of both conditions? With the present article, we are trying to study the Lakshana and Samprapti of Bhasmaka Rog with special reference Hyperthyroidism.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
1. Guided by- Dr. Anita Wanjari
Dr. Bharat Rathi
Dr. Mujahid Khan
Dr.Makrand Sonare
MAHATMA GANDHI AYURVED COLLEGE HOSPITALAND
RESEARCH CENTRE, SALOD (H) WARDHA
Department of Rasashastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana
Title: “ROUTES OF DRUGS ADMINISTRATION”
Presented by: Dr. Anjali S. Katore
PG Scholar 1st year
2.
3. Introduction :
The choice of route of drug administration depends on-
How a drug can be safely used ?
How the result can be obtained quickly in emergency condition?
How drug can be best absorbed and concentrated at the site of action?
The route of drugs administration is an important aspect & the different
drugs will act effectively when administered in specific route.
On the other hand different drugs will need different routes of drug
administration to prove their efficacy in the given conditions.
4. Bhesha prayoga marga – Ayurvedic view
In charaka chikitsa sthana we get reference regarding the different routes of
administration. He has mainly considered 4 routes for the administration of
the drugs they are
1) Aasya (oral) – used in Amashayottha Rogas.
2) Nasya (Nasal) – used in Shiro Rogas
3) Guda (Rectal) - used in Pakwashayottha Rogas.
4) Pradeha (Topical) - used in different Skin Manifestations.
5. Other routes of Administration:
Other routes like Netra Marga. Karna Marga, Mootra Marga & Yoni Marga ,Are indirectly
discussed & are used for various therapies.
1) Netra Marga – This is exclusively used for the management of eye disorders.The drugs are
administered or applied in the form of Seka, Aschothana, Pindi, Bidalaka, Tarpana, Putapaka,
Varti, Anjana, etc.
2) Karna Marga – In various diseases of the Ear, the Drugs are administered Locally in the
ear. Karna Dhavana, i.e. washing , Karna Doopana(fumigation Of the ears) & Karna Poorana
are the procedures adpoted through this route.
6. 3.Mutra Marga - This route is selected for the management of Uro –
GenitalTract diseases & also for the management of infertility status.
4.Yoni Marga - This route is selected for the treatment of Uterine Disorders &
infertility in Females. Eg. Uttra Basti, Taila Picchu, Yoni purana, Yoni
Dhavana, etc. are performed through this route.
7. Factors deciding bheshaja prayoga marga
Uttpatthi Sthana of vyadhi
Location of Ama
Sama & Nirama avastha of Vyadhi
Roga Marga
Samprapti of Vyadhi
Dosha Avastha
Vyadhi Avastha
Dathugatha Avastha
Dosha gati
8. The place of origin of the disease is called Uttpatthi sthana & the place of the
manifestation of its symptoms is called Vyaktha sthana.
Some diseases show their lakshanas at a place of origin itself, while others do not.
The purpose of recognition of two places separately is to adopt appropriate
methods of treatments which when properly finalized decides its route of
administration. among these two uttpatti sthana is having greater importance than
the Vyaktha sthana.
The chief aim of treatment is to stop the progress of the disease by correcting the
abnormalities which when achieved checks the symptoms.
Only when the symptomatology are more strenghtful there is requirement to
adopt much more vigorous therapies like Vamana & virechana, etc.
Thereby uttpatthi sthana recives special attention in deciding the route of drug
administration.
Uttpatti Sthana of vyadhi
9. Vamana karma - is the best to take out Ama from upper G.I.T.
Virechana Karma – is best to take out Ama from lower G.I.T.
Phala Varti – is best associate for Vatanulomana.
Asthapana Basti – is best in taking out Dosha , Mala Sanchaya @
lower G.I.T. & attracting the sukshma Amarasa to the Koshta for
elemination .
Location of ama
10. Assesment of sama , nirama conditions is the most important
factor in diagnosis & selection of treatment.
E.g. If sama condition is existing in the disease first Langhana ,
pachana & Deepana karma are to be started & to be followed by
Shodhana & Shamana chikitsa. i.e. both oral & some other
routes like rectal will be considered, where as in nirama
condition we can straight away go for shodhana & shamana
chikitsa .
There by the sama & nirama avastha of the vyadhi decides the
priority in selecting the route of drug administration.
Sama & nirama avastha of vyadhi
11. Different varietes of diseases arise from all the three Roga Margas
explained in classics.
Eg. Shakha Marga – Raktadi Dathu & twak Roga.
Almost all the diseases which arrise out of Bhaya Roga Marga are easy to
cure.
The main purpose behind the explanation of Roga Marga is that , in order
to facilitate the prognosis of the disease & also to plan the treatment by
using an appropriate route of drug administration.
Roga marga
12. Due to various etiological factors the ama will be formed at various levels in
conjunction with the doshas, dhatu, malas & causes either local or systemic
manifestations. In case of local manifestation , local route will be selected &
systemic route in Systemic manifestations.
eg:- Udara Sthana– Gulma , Vidrudhi, Visuchika, Atisara, etc.
Basti Gata – Prameha , Ashmari, Mutra gatha, etc.
Urdva jatru gata – shiro rogas , etc.There by in accordance to the samprapti &
its manifestations different routes are selected.
Samprapti of vyadhi
14. If disease does not treated as early as possible gradually it invades to
deeper dhatus and destroys the normal functions of dhatu is called DHATU
GATA AVASTHA. This condition may be observed in many disorders.
Involvement of later dhatus indicates severity of disease.
Eg: Dhatu gata jwara , Dhatu gata Kushta, Vatarakta, Masurika etc..
If disturbed pitta enters the skin (that is RasaDhatu) causes Visphota(Small
pox) and Masurika(Chiken pox). If the same vitiated pitta enters the Rakta
dhatu produces Visarpa and Dhaha. So depending up on the Dushya
involved treatment will be planned. Based on the treatment Route Of Drug
Administration will be decided.
Dhatu Gata Avastha
15. Dosha Gatis are helpful in finding out the direction and force of
vitiated doshas . In Urdhwa gati the doshas travel or progress
towards the upper part of the body, as in diseases like Chardi, Kasa,
urdhwaga Raktapitta, Urdhwaga Amlapitta and peenasa , while in
Adhogati the doshas travel or progress towards the lower direction
of the body as it happen in diseases like Atisara, pravahika,
AdhogaRaktapitta, etc..
In both these conditions the doshas remain in Koshtas and come out
through the natural outlets of the body like mouth , nose, rectum,
urethra and Vagina.
Dosha Gati
16. In Tiryak Gati Doshas travel from Koshta towards Shaka , that is
instead of remaining in Koshta itself they come in to contact
with Shakas as in diseases like Jwara etc. This type of Gati helps
in knowing sadhyasadhyata and chikitsa
Eg : Urdhwaga raktapitta is Sadhya
Adhoga raktapitta Yapy
Tiryak raktapitta is Asadhya
In case of raktapitta elimination of dosha from opposite route is
indicated
17. Definition
A route of administration in pharmacology and toxicology
is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison, or other substance
is brought into contact with the body.
19. FACTORS GOVERNING CHOICE OF ROUTE
Physical & chemical properties of drug –
solid/liquid/gas; solubility, stability, PH, irritancy
Site of desired action-localized and approachable or generalized and non
approachable
Rate & extent of absorption from various routes
Effect of digestive juices & first pass effect
Rapidity of the desired response- emergency/routine
Accuracy of dosage.
Condition of the patient- unconscious, vomiting
20.
21. ORAL ROUTE
Also called as per oral (Po)
Oral administration of medication is a convenient cost-effective and most
commonly used medication administration route.
The primary site of drug absorption is usually the small intestine
And the bioavailability of the medication is influenced by the amount of
drug absorbed across the intestinal epithelium
The first-pass effect is an important consideration for orally administered
medications
It refers to drug metabolism where by the drug concentration is significantly
diminished before it reaches the systemic circulation,often due to the
metabolism at the liver.
eg. Tablet,
Capsule,
Syrup, etc
22. ADVANTAGES:
Convenient - can be self- administered, pain
free, easy to take
Absorption - takes place along the whole
length of the GI tract
Cheap - compared to most other parenteral
routes
23. Disadvantages:
Sometimes inefficient - only part of the drug may be absorbed
First-pass effect - drugs absorbed orally are initially
transported to the liver via the portal vein
irritation to gastric mucosa - nausea and vomiting
destruction of drugs by gastric acid and digestive juices
effect too slow for emergencies
unpleasant taste of some drugs
unable to use in unconscious patient
24. First-pass Effect
The first-pass effect is the term used for the
hepatic metabolism of a pharmacological agent
when it is absorbed from the gut and delivered to
the liver via the portal circulation.
The greater the first-pass effect, the less the
agent will reach the systemic circulation when
the agent is administered orally
25. Oral Dosage Forms
Common dose forms for oral administration
Tablets
capsules
Liquids
solutions
suspensions
Syrups
elixirs
Syrups
Tablets
Capsules
Soft Gel
Capsules Elixirs
26. SUBLINGUAL ROUTE:
They are to be placed under the tongue and produce immediate
systemic effect by enabling the drug absorbed directly through
mucosal lining of the mouth beneath the tongue.
The drug absorbed from stomach goes to mesenteric circulation
which connects to stomach via portal vein. Thus, absorption
through oral cavity avoids first-pass metabolism
27. Advantages:
Drug absorption is quick
Quick termination
First-pass avoided
Can be self administered
Economical
28. Disadvantages:
UNPALATABLE & BITTER DRUGS
IRRITATION OF ORAL MUCOSA
LARGE QUANTITIES NOT GIVEN
FEW DRUGS ARE ABSORBED
29. Buccal Route:
In oral cavity, buccal region deals with an acceptable route of
administration for systemic drug delivery.
Delivery of drug through Buccal mucosa of oral cavity is
called Buccal drug delivery system.
Buccal cavity mucosa was the most convenient and also easily
approachable site for purpose of delivering the therapeutic
agent for both local as well as systemic delivery used as
retentive dosage form.
Mucosa has a rich blood supply so it is highly permeable.
32. Rectal Route:
Rectal drug delivery system means administration of drug or
pharmaceutical preparation via rectum using a mucoadhesive
polymer for local or systemic effect.
Different types of rectal dosage forms –
1. Solid dosage forms- Suppositories.
2. Liquid dosage forms-Enemas,solutions and suspensions.
3. Semisolid dosage forms-Ointments, creams and gels (hydrogels).
33. It allows for rapid and effective absorption of medications via the
highly vascularized rectal mucosa
Rectally administrated medication undergo passive diffusion and
partially bypass the first - pass metabolism.
only half of the drug absorbed in the rectum directly goes to the liver.
34. Advantages:
Used in children
Little or no first pass effect
Used in vomiting or unconscious
Higher concentrations rapidly
achieved
36. SYSTEMIC PARENTERAL:
1.Inhalation:
Inhalation or Pulmonary Absorption: Gaseous and volatile drugs may be
inhaled.
They are then absorbed by pulmonary endothelium and mucous membrane of
the respiratory tract and reach circulation rapidly.
Volatile or gaseous anaesthetics such as halothane, enflurane and nitrous
oxide are administered by this route.
The respiratory tract, which includes the nasal mucosa, hypopharynx, and
large and small airway structures, provides a large mucosal surface for drug
absorption.
This route of administration is useful for treatment of pulmonary conditions
and for delivery of drugs to distant target organs via the circulatory system.
37. Bronchodilators are generally given from inhalers in aerosol form.
Now inhalers have been developed which allow the supply of accurately metered
doses of drugs.
This development has greatly extended the scope of this technique.
An increasing variety of drugs are being administered by this route to obtain
a direct effect on the target tissues of the respiratory system, including :-
corticosteroids, antibiotics, and antifungal and antiviral agents.
Distribution of the drug depends on the following factors:
oFormulation
oDilution
oParticle size
oLipid solubility
oMethod of administration
oSite of administration
38. Advantages:
Mucous membrane of respiratory
system
Rapid absorption (large surface area)
Provide local action
Minor systemic effect
Low bioavailability
Less side effects
No first pass effect
41. PARENTERAL ROUTE:
2.Injectable:
The term parenteral administration implies the routes through which the
drug directly reaches the body fluids, by passing the preliminary process
of transport through the intestinal wall or pulmonary alveoli which is an
essential process when drugs are taken orally, inhaled or administered
reactally.
42. PARENTERAL ROUTES
Direct delivery of drug in to systemic circulation without
intestinal mucosa
Intradermal (I.D.) (into skin)
Subcutaneous (S.C.) (into subcutaneous tissue)
Intramuscular (I.M.) (into skeletal muscle)
Intravenous (I.V.) (into veins)
Intra-arterial (L.A.) (into arteries)
Intrathecal (I.T.) (cerebrospinal fluids)
Intraperitoneal (I.P.) (peritoneal cavity)
Intra-articular (Synovial fluids)
43. Intradermal (I.D.):
The intradermal route has the longest absorption
time of all parenteral routes.
For this reason, intradermal injections are used for
sensitivity tests, such as tuberculin and allergy
tests, and local anesthesia.
45. Intravenous Route:
An intravenous route directly administers the
medications to the systemic circulation.
Absorption phase is bypassed.
It is indicated when a rapid drug level is needed or when
drugs are unstable or poorly absorbed in GIT.
Route utilized in patients with altered mental status or
severe nausea or vomiting, unable to tolerate oral
medication .
47. Disadvantages:
IRRITATION & CELLULITIS
REPEATED INJECTIONS NOT ALWAYS FEASIBLE
LESS SAFE
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE REQUIRED
DANGER OF INFECTION
EXPENSIVE
LESS CONVENIENT AND PAINFUL
48. Intramuscular Route:
Administration of medication into muscle
An IM route can be utilized when oral drug
absorption occurs in on erratic or
incomplete pattern.
PURPOSE:
Faster rate of absorption
Muscle tissue can hold large volume
of fluid
This is favorable for some
medication
49. Advantages:
ABSORPTION REASONABLY UNIFORM
RAPID ONSET OF ACTION
MILD IRRITANTS CAN BE GIVEN
FIRST PASS AVOIDED
GASTRIC FACTORS CAN BE AVOIDED
50. Disadvantages:
ONLY UPTO 10ML DRUG GIVEN
LOCAL PAIN AND ABCESS
EXPENSIVE
INFECTION
NERVE DAMAGE
51. Subcutaneous Route:
DEFINITION :
Subcutaneous injection is administered into the fatty layer
of skin directly below the dermis and epidermis.
Subcutaneous injections are highly effective in
administering vaccines such as measles, mumps, rubella and
medications such as insulin, morphine, di-acetyl morphine
and goserelin.
52. SITES OF SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION:
Abdomen: At or under the level of the belly button, about
2 inches away from the navel.
Arm: Back or side of the upper arm.
Thigh: Front of the thigh.
Buttock: Imagine a line that runs across the back just above
the crack between the buttocks. An injection may be given
below the waist and above this line
53. Advantages:
1. Safe and easy route.
2. Slow and sustained absorption.
3. Self medication is possible.
4. Prolonged duration of action.
5. Foul smelling & irritating drugs can be given.
54. Disadvantages:
1. Painful
2. Skin pigmentation
3. Hypersensitivity reaction may occur.
4. Large volume of drug can not be given.
5. Discoloration of skin may occur.
6. Irritation, infection, tissue necrosis to the site of injection may occur.
55. INTRA-ARTERIAL
Rarely used
Anticancer drugs are given for localized effects
Drugs used for diagnosis of peripheral vascular
diseases
56. INTRA-ARTICULAR ROUTE:
Injections of antibiotics and corticosteroids
are administered in inflamed joined
cavities by experts.
Example: Hydrocortisone in Rhumatoid
Arthritis
57. PARENTERAL -Transdermal
Introduction
Definition –
Transdermal therapeutic systems are defined as self
contained,self discrete dosage forms ,which when applied to
the intact skin deliver the drug at a controlled rate to the
systemic circulation.
• A simple patch that you stick onto your skin like an
adhesive bandage, which utilize passive diffusion of drugs
across the skin as the delivery mechanism.
58. ADVANTAGES:
Self administration is possible with these system.
The drug input can be terminated at any point of time by removing transdermal
patch.
Allows effective use of drugs with short biological half-life
Allow administration of drugs with narrow therapeutic wind
Provides controlled plasma level of very potent drugs
Drug input can be promptly interrupted when toxicity occurs
59. DISADVANTAGES:
Drug or drug formulation may cause skin irritation or sensitization
Uncomfortable to wear
May not be economical.
61. LOCAL- TOPICAL ROUTE:
Defined as the application of a drug containing
formulation to the skin or mucous membrane, to treat
specific cutaneous disorders (e.g. acne) or cutaneous
manifestations of a generalised disease (e.g. psoriasis),
with the intent of containing the pharmacological effect of
the drug only to the surface or within the layers of skin or
mucous membrane.
62. Topical Dosage Forms
Dose forms for topical administration include:
Skin:
□ creams
□ointments
□lotions
□gels
□ transdermal patches
Eye or ear:
- solutions
-suspensions
-ointments.
Nose and lungs:
-sprays and powders
63. Includes two basic types:
A)External- that are spread or dispersed on the cutaneous
surface covering the affected area.
B) Internal- that are applied to the mucous membrane of eye
(conjunctiva), ear, oropharyngeal cavity, nasal cavity, vagina or
anorectal region for local activity.
64. Classification Based on physical state:
Topical
Route
Solid
Powder
Aerosol
Plaster
Liquid
Lotion
Liniment
Solution
Emulsion
Suspension
Aerosol
Semi-Solid
Ointment
Cream
Paste
Gel
Jelly
Suppository
65. According to Ayurveda Solid dosage forms are:-
Vati
Vatak
Gutika Churna
Granules
Modak Bhasma
Pisthi
Parpati
Kalka
Guggulu
Pottali
Varti Lepa
Lepaguti Lozeng
es
66. LIQUID DOSAGES FORM:
Asava: Asava are ayurvedic medicines, which are prepared from
fermentation processes using herbs, water and sugar. Almost all
asava medicines do not includes preparation of decoctions, but it
has very few exceptions.
Arishta: Arishta are type of ayurvedic medicines, which are
prepared with natural fermentation process using herbal
decoction, dhataki flowers and sugar. Arishta means to have a
long shelf life.
67. Ghrita: Medicated ghrita are used internally or externally. It is the
best one due to its ability to assimilate effectively the properties
of the ingredients added to it and without losing its own
properties. It improves digestion, rejuvenations of cell which
helps in the healing process of the body.
Taila: Taila are widely used in ayurveda for abhyanga, snehan, basti
purpose. Taila are quickly absorbed into the body and provide
oleation. It revoves dryness, relief pain and stiffness due to vata
dosha.
68. Advantages of Topical Drug Delivery System:-
Avoidance of first pass metabolism
Easy application
Avoidance of the risks and inconveniences of administration and the varied
conditions of absorption, like pH changes, presence of enzymes, gastric
emptying time etc in enteral or parenteral routes
Achievement of efficacy with lower total daily dosage of drug by
continuous drug input
Avoids fluctuation in drug levels, inter- and intra-patient variations Easy
termination of medications, when needed
69. Relatively large area of application
Drug can be delivered more selectively to a specific site
Avoidance of gastro-intestinal incompatibility Provide utilization of
drugs with short biological half-life & narrow therapeutic window
Improved physiological and pharmacological response
Improved patient compliance
Suitable for self-medication
70. Disadvantages of Topical Drug Delivery
System:
Skin irritation/contact dermatitis due to drug and/or excipients
Poor permeability of some drugs through the skin
Possibility of allergic reactions
Can be used only for those drugs which require low plasma
concentration for action
Enzymes in epidermis may denature the drugs
Drugs with larger particle size are difficult to get absorbed through
the skin
71. Topical Dosage Forms:
Ointment:-
Viscous semisolid preparation
Applied externally to skin or mucous membrane (eye, nose, vagina,
rectum)
Ointments are homogenous, translucent, viscous, semi solid preparation
intended for external application to skin or mucous membranes.
Ointment may be medicated or not.
Applied to mucous membrane or skin
Uses
Emollient
Application for active ingredients to the skin
Occlusive
72.
73. Advantages over ointment:
1. Less greasy
2. Spreads easily
3. Soothing sensation
4. Easily washable
• Uses:
1. Physical or chemical barrier to protect the skin e.g. sunscreens
2. Cleansing agent
3. Emollient
4. Retention of moisture (especially water-in-oil creams)
5. Vehicle for drug substances such as local anaesthetics, anti inflammatory
agents, hormones, steroids, antibiotics,antifungals or counter-irritants
74. Cream:-
Viscous semisolid emulsion- medicaments dissolved or suspended in
water removable bases.
Applied to skin or mucous membrane (vagina, rectum)
Most are O/W (small droplets of oil dispersed in a continuous aqueous
phase), only cold creams and emollients are W/O (small droplets of water
dispersed in a continuous oily phase).
O/W (vanishing) - water washable, non greasy, non occlusive, more
cosmetically acceptable.
W/O (oily) - for some hydrophobic drugs, more emollient.
75. Paste:
Contains high percentage of insoluble solid
(usually 50% or more)
Pastes are usually prepared by incorporating
solids directly into a congealed system by
levigation with a portion of base to form paste
like mass.
They have good adhesion on skin and less
greasy.
76.
77. Gels & Jellies:-
Gels are semi solid system in which liquid phase is constrained with a
3-D polymeric matrix having a high degree of physical or chemical
cross linking
Gels are aqueous colloidal system of hydrated forms of insoluble
medicaments.
Jellies are transparent or translucent non greasy semisolid and contain
more water than gels.
Used for medication, lubrication and carrier for spermicidal agents to
be used intra vaginally with diaphragm.
78.
79. Lotion:
Liquid preparations meant for external application without
friction.
They are applied direct to the skin with the help of some
absorbent material such as cotton, wool or gauze soaked in it.
Lotions may be used for local action as cooling, soothing or
protective purpose.
They are generally prescribed for antiseptic action
e.g. Calamine lotion
80.
81. Liniments:
Liquid and semi liquid preparations meant for application to
the skin.
It is usually applied to the skin with friction and rubbing of
the skin.
Liniments may be alcoholic or oily solutions or emulsions.
Alcohol helps in penetration of medicament in to the skin and
also increases its counterirritant action.
Liniments contain medicaments possessing analgesic,
rubefacient, soothing, counter irritant or stimulating properties.
82. Collodions:
Liquid preparations for external use which is highly flammable,
colorless or yellowish syrup solution of nitrocellulose, ether and
alcohol, used as an adhesive to close small wounds and hold
surgical dressings, in topical medication.
83. Gargles/ Mouth wash:
Aqueous solutions used to prevent or treat throat infections.
They are usually available in concentrated for with direction for
dilution with warm water before use.
They are brought in to contact with mucous membrane of the
throat and are allowed to remain in contact with it for a few
seconds.
84. Ear drops:
solutions of drugs that are instilled in to the ear with a dropper.
These are generally used for cleaning the ear, softening the wax
and for treating the mild infections.
85. Eye drops:
Sterile solution or suspensions of drugs that are
instilled in to the eye with a dropper.
The eye drops are usually made in aqueous
vehicle.
It should be sterile isotonic with lachrymal
secretions, buffered and free from foreign particles
to avoid irritation to the eye.
86. Nasal drops:
solutions of drugs that are instilled in to the nose with a
dropper.
They are usually aqueous and not oily drops.
Nasal drops should be isotonic having neutral pH and
viscosity similar to nasal secretions by using methyl
alcohol.
87. Dusting powders
These are meant for external application to the
skin and are generally in a very fine state of
subdivision to avoid local irritation.
These are mainly used for their antiseptic,
astringents,absorbent,anti-persistants,and
antipruritic action.
88. Suppositories
These are conical bullet-shaped dosage forms
for insertion into the anal canal , in which the
drug is fixed with a mouldable firm base that
melts at body temperature and releases the
contained drug.
Oval or suitably shaped bodies for vaginally
insertion are called pessaries while elongated
pencils like cones meant for insertion into male
or female urethra are called bougies.
Examples:-Paracetamol suppositories.
89.
90. References:
K.D.Triphathi ,Essentials of medical pahrmacology,8th
generation.
https://www.slideshare.net/ankit_2408/routes-of-drug-
administration-1
https://www.slideshare.net/drchandanerd/routes-of-
administration-pharmacology