The document provides an overview of the basic principles of Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, and Homeopathy systems of medicine. It discusses the key concepts in each system such as the Panchamahabhutas (five elements) and Tridosha theory in Ayurveda, Triguna and treatment methods in Siddha, humoral theory and diagnosis in Unani, and the principles of similars and minimum dose in Homeopathy. It also describes some common Ayurvedic formulations like Asavas, Aristas, Vati, Ghutika, Churna, Leha, and Bhasma and explains their preparation methods.

1. Basic Principles
involved in Ayurveda,
Siddha, Unani and
Homeopathy
Prepared by: Sweta Kamboj
Assistant Professor
GGSCOP
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2. Ayurveda
System(Art
of Total
Health
Care)
• The Word Ayur means- Life
• And Veda means- Science
• Charaka he was known as the father of Ayurveda
• Ayurveda sees everything in the universe,
including human beings, as composed of five
basic elements (or Panchamahabhutas) : Space,
Air, Fire, Water and Earth.

3. Principles of Ayurveda
PANCHAMAHABHUTA
• PRITHVI
• JALA
• VAYU
• AGNI
• AKASHA
TRIDOSHA
• VATA
• PITTA
• KAPHA
GUNA-RASA
SIDDHANTA
• RASA
• GUNA
• VIRYA
• VIPAKA
• PRABHAVA

4. PANCHAMAHABHUTA
SIDDHANTA
• It believes that the whole universe is made up of Five elements
Known as Mahabhutas.
• Combinations of these five elements form seven basic tissues of
the body which are referred as Sapta Dahu which are as follows.
• Rasa- (Lymph/Plasma)
• Rakta- (Blood)
• Mamsa (Flesh)
• Meda( Fat)
• Asti( Bones)
• Mojja( Marrow)
• Shukra (Reproductive organs)

5. TRIDOSHA
THEORY
According to this theory- the five basic
elements (Pancha Mahabhuta) exist in
human body in three different forms,
together known as Tridosha
Vata (Space +Air)
Pitta (Fire+ Liquid)
Kapha (Liquid + Solid)

6. Vata: It regulates the psychic and
nervous system. Imbalance of this leads
to disease of heart, urinary tract, skin
etc.
Pitta: It regulates energy production,
digestion, tissue buildings etc.
Imbalance of this leads to disease like
acidity, indigestion, liver and skin
disease.
Kapha: It regulates heat, formation of
fluids, mucous etc. Imbalance of this
leads to disease like joint pain, brain
disease etc.

7. GUNA-RASA-
VIRYA-
VIPAKA-
PROBHAVA
SIDDHANTA
These are considered as five pharmacological
principles/properties of “Dravya”- Drug substance
they are
Rasa- taste
Guna- Taste
Virya- Active principle
Vipaka- Digestive products
Prabhava- Pharmaco therapeutic action

8. DIAGNOSIS
IN
AYURVEDA
Disease are diagnosed by-
Observation of Doshas ( Vata,
pitta, kapha)
Observation of skin, eyes, hair,
nails and tongue.
Recording the pulse
Investigation of Mala (urine ,
stools and sweat)

9. TREATMENT
Elimination therapy
Alleviation therapy
Psychic therapy
Surgery therapy

10. BRANCHES
OF
TREATMENT
IN
AYURVEDA
Kayachikitsa (general medicine)
Salya Chikitsa (Surgery)
Salakya chikitsa (ENT)
Bala chikitsa ( Pediatrics)
Jara chikitsa ( treatment related to genetics)
Rasayana chikitsa ( treatment with chemicals)
Vajikarama chikitsa (treatment related to reproductive
organs)
Graham chikitsa (planetory effects)
Visha chikitsa( toxicology)

11. SIDDHA
SYSTEM OF
MEDICINE
• They mentioned about the
curable and incurable
diseases along with the
symptoms of the body and
predicted the concerned,
proper medicines also.
• Thousands of herbs and
minerals were included in
siddha system. Which are
effective in managing
chronic, degenerative
disease, viral diseases and
heart disease

12. Theory and
basic
Principles
According to this system the human body is
the replica of the universe and so are the
food and drugs irrespective of their origin.
The Five major concept of
Panchmahabhutas, are named as Nilam,
Neer, Neruppu, Kattru and Veli, which are
respectively in hands known as : Space, Air,
Fire, Water and Earth.
Imbalanced ration of panchamahabhutas
may cause disease.

13. Basic
Principles
of Siddha
System
TRIGUNA
VATA
PITTA
KAPHA

14. • VATA: people with predominant vata are
characterized by stout, black, cold and
inactive personalities. Increased vata
develops flatulence, acidity, obesity,
heart attacks etc.
• PITTA: people with predominant pitta
are characterized by lean, whitish
complexioned hot personalities.
Increased pitta shows early greying of
hair, redddish eyes, burning chest,
mental derangement, anaemia.
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15. • Kapha: people with predominant
kapha are characterized by well
built, good complexioned, well
behaved personalities. Increased
Kapha leads to Jaundice, heart
attack, high fever etc.
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16. A particular Gunna
increased in the body
according to the time
6:00 AM – 10:00 AM and
6:00 PM – 10:00 PM
Vata is predominant at 6:00 am
to 10:00am and 6:00pm to
10:00pm
10:00 AM – 2:00 PM and
10:00 PM – 2:00 AM
Pitta is predominant at 10:00
am to 2:00pm and 10:00 pm to
2:00am
2:00 PM – 6:00 PM and
2:00 AM – 6:00 AM
Kapha is predominant at 2:00
pm to 6:00pm and 2:00am to
6:00am

17. DIAGNOSIS IN
SIDDHA SYSTEM
Physician studies the eight things, They are:
Nadi (pulse)
Dhwani(Speech)
Twaka(Tongue)
Deham(Body)
Neeram(Colour)
Malam(Faeces)
Mutram( Urine)
Vizhi (eyes)

18. The following Formulations are commonly used in Siddha
system
Kashayam (Decoction)
Churna (Powder)
Tailam( Medicated oils)
Ceulligai ( Pills and Tablets)
Chenduram (Metal complexes)
Bhasma(Calcinated drugs)

19. DIET IN
SIDDHA
• Restricted Diet: chicken,
mangoes, coconut, mustard,
fenugreek, almonds, sesame
etc.
• Non- Restricted Diet:
Wheat, Milk, Ghee, pulses,
vegetables, goat milk, sugar
etc.

20. Unani system of
medicine
Unani system originated in greece. It was
started by a greek philosopher Hippocrates.
He was the first physician to introduce
documentation of medical history which gave
rise to development of Humoral therapy.
Unani system was later developed by Arabs
and became popular as Arab system of
medicine.

21. PRINCIPLES OF
UNANI SYSTEM
HIPPOCRATIC THEORY
• BLOOD
• PHLEGM
• YELLOW BILE
• BLACK BILE
PYTHOGORIAN THEORY
• HOT & MOIST
• HOT & DRY
• COLD & MOIST
• COLD & DRY

22. DIAGNOSIS
Psychology
Age
Gender
Habits
Working Condition
History
Pulse reading
Examination of Sputum, urine and stools.
Patient counselling

23. TREATMENT
IN UNANI
SYSTEM
Regimental therapy
Diet therapy
Pharmacotherapy

24. Homeopathy
system of
medicine
Homeo means- Similar
Pathos means- Suffering
Homeopathy was introduced by a
German physician Dr. Samuel
Hahnemann.
Basic principle of Homeopathy is
Similia Similibus Curantur- meaning
let like be treated by likes.

25. PRINCIPLES OF
HOMEOPATHY
INDIVIDUALISATION
PRINCIPLE OF SIMILIA
PRINCIPLE OF SIMPLEX
PRINCIPLE OF MINIMUM DOSE
LAW OF PROVIDING
LAW OF DYNAMISATION
VITAL FORCE

26. DIAGNOSIS IN
HOMEOPATHY
Collection of detailed
case history and medical
history
Investigation of
symptoms, location,
sensation etc.
Build up a symptoms
picture of the patient.

27. TREATMENT
Used drugs in the form of tincture,
small pills and powders. Preparation
of doses involved three processes.
Trituration
Succession
Serial dilution

28. SOUCES OF
HOMEOPATHY
MEDICINE
Plants
Animals
Minerals
Serum
Vaccines

29. Preparation and
Standardization of
Ayurvedic Formulations
• Ayurveda is regarded
as ancient science of
life and is based on
principle of “
maintaining the health
of a healthy person
and relieving the
patient from the
diseased condition”
• Ayurveda is the
science of health and
healing practised by
ancient Aryans which
is based on
Atharvaveda, one of
the oldest scriptures of
Hindus, about 3000
years old.
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30. • The object of Ayurveda is to
counteract the imbalance of
three essential elements,
Vata, Pitta and Kapha,
which constitute the Tridosh
from which the body
originates. It is Tridosh
which regularises the
normal working of the
human body.

31. • Ayurvedic formulations
can be categorized into
four types based on
their physical nature of
dosages forms:
• Solid dosage
forms: Vati, Ghutika
• Semisolid dosage
forms: Leha, Kalka
• Liquid dosage forms:
Aristas, Asavas
• Powder dosage forms:
Bhasmas, Churnas
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32. ARISTAS
AND
ASAVAS
• It is also known as Alcoholic
preparations. They are generally
processed by soaking the drugs in the
powdered form or in decoction form,
in a solution of sugar or jaggery.
During soaking it undergoes
fermentation generating alcohol and in
process facilitating extraction of active
constituents contained in the drugs.
• Example- Madhukasava, Kumariasava,
Arvindasava, ashokarista, kutarista etc.

33. VATI AND
GHUTIKA
• These are the medicines in the
form of tablets (Vati ) and
Pills (Ghutika). These are
made by using single or
combinations of vegetables,
minerals or animal drugs.
They can be used upto 2
years.
• Method of preparation:
• The drugs are dried and finely
powdered, mineral drugs are
converted into calcinated
products(bhasmas) or any
other form as specified.

34. • The drugs and other
ingredients are mixed
together and made into a
soft paste with specified
liquids. It is then
properly ground and
made into Vati(tablets)
or ghutikas(pills).
Example: Vati: Gandhaka
vati, Sankha vati.
Ghutika: Pranda ghutika,
Lasunadi ghutika

35. CHURNA
• They contain single or
combination of drugs along
with other ingredients in a
powdered form
• Method of Preparation:
• Drugs and other ingredients
mentioned in the formula are
separately dried, finely
powdered and sieved to get
uniform size particles, they
are mixed to get a uniform
powder.

36. LEHA/AVLEHA
These are semisolid preparations made by
boiling the powdered drug/extract with a
solution of sugar or Jaggery.
Method of preparation:
sugar or Jaggery is dissolved in a liquid, it is
boiled and filtered. The powdered drugs
extract along with other ingredients are
added with continuous stirring to form a
homogenous semisolid mass.

37. STANDARDIZATION
PARAMETERS FOR
LEHA
It should neither become hard nor
liquify
There should be no growth of fungus
over it.
It should not change its colour, odour
and taste.
They can be used up to one year if
properly stored.
E.g.- Draksavaleha, Vasavaleha,
Bilvadileha

38. BHASMA
• These are the powdered forms
of drugs prepared by calcination
of metals, minerals or animal
products by a special process in
closed crucibles or in pits
covered with cow dung.
• Method of preparation:
• Stage-1 Sodhana:
• It is a process of purification of
metals, minerals by heating
them and immersing in a
specific liquid. This is done to
remove its toxicity.

39. STAGE-2
MARANA
• This is the second stage of preparing
bhasmas, in which the purified drugs
obtained from sodhana process are
ground and mixed with plants/
extracts as specified. After specified
time, small cakes are made and dried
in sunlight. The dried cakes are kept
in earthen vessels, sealed with clay
smeared cloth and kept in a pit
covered with cow dung and fire is
put on all the sides. After heating for
a specified period, the contents are
removed and ground into a fine
powder and stored.
• E.g.- Suvarna Bhasma, Shankha
Bhasma, Taura Bhasma.

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