Concept Map
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1. The document discusses theories of Earth's formation and structure, including the solar nebular theory, continental drift theory, and plate tectonics. 2. It explains that Earth has different layers including the inner and outer core, mantle, and crust. The crust is broken into plates that move due to convection currents in the mantle and gravity. 3. The document also covers earthquakes, describing primary and secondary waves, focal points, and locations being determined through trilateration. Earthquakes commonly occur at plate boundaries like the Ring of Fire. Volcanoes are also discussed in relation to plate tectonics.
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source: DepEd K12. (2019, July). Science Grade 10 Learner’s Materials. [PDF File]. Retrieved from https://www.depedk12.com/2019/07/science-grade-10-learners-materials-pdf.html
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New evidence supported the theory of sea floor spreading and plate tectonics. Mapping of the seafloor using sonar revealed a mid-ocean ridge running through the Atlantic Ocean. Rocks near the ridge are younger, becoming progressively older further from the ridge, showing new crust is generated at the ridge through sea floor spreading. While new crust is created at ridges, older oceanic crust is recycled back into the Earth through subduction at plate boundaries, keeping the size of the Earth stable over time. This evidence of sea floor spreading supported Wegener's theory of continental drift.
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For the Leaving Certificate Geography Syllabus (Ireland). Contains some past questions and other activities. Deals with Destructive, Transverse and Constructive Plate boundaries and the theories of Sea Floor Spreading and Continental Drift
Chapter 1 Plate Tectonics Power Point
The document discusses Earth's structure and plate tectonics. It describes how Earth formed layers with different densities, including the inner and outer core, mantle, crust, and lithosphere. The lithosphere is made up of tectonic plates that move over time. There are three types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they push together, and transform where they scrape past each other. Plate tectonics explains how continents have changed positions over billions of years and continue to move today.
The Structure of the Earth and Plate Tectonics
The Earth's crust is divided into tectonic plates that move due to convection currents in the mantle. There are three types of plate boundaries - divergent where new crust is formed, convergent where plates collide and one subducts under the other, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other. Volcanoes and earthquakes occur predominantly at plate boundaries as a result of the movement and interaction of the plates.
9th Grade Chapter 8 Lesson 1
This document provides a summary of key concepts in geology:
1) Geology is the study of the Earth, including its structure, features, earthquakes, volcanoes, erosion, and fossils.
2) The Earth is composed of three main layers - the crust, mantle, and core. The crust is the outer layer and exists in both continental and oceanic forms.
3) The mantle lies below the crust and is composed mostly of oxygen, silicon, iron, and magnesium. It can be divided into upper, transition, and lower zones.
Plate Tectonics
The document discusses plate tectonics and provides details on:
1) The structure of the Earth including the crust, mantle, and core.
2) Evidence that supports plate tectonics such as matching rock formations and fossils between separated continents and magnetic stripes in rock.
3) How plate tectonics causes earthquakes at plate boundaries and the formation of mountains when plates collide.
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More from twindsor1
Sedimentary Rocks
The document discusses different types of igneous and sedimentary rocks. It states that igneous rocks form from cooled magma and their crystal size depends on the cooling rate, with slowly cooled rocks like granite having large crystals and quickly cooled rocks like basalt or pumice having small or no crystals. It describes sedimentary rocks as forming from compacted and cemented sediments, including pieces of other rocks, once-living things like plants and shells, and liquid solutions that leave impressions of fossils.
Metamorphic Rocks
Sandstone forms from cemented sand grains through compaction and cementation. Shale forms from compacted clay and mud sediments. Coal forms from compacted organic material. Limestone forms from cemented calcium carbonate sediments and shells. Sedimentary rocks like sandstone, shale, and limestone can contain fossils.
Mixtures and Separating Mixtures
The document discusses physical and chemical changes, mixtures, and different ways to separate mixtures. It defines a mixture as two or more substances physically combined without a chemical reaction occurring. Mixtures can be either heterogeneous, with components not evenly distributed, or homogeneous, with even distribution making the mixture appear uniform. The document outlines various physical separation methods like straining, magnets, dissolving, evaporation, and exploiting differences in component densities.
Concept Map
Flora is boiling water on the stove. She turns the dial up to high, causing the water to boil vigorously with large, quickly forming bubbles. She then turns the dial down to low, causing the water to boil gently with smaller, slowly forming bubbles. Flora wonders if the boiling temperature changes with the dial settings. The correct answer is C - the boiling temperature remains the same at 100 degrees Celsius regardless of the dial setting.
Heat capacity
Mia and Devon are having a summer party and need to make two sizes of ice. They wonder if the temperature at which water freezes is affected by the size of the ice. Small ice cubes freeze at a lower temperature than large blocks of ice. This is because it takes more energy to freeze a larger volume of water, so large blocks of ice freeze at a slightly higher temperature than small ice cubes.
Density Anomaly
This document discusses buoyancy, density, and why ice floats. It explains that ice is less dense than water due to the formation of hydrogen bonds between water molecules that cause water to expand when it freezes. As a result, the buoyant force on ice is greater than its weight, causing ice to float on water.
Buoyancy
The document compares two solid cubes made of the same material but different sizes - one is large and one is small. It asks which statement about the density of the cubes is true. The correct statement is that the density of the larger cube is the same as the density of the smaller cube, because density is a property of the material and does not change with the size of the object.
Water
Water is a polar covalent compound composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The electrons in the covalent bonds are shared unequally, with the hydrogen side being partially positive and the oxygen side being partially negative. This gives water molecules a polar nature. Water exhibits both cohesion, the attraction of water molecules to one another, and adhesion, the attraction of water molecules to other substances. Due to its high surface tension, water forms a "skin" on its surface that requires a force to break. When placed in a glass, the water curves up the sides due to surface tension forming a meniscus.
Friction
The document provides an assignment to investigate the impact of fertilizer amounts on plant growth. To properly conduct this investigation, the following factors would need to be controlled: the amount of water given to each plant, keeping track of the fertilizer amounts given to each plant, starting with plants of the same size, and keeping all plants in a similar location. Variables like the amount of fertilizer and location of the plants would need to be manipulated, while the dependent variable of plant height would be measured.
Scientific Method
The document outlines the key steps of the scientific method, which are: 1) identifying a problem or question, 2) researching existing knowledge, 3) forming a hypothesis, 4) testing the hypothesis through experimentation, 5) recording and studying the data, 6) forming a conclusion, and 7) communicating the results. It also defines key terms used in the scientific method, such as hypothesis, variables, control, and constant.
First Day Stuff
This document outlines classroom procedures for an integrated science class taught by Mr. Windsor. It details the daily schedule, which includes 10-15 minutes for warm-up and homework check, 25-30 minutes for lecture and demonstrations, lab/activities that vary in length and format, and 20-25 minutes for quizzes and videos. The document also covers safety procedures for working with electrical and mechanical equipment, as well as chemical hazards, including the Right to Know Law, chemical labeling requirements, and Material Safety Data Sheets.
Concept Map Answers
Great heat and great pressure transforms sedimentary rocks into metamorphic rocks. Complete melting and cooling transforms sedimentary rocks into igneous rocks. The statement that is not true about the rock cycle is that there is only one way for rocks to go through the rock cycle, as any rock type can become any other type of rock through the various processes in the rock cycle.
Bio-geochemical Cycles
The document is a multiple choice quiz about different types of rocks. Question 1 is about sedimentary rocks, which form from compressed or cemented deposits. Question 2 is about metamorphic rocks, which form from great heat and pressure. Question 3 is about igneous rocks, which form from cooled and hardened magma or lava. Question 4 asks about metamorphic rocks again, stating they often form deep in the earth's crust.
Rock Cycle
Metamorphic rocks form deep within the Earth under conditions of great heat and pressure, partially melting existing rocks like igneous or sedimentary stone. Metamorphic rocks can contain fossils from their original parent rock and form in place from the alteration of other types of rock under high temperature and pressure conditions within the Earth's crust. Common examples include marble.
Metamorphic Rocks
The document discusses different types of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. It states that sandstone forms from cementation, conglomerate forms from compaction, coal forms from organic material, and limestone forms from organic material or liquid solutions. Sedimentary rocks can contain fossils. Metamorphic rocks form from existing rocks undergoing changes from heat and pressure, and examples given are shale transforming to slate and limestone transforming to marble.
Sedimentary Rocks
This document discusses the three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. It explains that igneous rocks form from cooled magma and have large crystals if they cool slowly, small crystals if they cool fast, and no crystals if they cool extremely fast. Sedimentary rocks form from pieces of other rocks, once-living things, or liquid solutions that harden over time. Metamorphic rocks form from intense heat or pressure that transforms existing rocks.
Igneous Rocks
The document discusses properties of minerals including that minerals are inorganic, have crystal structures, and can be identified by properties like hardness, streak, cleavage, and crystal form. Halite is identified as having cubic crystal formation and displaying fracture when it breaks.
Minerals
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with a definite chemical composition and orderly atomic arrangement. They typically form crystals with a regular repeating pattern of atoms and break along parallel planes or into specific geometric shapes. Minerals can have a metallic or nonmetallic luster depending on their crystal structure and composition.
More from twindsor1 (20)
States of Matter and physical and chemical changes
States of Matter and physical and chemical changes
Concept Map
- 2. Earth Formation Gravity The Solar System Solar Nebular Theory The Earth Inner Core Outer Core Mantle Crust Everything that has mass has this Caused the formation of Called the Has different layers Defined as Defined as Defined as Defined as
- 3. Solid iron and nickel layer Liquid iron and nickel layer Solidish layer Solid layer The continents are moving Continental Drift Theory says The crust is broken into crustal plates The Theory of Plate Tectonics says Convection currents Gravity The plates move due to In the
- 4. Crust Lithosphere Cracks Plate boundaries Convergent India and Asia DivergentTransform Earthquakes Sea floor spreading Also called the Which has Also called Three major types are Example ExampleCauses most
- 5. Earthquakes Primary Longitudinal, move through solids, liquids, gas Secondary Transverse, move through solids only Focus Epicenter Trilateration Produce two types of waves Have two point locations Defined as Defined as Are located by
- 6. Earthquakes The Ring of Fire Eurasian- Melanesian Mountain belt Mid-ocean ridges Occur mostly in
- 7. Plate boundaries Volcanoes Cinder cone Smallest most abundant Composite cone Steep sided Shield Broad and rounded Three types are Defined as Defined as Defined as These can also create