Fundental of enginering

1. Course name: FUNDEMENTAL OF
ENGINNERING (CS)
Chapter : FOUR
Lecturer: Ahmed Adan Ahmed Luunge
Phone No.: +252615707595/612680361
Email: engsahal17@gmail.com
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2. Software
Software is a collection of instructions, data, or computer programs
that are used to run machines and carry out particular activities. It is
the antithesis of hardware, which refers to a computer’s external
components.
A device’s running programs, scripts, and applications are
collectively referred to as “software” in this context.
What is a Software?
In a computer system, the software is basically a set of instructions
or commands that tell a computer what to do.
In other words, the software is a computer program that provides a
set of instructions to execute a user’s commands and tell the
computer what to do. For example like MS-Word, MS-
Excel, PowerPoint, etc.
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3. Types of Software
It is a collection of data that is given to the computer to
complete a particular task. The chart below describes the
types of software:
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4. Types of Software
System Software
 Operating System
 Language Processor
 Device Driver
Application Software
 General Purpose Software
 Customize Software
 Utility Software
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5. What is System Software?
System software is software that provides a platform for other
software. Some examples can be operating systems, antivirus
software, disk formatting software, computer language
translators, etc. These are commonly prepared by computer
manufacturers. This software consists of programs written in
low-level languages, used to interact with the hardware at a very
basic level.
System software serves as the interface between the hardware
and the end users.
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6. System software refers to the collection of programs and
software components that enable a computer or computing
device to function properly. It acts as an intermediary
between the user and the computer hardware, allowing the
user to interact with the hardware and use various
applications and programs. Some common types of system
software include operating systems (such as Windows,
macOS, or Linux), device drivers, utility programs,
programming languages, and system libraries.
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7. Operating systems are the most important type of system software,
as they provide the foundational framework for all other software
and applications to run on the computer. They manage computer
resources, such as memory and processing power, and provide a
user interface for users to interact with the system. Device drivers
are another important type of system software, as they allow the
operating system to communicate with hardware devices such
as printers, scanners, and graphics cards. Utility programs provide
additional functionality to the operating system, such as
disk defragmentation, virus scanning, and file compression.
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8. Examples of System Software
System software is a type of computer program that is designed to
run a computer’s hardware and application programs and examples
of system software include operating systems (OS) (like macOS,
Linux, Android, and Microsoft Windows), game engines, search
engines(like google,Bing,Yahoo!), industrial automation,
computational science software, and (SaS)software as a service
applications.
 Operating systems (OS): Windows, Linux, macOS, etc.
 Device drivers: software that enables the communication
between hardware and OS.
 Firmware: pre-installed low-level software that controls a
device’s basic functions.
 Utility software: tools for system maintenance and optimization.
 Boot loaders: software that initializes the OS during startup.
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9. Why use System Software?
Here are some reasons why system software is necessary:
Hardware Communication: System software serves as an interface
between the hardware and software components of a computer,
enabling them to communicate and work together.
Resource Management: System software manages computer
resources such as memory, CPU usage, and storage, optimizing their
utilization and ensuring that the system operates efficiently.
Security: System software provides security measures such as
firewalls, antivirus software, and encryption, protecting the system
and its data from malware, viruses, and other security threats.
User Interface: System software provides a user interface that
allows users to interact with the computer or computing device and
perform various tasks.
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10. Application Support: System software supports the installation
and running of applications and software on the system.
Customization: System software allows for customization of
the system settings and configuration, giving users greater
control over their computing environment.
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11. Features of System Software The most important features of
system software are as below.
Memory Management: operating system perform memory
management. The OS keeps track of the primary memory and
allocates the memory when a process requests it.
Processor Management: OS performs process management.
Allocates the main memory (RAM) to a process and de-allocates it
when it is no longer required.
File Management: Operating system perform file management.
Allocates and de-allocates the resources and decides who gets the
resources.
Security: Prevents unauthorized access to programs and data using
passwords.
Scheduling: The OS schedules the process through its scheduling
algorithms.
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12. Types of System Software
1. Operating System
An operating system (OS) is a type of system software that
manages a computer’s hardware and software resources. It
provides common services for computer programs. An OS acts as
a link between the software and the hardware. It controls and
keeps a record of the execution of all other programs that are
present in the computer,
The main functions of operating systems are as follow:
Resource Management: The operating system manages and
allocates memory, CPU time, and other hardware resources among
the various programs and processes running on the computer.
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13. Process Management: The operating system is responsible for
starting, stopping, and managing processes and programs. It also
controls the scheduling of processes and allocates resources to them.
Memory Management: The operating system manages the
computer’s primary memory and provides mechanisms for optimizing
memory usage.
Security: The operating system provides a secure environment for the
user, applications, and data by implementing security policies and
mechanisms such as access controls and encryption.
File Management: The operating system is responsible for
organizing and managing the file system, including the creation,
deletion, and manipulation of files and directories.
Device Management: The operating system manages input/output
devices such as printers, keyboards, mice, and displays. It provides
the necessary drivers and interfaces to enable communication between
the devices and the computer.
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14. 2. Programming Language Translator
Programming language translators are programs that translate code
written in one programming language into another programming
language. below are examples of programming language translator.
Compiler: A compiler is a software that translates the code written
in one language to some other language without changing the
meaning of the program. Examples of compilers may include gcc(C
compiler), g++ (C++ Compiler ), javac (Java Compiler), etc.
Interpreter: An interpreter is a computer program that directly
executes, i.e. it performs instructions written in a programming
or scripting language.
Assembler: An assembler is a program that converts the assembly
language into machine code. It takes the basic commands and
operations and converts them into binary code specific to a type of
processor.
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15. 3. Device Drivers
Device drivers are a class of system software that minimizes the
need for system troubleshooting. Internally, the operating system
communicates with hardware elements. Device drivers make it
simple to manage and regulate this communication.
4. Firmware
These are the operational programs installed on computer
motherboards that assist the operating system in distinguishing
between Flash, ROM, EPROM, and memory chips. However,
managing and controlling all of a device’s actions is the main
purpose of any firmware software. For initial installation, it makes
use of non-volatile chips.
There are mainly two main types of firmware chips:
BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) chip.
UEFI (Unified Extended Firmware Interface) chips.
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16. 5. Utility Software
System Software and application software interact
through utility software. A third-party product called utility
software is created to lessen maintenance problems and find
computer system defects. It is included with your computer’s
operating system.
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17. What is an Application Software?
The term “application software” refers to software that
performs specific functions for a user. When a user interacts
directly with a piece of software, it is called application
software. The sole purpose of application software is to assist
the user in doing specified tasks. Microsoft Word and Excel,
as well as popular web browsers like Firefox and Google
Chrome, are examples of application software.
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18. Functions of Application Software
 Application software programs are created to help with a wide
range of tasks. Here are a few examples:
 Information and data management
 Management of documents (document exchange systems)
 Development of visuals and video
 Emails, text messaging, audio, and video conferencing, and
cooperation are all options.
 Management of accounting, finance, and payroll
 Management of resources (ERP and CRM systems)
 Management of a project
 Management of business processes
 Software for education (LMS and e-learning systems)
 Software for healthcare applications
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19. Application Software
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20. Types of Application Software
Application software can also be categorized based on its charge
ability and accessibility. Here is some application software:
 Freeware: It is offered for free, as the name implies. You can
utilize freeware application software that you can obtain from
the Internet. This software, on the other hand, does not allow
you to change it or charge a fee for sharing it. Examples include
Adobe PDF, Mozilla Firefox, and Google Chrome.
 Shareware: This is given away to users for free as a trial,
usually with a limited-time offer. If consumers want to keep
using this application software, they will have to pay. WinZip,
Anti-virus, and Adobe Reader are instances of shareware.
 Open-source: This type of application software comes with the
source code, allowing you to edit and even add features to it.
These could be offered for free or for a fee. Open-source
application software includes Moodle and Apache Web Server.
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21.  Closed source: This category includes the majority of the
application software programs used nowadays. These are
normally charged, and the source code is usually protected by
intellectual property rights or patents. It usually comes with a
set of restrictions. Microsoft Windows, Adobe Flash Player,
WinRAR, macOS, and other operating systems are examples.
 Word Processing Software: Word Processing Software can be
explained as software that has the functionalities of editing,
saving, and creating documents with Word Processor Software
like Microsoft Word.
 Spreadsheet Software: Spreadsheet Software is a kind of
software that deals with the worksheet where it works on some
automated version to perform numeric functions. For Example,
Microsoft Excel.
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22. Presentation Software: It is a type of application software that is
used to present some applications like newly launched functions,
products, etc. For Example, Microsoft Powerpoint.
Multimedia Software: Multimedia refers to the mixture of audio,
video, image, text, etc., and can be displayed or used with the help
of multimedia software. There are so many media players that do
this kind of work.
Web Browsers: Web Browser is one of the most used applications
worldwide, it takes you to the internet. You can use your desktop,
mobile, etc for using this.
Educational Software: Due to the enhancement of the Internet,
there are so many educational software runs in the market. It
consists of Language learning Software, Classroom Management
Software, etc.
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23.  Graphics Software: Graphics Software is also used in large
amounts. There are so many applications where it is used. Some
of the applications include Canva, Adobe, PhotoShop, etc.
Examples of Application Software
Some examples of application software are:
 System for Hotel Management: It relates to the hotel industry’s
management strategies. Hotel administration, accounting, billing,
marketing, housekeeping, and front office or front desk.
 System for Payroll Management: It is a term used by all
modern businesses to refer to every employee who receives a
regular salary or another form of payment.
 System for Human Resources Management: It describes the
systems and activities that exist at the nexus of Human Resource
Management (HRM) and Information Technology (IT).
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24.  Attendance Recording System: It’s a piece of software that
tracks and optimizes a person’s or student’s presence in an
organization or school. Nowadays, customers’ existing
time/attendance recording devices, such as biometrics/access
cards, can be connected with attendance systems.
 System of Billing: It is the billing software that is utilized to
complete the billing process
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