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Computer Security and Safety, Ethics & Privacy

This document discusses computer security risks and techniques to protect against unauthorized access and use. It defines computer security risks and describes various types of cybercrime perpetrators. Various types of Internet and network attacks like viruses, worms, Trojan horses, and rootkits are explained. Symptoms of an infected computer and safeguards against hardware theft, vandalism, and malicious infections are presented. Users can take precautions like using antivirus software, firewalls, and strong passwords to safeguard against attacks.

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Discovering Computers 2011 Living in a Digital World
Objectives Overview Objectives Overview Define the term,  Describe various types  Discuss techniques to Discuss techniques to  computer security risks,  i ik of Internet and network  fI d k prevent unauthorized  and briefly describe the  attacks, and identify  computer access and  types of cybercrime  ways to safeguard  use perpetrators against these attacks Explain the ways  Identify safeguards  Discuss how encryption  software manufacturers  against hardware theft  works, and explain why  p g protect against  and vandalism and vandalism it is necessary it is necessary software piracy See Page 555  Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  2 for Detailed Objectives Chapter 11
Objectives Overview Objectives Overview Discuss the types of  Discuss the types of Identify risks and  Identify risks and Explain the options  devices available that  safeguards associated  available for backing up  protect computers from  with wireless  computer resources system failure system failure communications Recogni e issues related Recognize issues related  Discuss ways to prevent  to information accuracy,  Discuss issues  health‐related disorders  intellectual property  surrounding information  j and injuries due to  rights, codes of conduct,  rights codes of conduct privacy computer use and green computing See Page 555 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  3 for Detailed Objectives Chapter 11
Computer Security Risks Computer Security Risks • A computer security risk is any event or action that could  cause a loss of or damage to computer hardware,  software, data, information, or processing capability • A cybercrime is an online or Internet‐based illegal act Hackers Crackers Script Kiddies Script Kiddies Corporate Spies Corporate Spies Unethical  Cyberextortionists Cyberterrorists Employees Pages 556 ‐ 557 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  4 Chapter 11
Computer Security Risks Computer Security Risks Pages 556 – 557 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  5 Figure 11‐1 Chapter 11
Internet and Network Attacks Internet and Network Attacks • Information transmitted over networks has a higher  degree of security risk than information kept on an  organization’s premises • An online security service is a Web site that evaluates  your computer to check for Internet and e‐mail  vulnerabilities Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Computer Emergency Response Team Coordination Center below Chapter 11 Page 558  Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  6 Figure 11‐2 Chapter 11
Internet and Network Attacks Internet and Network Attacks Computer  Worm Trojan Horse Rootkit Virus • Affects a  • Copies itself  • A malicious  • Program that  computer  repeatedly,  program that  hides in a  negatively by  ti l b using up  i hides within  hid ithi computer  t altering the  resources  or looks like  and allows  way the  and possibly  a legitimate  someone  computer  shutting  program from a  works down the  remote  p computer or  location to  network take full  control Page 558 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  7 Chapter 11
Video: Attack of the Mobile Viruses Video: Attack of the Mobile Viruses CLICK TO START CLICK TO START Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  8 Chapter 11
Internet and Network Attacks Internet and Network Attacks • An infected computer has one or more of the  g y p following symptoms: Operating system  Available memory  Screen displays  Files become  runs much slower  is less than  unusual message  corrupted than usual expected or image Unknown  M i l Music or unusual  P fil Programs or files  Existing programs  programs or files  sound plays  do not work  and files disappear mysteriously  randomly properly appear Operating system  System properties  Operating system  shuts down  change does not start up does not start up unexpectedly Pages 558 ‐ 559 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  9 Chapter 11
Internet and Network Attacks Internet and Network Attacks Page 559 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  10 Figure 11‐3 Chapter 11
Internet and Network Attacks Internet and Network Attacks Page 561  Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  11 Figure 11‐6 Chapter 11
Internet and Network Attacks Internet and Network Attacks • Users can take several  precautions to protect  their home and work  computers and mobile  devices from these  malicious infections Page 560 – 561 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  12 Figure 11‐7 Chapter 11
Internet and Network Attacks Internet and Network Attacks • A botnet is a group of compromised computers connected to a  network – A compromised computer is known as a zombie A compromised computer is known as a zombie • A denial of service attack (DoS attack) disrupts computer access to  Internet services Internet services – Distributed DoS (DDoS) • A back door is a program or set of instructions in a program that  p g p g allow users to bypass security controls • Spoofing is a technique intruders use to make their network or  Internet transmission appear legitimate Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click DoS Attacks below Chapter 11 Pages 562 ‐ 563 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  13 Chapter 11
Internet and Network Attacks Internet and Network Attacks • A firewall is hardware and/or software that  p protects a network’s resources from intrusion Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Firewalls below Chapter 11 Pages 563 ‐ 564 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  14 Figure 11‐8 Chapter 11
Internet and Network Attacks Internet and Network Attacks Intrusion detection software •A l Analyzes all network traffic ll t k t ffi • Assesses system vulnerabilities • Identifies any unauthorized intrusions d ifi h i di i • Notifies network administrators of suspicious behavior  tt t b h patterns or system breaches Honeypot yp • Vulnerable computer that is set up to entice an intruder to  break into it break into it Page 564 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  15 Chapter 11
Unauthorized Access and Use Unauthorized Access and Use Unauthorized access is  Unauthorized access is Unauthorized use is the  Unauthorized use is the the use of a computer or  use of a computer or its  network without  data for unapproved or  permission possibly illegal activities Page 564 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  16 Chapter 11
Unauthorized Access and Use Unauthorized Access and Use • O Organizations take  i i k several measures to  help prevent  help prevent unauthorized access  and use and use – Acceptable use policy – Disable file and printer Disable file and printer  sharing – Firewalls – Intrusion detection  software Page 565  Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  17 Figure 11‐10 Chapter 11
Unauthorized Access and Use Unauthorized Access and Use • Access controls define who can access a  p y computer, when they can access it, and what  actions they can take – Two‐phase processes called identification and Two‐phase processes called identification and  authentication –UUser name – Password – Passphrase – CAPTCHA Pages 565 – 567 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  18 Figure 11‐11 Chapter 11
Unauthorized Access and Use Unauthorized Access and Use • A possessed object is any  • A biometric device item that you must carry to  authenticates a person’s  gain access to a computer  gain access to a computer identity by translating a  identity by translating a or computer facility personal characteristic into  – Often are used in  g a digital code that is  combination with a personal  compared with a digital  identification number (PIN) code in a computer Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Biometric Devices below Chapter 11 Page 568 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  19 Figure 11‐14 Chapter 11
Unauthorized Access and Use Unauthorized Access and Use • Digital forensics is the discovery, collection, and  y p analysis of evidence found on computers and  networks • Many areas use digital forensics Many areas use digital forensics Law  Criminal  Military  y enforcement prosecutors intelligence Information  Insurance  security  g agencies departments d t t Page 569 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  20 Chapter 11
Hardware Theft and Vandalism Hardware Theft and Vandalism Hardware vandalism Hardware theft is the  Hardware theft is the is the act of defacing  act of stealing  or destroying or destroying  t i computer equipment t computer equipment Page 570 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  21 Chapter 11
Hardware Theft and Vandalism Hardware Theft and Vandalism • To help reduce the of chances of theft, companies  y y and schools use a variety of security measures Cables to lock  Physical access controls Alarm systems equipment Real time location  Passwords, possessed  system objects, and biometrics Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click RTLS below Chapter 11 Page 570 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  22 Figure 11‐15 Chapter 11
Software Theft Software Theft • Software theft occurs when someone: Steals software  Intentionally  y media erases programs Illegally  Ill ll Illegally copies a  registers and/or  program activates a  program Page 571 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  23 Chapter 11
Software Theft Software Theft • A single‐user license agreement typically contains the  following conditions: Permitted to • Install the software on one computer Install the software on one computer • Make one copy of the software • Remove the software from your computer before giving it away or selling it Not permitted to • Install the software on a network • Give copies to friends or colleagues while continuing to use the software • Export the software • Rent or lease the software R l h f Page 571 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  24 Chapter 11
Software Theft Software Theft • Copying, loaning,  borrowing, renting, or  distributing software  can be a violation of  copyright law • Some software requires  product activation to  function fully Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Business Software Alliance below Chapter 11 Pages 571 – 572 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  25 Figure 11‐16 Chapter 11
Information Theft Information Theft • Information theft occurs when someone steals  p personal or confidential information • Encryption is a process of converting readable  data into unreadable characters to prevent  data into unreadable characters to prevent unauthorized access Pages 572 ‐ 573 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  26 Figure 11‐17 Chapter 11
Information Theft Information Theft Page 573 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  27 Figure 11‐18 Chapter 11
Information Theft Information Theft • A digital signature is an encrypted code that a  p person, Web site, or organization attaches to an  g electronic message to verify the identity of the  sender – Often used to ensure that an impostor is not  participating in an Internet transaction participating in an Internet transaction • Web browsers and Web sites use encryption  techniques Page 574 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  28 Chapter 11
Information Theft Information Theft • Popular security techniques include Digital  Transport Layer  Certificates Security (TLS) Secure HTTP VPN Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Digital Certificates below Chapter 11 Pages 574 ‐ 575 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  29 Chapter 11
Information Theft Information Theft Pages 574 ‐ 575 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  30 Figures 11‐19 – 11‐20 Chapter 11
System Failure System Failure • A system failure is the prolonged malfunction of a  p computer • A variety of factors can lead to system failure,  including: – Aging hardware – Natural disasters – Electrical power problems p p • Noise, undervoltages, and overvoltages – Errors in computer programs Errors in computer programs Page 575 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  31 Chapter 11
System Failure System Failure • Two ways to protect from system failures caused  y p g by electrical power variations include surge  protectors and uninterruptable power supplies (UPS) Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Surge Protectors below Chapter 11 Page 576 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  32 Figures 11‐21 – 11‐22 Chapter 11
Backing Up  The Ultimate Safeguard Backing Up – The Ultimate Safeguard • A backup is a duplicate of a file, program, or disk  g g that can be used if the original is lost, damaged,  or destroyed – To back up a file means to make a copy of it To back up a file means to make a copy of it • Offsite backups are stored in a location separate  from the computer site Cloud  Storage Page 577 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  33 Chapter 11
Backing Up  The Ultimate Safeguard Backing Up – The Ultimate Safeguard • Two categories of  • Three‐generation  backups: backup policy – Full backup Grandparent – Selective backup Parent Child Page 577 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  34 Chapter 11
Wireless Security Wireless Security • Wireless access poses additional security risks – About 80 percent of wireless networks have no security  protection • War driving allows individuals to detect wireless  networks while driving a vehicle through the area Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click War Driving below Chapter 11 Page 578 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  35 Figure 11‐23 Chapter 11
Wireless Security Wireless Security • In additional to using firewalls, some safeguards  p y improve security of wireless networks: A wireless access  Change the default  Change the default point should not  SSID broadcast an SSID Configure a WAP  so that only  Use WPA or WPA2  certain devices can  security standards access it access it Page 578 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  36 Chapter 11
Health Concerns of Computer Use Health Concerns of Computer Use • The widespread use of  computers has led to  health concerns – Repetitive strain injury  (RSI) • Tendonitis • Carpal tunnel syndrome Carpal tunnel syndrome  (CTS) – Computer vision  p syndrome (CVS) Page 579 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  37 Figure 11‐24 Chapter 11
Health Concerns of Computer Use Health Concerns of Computer Use Page 580 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  38 Figure 11‐25 Chapter 11
Health Concerns of Computer Use Health Concerns of Computer Use • Ergonomics is an  applied science devoted  to incorporating  comfort, efficiency, and  safety into the design of  items in the workplace Page 580 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  39 Figure 11‐26 Chapter 11
Health Concerns of Computer Use Health Concerns of Computer Use • Computer addiction occurs when the computer  consumes someone’s entire social life • Symptoms of users include: Craves  Overjoy when  Unable to stop  computer  at the  computer  time ti computer t activity ti it Irritable when  I it bl h Neglects  N l t Problems at  P bl t not at the  family and  work or  computer friends school Page 581 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  40 Chapter 11
Ethics and Society Ethics and Society • Computer ethics are  the moral guidelines  that govern the use of  computers and  information systems • Information accuracy is  a concern – Not all information on  the Web is correct Pages 581 – 582 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  41 Figure 11‐28 Chapter 11
Ethics and Society Ethics and Society Intellectual property rights are the rights to which creators  are entitled for their work are entitled for their work • A copyright protects any tangible form of expression py g p y g p An IT code of conduct is a written guideline that helps  determine whether a specific computer action is ethical or determine whether a specific computer action is ethical or  unethical Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Digital Rights Management below Chapter 11 Page 582 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  42 Chapter 11
Ethics and Society Ethics and Society Page 583 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  43 Figure 11‐29 Chapter 11
Ethics and Society Ethics and Society • Green computing involves reducing the electricity  g p and environmental waste while using a computer Pages 583 – 584 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  44 Figure 11‐30 Chapter 11
Ethics and Society Ethics and Society • Information privacy refers to the right of  p y individuals and companies to deny or restrict the  collection and use of information about them • Huge databases store data online Huge databases store data online • It is important to safeguard your information Page 584 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  45 Chapter 11
Ethics and Society Ethics and Society Page 584 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  46 Figure 11‐31 Chapter 11
Ethics and Society Ethics and Society • When you fill out a  form, the merchant that  receives the form  usually enters it into a  database • Many companies today  allow people to specify  whether they want  their personal  information distributed Page 585 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  47 Figure 11‐32 Chapter 11
Ethics and Society Ethics and Society • A cookie is a small text file that a Web server stores on  your computer • Web sites use cookies for a variety of reasons: Assist with  h Allow for  Store users’  online  personalization passwords shopping Track how  Track how Target  Click to view Web Link, often users  click Chapter 11, Click Web advertisements Link from left navigation, then click Cookies visit a site below Chapter 11 Pages 585 – 586 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  48 Chapter 11
Ethics and Society Ethics and Society Page 586 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  49 Figure 11‐33 Chapter 11
Ethics and Society Ethics and Society • S Spam iis an unsolicited  li i d e‐mail message or  newsgroup posting newsgroup posting • E‐mail filtering blocks e‐mail messages from  e mail messages from designated sources • Anti spam programs Anti‐spam programs attempt to  remove  spam before it reaches  spam before it reaches your inbox Page 587 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  50 Figure 11‐34 Chapter 11
Ethics and Society Ethics and Society • Phi hi i Phishing is a scam in  i which a perpetrator sends  an official looking e mail  an official looking e‐mail message that attempts to  obtain your personal and  financial information • Pharming is a scam  where a perpetrator  h attempts to obtain your  personal and financial  personal and financial information via spoofing Pages 587 ‐ 588 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  51 Figure 11‐35 Chapter 11
Ethics and Society Ethics and Society • The concern about privacy has led to the  g g enactment of federal and state laws regarding the  storage and disclosure of personal data – See Figure 11‐36 on page 589 for a listing of major U S See Figure 11‐36 on page 589 for a listing of major U.S.  government laws concerning privacy • Th 1970 F i C di R The 1970 Fair Credit Reporting Act li i h i A limits the  rights of others viewing a credit report to only  those with a legitimate business need Page 588 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  52 Chapter 11
Ethics and Society Ethics and Society Social engineering is defined as gaining  unauthorized access or obtaining confidential   unauthorized access or obtaining confidential information by taking advantage of trust and naivety Employee monitoring involves the use of computers  to observe record and review an employee’s use of to observe, record, and review an employee s use of  a computer Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Social Engineering below Chapter 11 Page 590 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  53 Chapter 11
Ethics and Society Ethics and Society • C Content filtering i h fil i is the  process of restricting  access to certain material  access to certain material on the Web • Many businesses use  y content filtering • Internet Content Rating  Association (ICRA) • Web filtering software restricts access to  specified Web sites Pages 590 – 591 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  54 Figure 11‐37 Chapter 11
Summary Potential computer risks and  Potential computer risks and Wireless security risks and  Wireless security risks and the safeguards safeguards Ethi l i di Ethical issues surrounding  information accuracy,  Computer‐related health  p intellectual property rights,  p p y g issues and preventions codes of conduct, green  computing, and information  privacy Page 591 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  55 Chapter 11
Discovering Computers 2011 Living in a Digital World Chapter 11 Complete

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Computer Security and Safety, Ethics & Privacy

  • 1.
    Discovering Computers 2011 Living in a Digital World
  • 2.
    Objectives Overview Objectives Overview Define the term,  Describe various types  Discuss techniques to Discuss techniques to  computer security risks,  i ik of Internet and network  fI d k prevent unauthorized  and briefly describe the  attacks, and identify  computer access and  types of cybercrime  ways to safeguard  use perpetrators against these attacks Explain the ways  Identify safeguards  Discuss how encryption  software manufacturers  against hardware theft  works, and explain why  p g protect against  and vandalism and vandalism it is necessary it is necessary software piracy See Page 555  Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  2 for Detailed Objectives Chapter 11
  • 3.
    Objectives Overview Objectives Overview Discuss the types of  Discuss the types of Identify risks and  Identify risks and Explain the options  devices available that  safeguards associated  available for backing up  protect computers from  with wireless  computer resources system failure system failure communications Recogni e issues related Recognize issues related  Discuss ways to prevent  to information accuracy,  Discuss issues  health‐related disorders  intellectual property  surrounding information  j and injuries due to  rights, codes of conduct,  rights codes of conduct privacy computer use and green computing See Page 555 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  3 for Detailed Objectives Chapter 11
  • 4.
    Computer Security Risks Computer Security Risks •A computer security risk is any event or action that could  cause a loss of or damage to computer hardware,  software, data, information, or processing capability • A cybercrime is an online or Internet‐based illegal act Hackers Crackers Script Kiddies Script Kiddies Corporate Spies Corporate Spies Unethical  Cyberextortionists Cyberterrorists Employees Pages 556 ‐ 557 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  4 Chapter 11
  • 5.
    Computer Security Risks Computer Security Risks Pages 556 –557 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  5 Figure 11‐1 Chapter 11
  • 6.
    Internet and Network Attacks Internet and NetworkAttacks • Information transmitted over networks has a higher  degree of security risk than information kept on an  organization’s premises • An online security service is a Web site that evaluates  your computer to check for Internet and e‐mail  vulnerabilities Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Computer Emergency Response Team Coordination Center below Chapter 11 Page 558  Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  6 Figure 11‐2 Chapter 11
  • 7.
    Internet and Network Attacks Internet and NetworkAttacks Computer  Worm Trojan Horse Rootkit Virus • Affects a  • Copies itself  • A malicious  • Program that  computer  repeatedly,  program that  hides in a  negatively by  ti l b using up  i hides within  hid ithi computer  t altering the  resources  or looks like  and allows  way the  and possibly  a legitimate  someone  computer  shutting  program from a  works down the  remote  p computer or  location to  network take full  control Page 558 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  7 Chapter 11
  • 8.
    Video: Attack of the Mobile Viruses Video: Attack ofthe Mobile Viruses CLICK TO START CLICK TO START Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  8 Chapter 11
  • 9.
    Internet and Network Attacks Internet and NetworkAttacks • An infected computer has one or more of the  g y p following symptoms: Operating system  Available memory  Screen displays  Files become  runs much slower  is less than  unusual message  corrupted than usual expected or image Unknown  M i l Music or unusual  P fil Programs or files  Existing programs  programs or files  sound plays  do not work  and files disappear mysteriously  randomly properly appear Operating system  System properties  Operating system  shuts down  change does not start up does not start up unexpectedly Pages 558 ‐ 559 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  9 Chapter 11
  • 10.
    Internet and Network Attacks Internet and NetworkAttacks Page 559 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  10 Figure 11‐3 Chapter 11
  • 11.
    Internet and Network Attacks Internet and NetworkAttacks Page 561  Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  11 Figure 11‐6 Chapter 11
  • 12.
    Internet and Network Attacks Internet and NetworkAttacks • Users can take several  precautions to protect  their home and work  computers and mobile  devices from these  malicious infections Page 560 – 561 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  12 Figure 11‐7 Chapter 11
  • 13.
    Internet and Network Attacks Internet and NetworkAttacks • A botnet is a group of compromised computers connected to a  network – A compromised computer is known as a zombie A compromised computer is known as a zombie • A denial of service attack (DoS attack) disrupts computer access to  Internet services Internet services – Distributed DoS (DDoS) • A back door is a program or set of instructions in a program that  p g p g allow users to bypass security controls • Spoofing is a technique intruders use to make their network or  Internet transmission appear legitimate Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click DoS Attacks below Chapter 11 Pages 562 ‐ 563 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  13 Chapter 11
  • 14.
    Internet and Network Attacks Internet and NetworkAttacks • A firewall is hardware and/or software that  p protects a network’s resources from intrusion Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Firewalls below Chapter 11 Pages 563 ‐ 564 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  14 Figure 11‐8 Chapter 11
  • 15.
    Internet and Network Attacks Internet and NetworkAttacks Intrusion detection software •A l Analyzes all network traffic ll t k t ffi • Assesses system vulnerabilities • Identifies any unauthorized intrusions d ifi h i di i • Notifies network administrators of suspicious behavior  tt t b h patterns or system breaches Honeypot yp • Vulnerable computer that is set up to entice an intruder to  break into it break into it Page 564 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  15 Chapter 11
  • 16.
    Unauthorized Access and Use Unauthorized Access andUse Unauthorized access is  Unauthorized access is Unauthorized use is the  Unauthorized use is the the use of a computer or  use of a computer or its  network without  data for unapproved or  permission possibly illegal activities Page 564 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  16 Chapter 11
  • 17.
    Unauthorized Access and Use Unauthorized Access andUse • O Organizations take  i i k several measures to  help prevent  help prevent unauthorized access  and use and use – Acceptable use policy – Disable file and printer Disable file and printer  sharing – Firewalls – Intrusion detection  software Page 565  Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  17 Figure 11‐10 Chapter 11
  • 18.
    Unauthorized Access and Use Unauthorized Access andUse • Access controls define who can access a  p y computer, when they can access it, and what  actions they can take – Two‐phase processes called identification and Two‐phase processes called identification and  authentication –UUser name – Password – Passphrase – CAPTCHA Pages 565 – 567 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  18 Figure 11‐11 Chapter 11
  • 19.
    Unauthorized Access and Use Unauthorized Access andUse • A possessed object is any  • A biometric device item that you must carry to  authenticates a person’s  gain access to a computer  gain access to a computer identity by translating a  identity by translating a or computer facility personal characteristic into  – Often are used in  g a digital code that is  combination with a personal  compared with a digital  identification number (PIN) code in a computer Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Biometric Devices below Chapter 11 Page 568 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  19 Figure 11‐14 Chapter 11
  • 20.
    Unauthorized Access and Use Unauthorized Access andUse • Digital forensics is the discovery, collection, and  y p analysis of evidence found on computers and  networks • Many areas use digital forensics Many areas use digital forensics Law  Criminal  Military  y enforcement prosecutors intelligence Information  Insurance  security  g agencies departments d t t Page 569 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  20 Chapter 11
  • 21.
    Hardware Theft and Vandalism Hardware Theft andVandalism Hardware vandalism Hardware theft is the  Hardware theft is the is the act of defacing  act of stealing  or destroying or destroying  t i computer equipment t computer equipment Page 570 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  21 Chapter 11
  • 22.
    Hardware Theft and Vandalism Hardware Theft andVandalism • To help reduce the of chances of theft, companies  y y and schools use a variety of security measures Cables to lock  Physical access controls Alarm systems equipment Real time location  Passwords, possessed  system objects, and biometrics Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click RTLS below Chapter 11 Page 570 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  22 Figure 11‐15 Chapter 11
  • 23.
    Software Theft Software Theft • Software theftoccurs when someone: Steals software  Intentionally  y media erases programs Illegally  Ill ll Illegally copies a  registers and/or  program activates a  program Page 571 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  23 Chapter 11
  • 24.
    Software Theft Software Theft • A single‐user license agreementtypically contains the  following conditions: Permitted to • Install the software on one computer Install the software on one computer • Make one copy of the software • Remove the software from your computer before giving it away or selling it Not permitted to • Install the software on a network • Give copies to friends or colleagues while continuing to use the software • Export the software • Rent or lease the software R l h f Page 571 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  24 Chapter 11
  • 25.
    Software Theft Software Theft • Copying, loaning,  borrowing, renting, or  distributing software  can be a violation of  copyright law • Some software requires  product activation to  function fully Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Business Software Alliance below Chapter 11 Pages 571 – 572 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  25 Figure 11‐16 Chapter 11
  • 26.
    Information Theft Information Theft • Information theft occurs when someone steals  p personal or confidential information • Encryption is a process of converting readable  data into unreadable characters to prevent  data into unreadable characters to prevent unauthorized access Pages 572 ‐ 573 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  26 Figure 11‐17 Chapter 11
  • 27.
    Information Theft Information Theft Page 573 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  27 Figure 11‐18 Chapter 11
  • 28.
    Information Theft Information Theft • A digital signatureis an encrypted code that a  p person, Web site, or organization attaches to an  g electronic message to verify the identity of the  sender – Often used to ensure that an impostor is not  participating in an Internet transaction participating in an Internet transaction • Web browsers and Web sites use encryption  techniques Page 574 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  28 Chapter 11
  • 29.
    Information Theft Information Theft • Popular security techniques include Digital  Transport Layer  Certificates Security (TLS) Secure HTTP VPN Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Digital Certificates below Chapter 11 Pages 574 ‐ 575 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  29 Chapter 11
  • 30.
    Information Theft Information Theft Pages 574 ‐ 575 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  30 Figures 11‐19 – 11‐20 Chapter 11
  • 31.
    System Failure System Failure • A system failure is the prolonged malfunction of a  p computer • A variety of factors can lead to system failure,  including: – Aging hardware – Natural disasters – Electrical power problems p p • Noise, undervoltages, and overvoltages – Errors in computer programs Errors in computer programs Page 575 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  31 Chapter 11
  • 32.
    System Failure System Failure • Two ways to protect from system failures caused  y p g by electrical power variations include surge  protectors and uninterruptable power supplies (UPS) Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Surge Protectors below Chapter 11 Page 576 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  32 Figures 11‐21 – 11‐22 Chapter 11
  • 33.
    Backing Up  The Ultimate Safeguard Backing Up– The Ultimate Safeguard • A backup is a duplicate of a file, program, or disk  g g that can be used if the original is lost, damaged,  or destroyed – To back up a file means to make a copy of it To back up a file means to make a copy of it • Offsite backups are stored in a location separate  from the computer site Cloud  Storage Page 577 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  33 Chapter 11
  • 34.
    Backing Up  The Ultimate Safeguard Backing Up– The Ultimate Safeguard • Two categories of  • Three‐generation  backups: backup policy – Full backup Grandparent – Selective backup Parent Child Page 577 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  34 Chapter 11
  • 35.
    Wireless Security Wireless Security • Wireless access poses additional security risks – About 80 percent of wireless networks have no security  protection • War driving allows individuals to detect wireless  networks while driving a vehicle through the area Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click War Driving below Chapter 11 Page 578 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  35 Figure 11‐23 Chapter 11
  • 36.
    Wireless Security Wireless Security • In additional to using firewalls, some safeguards  p y improve security of wireless networks: A wireless access  Change the default  Change the default point should not  SSID broadcast an SSID Configure a WAP  so that only  Use WPA or WPA2  certain devices can  security standards access it access it Page 578 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  36 Chapter 11
  • 37.
    Health Concerns of Computer Use Health Concerns ofComputer Use • The widespread use of  computers has led to  health concerns – Repetitive strain injury  (RSI) • Tendonitis • Carpal tunnel syndrome Carpal tunnel syndrome  (CTS) – Computer vision  p syndrome (CVS) Page 579 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  37 Figure 11‐24 Chapter 11
  • 38.
    Health Concerns of Computer Use Health Concerns ofComputer Use Page 580 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  38 Figure 11‐25 Chapter 11
  • 39.
    Health Concerns of Computer Use Health Concerns ofComputer Use • Ergonomics is an  applied science devoted  to incorporating  comfort, efficiency, and  safety into the design of  items in the workplace Page 580 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  39 Figure 11‐26 Chapter 11
  • 40.
    Health Concerns of Computer Use Health Concerns ofComputer Use • Computer addiction occurs when the computer  consumes someone’s entire social life • Symptoms of users include: Craves  Overjoy when  Unable to stop  computer  at the  computer  time ti computer t activity ti it Irritable when  I it bl h Neglects  N l t Problems at  P bl t not at the  family and  work or  computer friends school Page 581 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  40 Chapter 11
  • 41.
    Ethics and Society Ethics and Society • Computer ethics are  the moral guidelines  that govern the use of  computers and  information systems • Information accuracy is  a concern – Not all information on  the Web is correct Pages 581 – 582 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  41 Figure 11‐28 Chapter 11
  • 42.
    Ethics and Society Ethics and Society Intellectual property rights are the rights to which creators  are entitled for their work are entitled for their work • A copyright protects any tangible form of expression py g p y g p An IT code of conduct is a written guideline that helps  determine whether a specific computer action is ethical or determine whether a specific computer action is ethical or  unethical Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Digital Rights Management below Chapter 11 Page 582 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  42 Chapter 11
  • 43.
    Ethics and Society Ethics and Society Page 583 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  43 Figure 11‐29 Chapter 11
  • 44.
    Ethics and Society Ethics and Society •Green computing involves reducing the electricity  g p and environmental waste while using a computer Pages 583 – 584 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  44 Figure 11‐30 Chapter 11
  • 45.
    Ethics and Society Ethics and Society •Information privacy refers to the right of  p y individuals and companies to deny or restrict the  collection and use of information about them • Huge databases store data online Huge databases store data online • It is important to safeguard your information Page 584 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  45 Chapter 11
  • 46.
    Ethics and Society Ethics and Society Page 584 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  46 Figure 11‐31 Chapter 11
  • 47.
    Ethics and Society Ethics and Society • When you fill out a  form, the merchant that  receives the form  usually enters it into a  database • Many companies today  allow people to specify  whether they want  their personal  information distributed Page 585 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  47 Figure 11‐32 Chapter 11
  • 48.
    Ethics and Society Ethics and Society •A cookie is a small text file that a Web server stores on  your computer • Web sites use cookies for a variety of reasons: Assist with  h Allow for  Store users’  online  personalization passwords shopping Track how  Track how Target  Click to view Web Link, often users  click Chapter 11, Click Web advertisements Link from left navigation, then click Cookies visit a site below Chapter 11 Pages 585 – 586 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  48 Chapter 11
  • 49.
    Ethics and Society Ethics and Society Page 586 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  49 Figure 11‐33 Chapter 11
  • 50.
    Ethics and Society Ethics and Society • S Spam iis an unsolicited  li i d e‐mail message or  newsgroup posting newsgroup posting • E‐mail filtering blocks e‐mail messages from  e mail messages from designated sources • Anti spam programs Anti‐spam programs attempt to  remove  spam before it reaches  spam before it reaches your inbox Page 587 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  50 Figure 11‐34 Chapter 11
  • 51.
    Ethics and Society Ethics and Society • Phi hi i Phishing is a scam in  i which a perpetrator sends  an official looking e mail  an official looking e‐mail message that attempts to  obtain your personal and  financial information • Pharming is a scam  where a perpetrator  h attempts to obtain your  personal and financial  personal and financial information via spoofing Pages 587 ‐ 588 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  51 Figure 11‐35 Chapter 11
  • 52.
    Ethics and Society Ethics and Society •The concern about privacy has led to the  g g enactment of federal and state laws regarding the  storage and disclosure of personal data – See Figure 11‐36 on page 589 for a listing of major U S See Figure 11‐36 on page 589 for a listing of major U.S.  government laws concerning privacy • Th 1970 F i C di R The 1970 Fair Credit Reporting Act li i h i A limits the  rights of others viewing a credit report to only  those with a legitimate business need Page 588 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  52 Chapter 11
  • 53.
    Ethics and Society Ethics and Society Social engineering is defined as gaining  unauthorized access or obtaining confidential   unauthorized access or obtaining confidential information by taking advantage of trust and naivety Employee monitoring involves the use of computers  to observe record and review an employee’s use of to observe, record, and review an employee s use of  a computer Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Social Engineering below Chapter 11 Page 590 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  53 Chapter 11
  • 54.
    Ethics and Society Ethics and Society • C Content filtering i h fil i is the  process of restricting  access to certain material  access to certain material on the Web • Many businesses use  y content filtering • Internet Content Rating  Association (ICRA) • Web filtering software restricts access to  specified Web sites Pages 590 – 591 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  54 Figure 11‐37 Chapter 11
  • 55.
    Summary Potential computer risks and  Potential computer risks and Wireless security risks and  Wireless security risks and the safeguards safeguards Ethi l i di Ethical issues surrounding  information accuracy,  Computer‐related health  p intellectual property rights,  p p y g issues and preventions codes of conduct, green  computing, and information  privacy Page 591 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World  55 Chapter 11
  • 56.
    Discovering Computers 2011 Living in a Digital World Chapter 11 Complete