Networking connects computing devices together to share data. It allows devices to communicate through a mix of hardware like cables and wireless equipment, and software like communication protocols. Networks can be categorized based on their geographic reach - local area networks (LANs) span a small area like a home or office, while wide area networks (WANs) connect across cities, states or globally. The largest public WAN is the Internet. Networks also use common protocols like TCP/IP to define the language devices use to communicate. While wired networks were traditionally used, wireless networking has become more popular for new installations.
4 pillers of iot
1. M2M
(machine to machine)
2. WSN
(wireless sensor network)
3. RFID
(radio frequency identification device)
4. SCADA
(supervisory control and data acquisition)
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of sensor nodes which interact with each other through physical parameters like sunlight, wind, vibration, humidity etc. Routing protocols provide an optimal data transmission route from sensor nodes to sink node to save energy of nodes. From Base Station (BS) Sensor node sends and receives data to or from wireless stations. Clustering mechanism is one of the popular routing mechanisms used in WSN for optimizing the problem in sensor nodes. There are two types of clustering schemes known as homogeneous schemes and heterogeneous schemes. In Homogeneous scheme initial energy is same for each node but in heterogeneous scheme initial energy is different for each node and also used to determine the efficiency of sensor networks. Enhanced Modified LEACH (EMODLEACH) is a reactive protocol which is implemented for homogeneous network model. We have implemented the concept of Efficient Cluster head Replacement scheme and Dual transmitting power level scheme of MODLEACH along with the concept of Efficient Intra Cluster transmission Scheme of TEEN in LEACH. We analyze the PEGASIS protocol and modified the exiting protocol called improved energy balanced routing protocol (IEBRP).This IEBRP is based on cluster formation, cluster routing and other aspects of LEACH protocol.
These slides cover the fundamentals of data communication & networking. It covers Channel Capacity It is useful for engineering students & also for the candidates who want to master data communication & computer networking.
4 pillers of iot
1. M2M
(machine to machine)
2. WSN
(wireless sensor network)
3. RFID
(radio frequency identification device)
4. SCADA
(supervisory control and data acquisition)
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of sensor nodes which interact with each other through physical parameters like sunlight, wind, vibration, humidity etc. Routing protocols provide an optimal data transmission route from sensor nodes to sink node to save energy of nodes. From Base Station (BS) Sensor node sends and receives data to or from wireless stations. Clustering mechanism is one of the popular routing mechanisms used in WSN for optimizing the problem in sensor nodes. There are two types of clustering schemes known as homogeneous schemes and heterogeneous schemes. In Homogeneous scheme initial energy is same for each node but in heterogeneous scheme initial energy is different for each node and also used to determine the efficiency of sensor networks. Enhanced Modified LEACH (EMODLEACH) is a reactive protocol which is implemented for homogeneous network model. We have implemented the concept of Efficient Cluster head Replacement scheme and Dual transmitting power level scheme of MODLEACH along with the concept of Efficient Intra Cluster transmission Scheme of TEEN in LEACH. We analyze the PEGASIS protocol and modified the exiting protocol called improved energy balanced routing protocol (IEBRP).This IEBRP is based on cluster formation, cluster routing and other aspects of LEACH protocol.
These slides cover the fundamentals of data communication & networking. It covers Channel Capacity It is useful for engineering students & also for the candidates who want to master data communication & computer networking.
This Presentation covers:
Basics of data communications
Network Elements
Introduction to Protocols
Bridges, Routers, HUB, switch, gateway
Packet Switching Concepts
Wireless sensor networks have recently come into prominence because they hold the
potential to revolutionize many segments. The Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is made up of a
collection of sensor nodes, which were small energy constrained devices. Routing technique is one of
the research area in wireless sensor network. So by designing an efficient routing protocol for
reducing energy consumption is the important factor. In this paper, a brief introduction to routing
challenges in WSN have been mentioned. This paper also provides the basic classification of routing
protocols in WSNs along with the most energy efficient protocol named LEACH along with its
advantages and disadvantages. This paper also focus on some of the improved version of LEACH
protocol.
Data Communications,Data Networks,computer communications,multiplexing,spread spectrum,protocol architecture,data link protocols,signal encoding techniques,transmission media
This slide is design for communication and computer students. students can get help from this slide about TCP/IP and protocols of internet. this slide has basic knowledge about TCP and its layers.
Developed by ITU-T, ISDN is a set of protocols that combines digital telephony and data transport services to digitise the telephone network to permit the transmission of audio, video and text over existing telephone line. ISDN is an effort to standardise subscriber services, provide user or network interface and facilitate the inter-networking capabilities of existing voice and data networks. The goal of ISDN is to form a wide area network that provides universal end-to-end connectivity over digital media by integrating separate transmission services into one without adding new links or subscriber links.
This Presentation covers:
Basics of data communications
Network Elements
Introduction to Protocols
Bridges, Routers, HUB, switch, gateway
Packet Switching Concepts
Wireless sensor networks have recently come into prominence because they hold the
potential to revolutionize many segments. The Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is made up of a
collection of sensor nodes, which were small energy constrained devices. Routing technique is one of
the research area in wireless sensor network. So by designing an efficient routing protocol for
reducing energy consumption is the important factor. In this paper, a brief introduction to routing
challenges in WSN have been mentioned. This paper also provides the basic classification of routing
protocols in WSNs along with the most energy efficient protocol named LEACH along with its
advantages and disadvantages. This paper also focus on some of the improved version of LEACH
protocol.
Data Communications,Data Networks,computer communications,multiplexing,spread spectrum,protocol architecture,data link protocols,signal encoding techniques,transmission media
This slide is design for communication and computer students. students can get help from this slide about TCP/IP and protocols of internet. this slide has basic knowledge about TCP and its layers.
Developed by ITU-T, ISDN is a set of protocols that combines digital telephony and data transport services to digitise the telephone network to permit the transmission of audio, video and text over existing telephone line. ISDN is an effort to standardise subscriber services, provide user or network interface and facilitate the inter-networking capabilities of existing voice and data networks. The goal of ISDN is to form a wide area network that provides universal end-to-end connectivity over digital media by integrating separate transmission services into one without adding new links or subscriber links.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
1. What is networking?
In the world of computers, networking is the practice of linking two or more
computing devices together for the purpose of sharing data. Networks are built
with a mix of computer hardware and computer software.
Area Networks
Networks can be categorized in several different ways. One approach defines the
type of network according to the geographic area it spans.Local area networks
(LANs), for example, typically reach across a single home, whereas wide area
networks (WANs), reach across cities, states, or even across the world.
The Internet is the world's largest public WAN.
Network Protocols
In networking, the communication language used by computer devices is called
the protocol. Yet another way to classify computer networks is by the set of
protocols they support. Networks often implement multiple protocols to support
specific applications. Popular protocols include TCP/IP, the most common protocol
found on the Internet and in home networks.
Wired vs Wireless Networking
Many of the same network protocols, like TCP/IP, work in
both wired and wireless networks. Networks with Ethernet cables predominated in
businesses, schools, and homes for several decades. Recently, however, wireless
networking alternatives have emerged as the premier technology for building
new computer networks.
Data communication
The distance over which data moves within a computer may vary from a
few thousandths of an inch, as is the case within a single IC chip, to as much
as several feet along the backplane of the main circuit board. Over such
small distances, digital data may be transmitted as direct, two-level
electrical signals over simple copper conductors. Except for the fastest
computers, circuit designers are not very concerned about the shape of the
conductor or the analog characteristics of signal transmission.
2. DIFFERENT NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
LAN NETWORKING
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
TOPOLOGY – defines the structure of the network. There are two parts to the topology
definition: the physical topology which is the actual layout of the wire (media) and the logical
topology which defines how the media is accessed by the hosts. It refers also to how
computers are being connected with each other.
The types of topologies:
1. BUS TOPOLOGY
In the bus topology, the computers are connected through a common communication media. A
special type of central wire is used as communication media. This central wire is called Bus. The
computer are attached through the bus the ends of the bus are closed with the terminator .The
terminators are used to absorb signals. Bus topology use coaxial cables sections are connected
to the B. N. C connectors. B.N.C connectors are often use to connect the computer through the
main cable. These connectors can connect through two section of cable with the bus extending
in both directions. The end device on the bus have the terminals on one connectors of T
2.STAR TOPOLOGY
The star topology uses a separate cable for each work station as shown in fig.The cable
connects the work station to a central device typically a HUB. The configuration provides a more
reliable network that is easily expended. With star there is no central point of failure in the cable
.if there is a problem with the cable only the station connected to that cable is a effected .to add
more work stations simply connect another HUB
3.RING TOPOLOGY
In ring topology each computer is connected to the next computer and the last computer is
connected to the first computer. Thus a ring of computers is formed as shown in figure below.
4.MESH TOPOLOGY
A mesh network or mesh topology uses separate cable to connect each device to every other
device on the network, providing a straight communication path
3. HOSTS – devices that connect directly to a network segment. These hosts include
computers, both clients and servers, printers, scanners and many other devices. These
devices provide the users with connection to the network, with which the users share, create
and obtain information.
Network Interface Card (NIC) – is a printed circuit board that fits into the expansion slot of a
bus on a computer’s motherboard or peripheral device. It is considered to be found in Layer
2 devices because each individual NIC throughout the world carries a unique code, called
the Media Access Control (MAC) address.
You can build computer networks with many different media types. Each media has
advantages and disadvantages. What is an advantage for one media (category 5 cost) might
be a disadvantage for another (fiber optic cost). Some of the advantages and disadvantages
are:
Cost
Ease of installation
Cable length
REPEATER - is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it at a higher
level and/or higher power, or onto the other side of an obstruction, so that the signal can
cover longer distances. It is used when the type of cable (CAT5 UTP) is long. CAT5 UTP
has a maximum length of 100 meters (approximately 333 feet). The purpose of a repeater is
regenerate and retimes network signals at the bit level to allow them to travel a longer
distance on the media.
HUB - is a device for connecting multiple twisted pair or fiber optic Ethernetdevices together
and thus making them act as a single network segment.
There are different classifications of hubs in networking:
1. The first classification is active or passive. Most modern hubs are active; they take energy
from a power supply to regenerate network signals. Some hubs are passive devices
because they merely split signal for multiple users, like using a “Y” cord on a CD player to
use more than one set of headphones.
2. Another classification of hubs is intelligent or dumb. Intelligent hubs have console ports,
which mean they can be programmed to manage traffic in the network. Dumb hubs simply
take an incoming networking signal and repeat it to every port without the ability to do any
management.
BRIDGE – refers to a device which has just two parts. It filters the frames and how this is
actually accomplished.
SWITCH – is to concentrate connectivity, while making data transmission more efficient. A
device that is able to combine the connectivity of a hub with the traffic regulation of a bridge
on each port.
ROUTER – the first device that you will work with that us at the OSI’s network layer, or other
known as Layer 3. The purpose of a router is to examine incoming packets, choose the best
path for them in a network and then switch them to the proper outgoing port
4. OSI model
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a product of the Open Systems
Interconnection effort at the International Organization for Standardization. It is a prescription
of characterising and standardising the functions of a communications systemin terms
of abstraction layers. Similar communication functions are grouped into logical layers. A
layer serves the layer above it and is served by the layer below it.
OSI layers
OSI Model
Data unit Layer Function
Host
layers
Data
7. Application Network process to application
6. Presentation
Data representation, encryption and decryption,
convert machine dependent data to machine
independent data
5. Session
Interhost communication, managing sessions
between applications
Segments 4. Transport
End-to-end connections, reliability and flow
control
Media
layers
Packet/Datagram 3. Network Path determination and logical addressing
Frame 2. Data link Physical addressing
Bit 1. Physical Media, signal and binary transmission
LAN - Local Area Network
A LAN connects network devices over a relatively short distance. A networked
office building, school, or home usually contains a single LAN, though sometimes
one building will contain a few small LANs (perhaps one per room), and
occasionally a LAN will span a group of nearby buildings. In TCP/IP networking, a
LAN is often but not always implemented as a single IP subnet.
5. In addition to operating in a limited space, LANs are also typically owned,
controlled, and managed by a single person or organization. They also tend to
use certain connectivity technologies, primarily Ethernet and Token Ring.
WAN - Wide Area Network
As the term implies, a WAN spans a large physical distance. The Internet is the
largest WAN, spanning the Earth.
A WAN is a geographically-dispersed collection of LANs. A network device called
a router connects LANs to a WAN. In IP networking, the router maintains both a
LAN address and a WAN address.
A WAN differs from a LAN in several important ways. Most WANs (like the
Internet) are not owned by any one organization but rather exist under
collective or distributed ownership and management. WANs tend to use
technology like ATM, Frame Relay and X.25 for connectivity over the longer
distances.
Metropolitan Area Network
a network spanning a physical area larger than a LAN but smaller than a
WAN, such as a city. A MAN is typically owned an operated by a single entity
such as a government body or large corporation.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ROUTERS
Advantage of Router -
a) Router limits the collision domain.
b) Router can function on LAN & WAN>
c) Router can connects different media & architectures.
d) Router can dtermine best path/route for data to reach
the destination.
e) Router can filter the broadcasts.
Disadvantage of Router -
a) Router is more expensive than Hub, Bridge & Switch.
b) Router only waork with routable protocol.
c) Routing updates consume bandwidth.
d) Increase latency due to greater degree of packet
filtering.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF BRIDGES
Advantages of Bridge:
· Simple bridges are inexpensive
· Simple configuration modes
· Isolate collision domains with micro-segmentation
· It increase network length
6. · Access control and network management capabilities
· Bandwidth scales as network grows
Disadvantages of Bridge:
· Does not limit the scope of broadcast
· Does not scale to extremely large networks
· Extremely large networks cannot rely on bridges
· Buffering and processing introduces delays
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF HUB
Advantage:
Hub is less expensive product.
it is used for connect the multiple devices.
Disadvantages:
It will broadcast to all the ports
It runs half duplex
If 10 Ports in a hub it will share bandwidth of 100 MbPs.
So each port share 10 Mbps
MODEM
A modem (modulator-demodulator) is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to
encode digital information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the
transmitted information. The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and
decoded to reproduce the original digital data. Modems can be used over any means of
transmitting analog signals, from light emitting diodes to radio. The most familiar example is
a voice band modem that turns the digital data of a personal computer into
modulatedelectrical signals in the voice frequency range of a telephone channel. These
signals can be transmitted over telephone lines and demodulated by another modem at the
receiver side to recover the digital data.
SUBNET
A subnetwork, or subnet, is a logically visible subdivision of an IP network.[1]
The practice of
dividing a network into two or more networks is calledsubnetting.
All computers that belong to a subnet are addressed with a common, identical, most-
significant bit-group in their IP address. This results in the logical division of an IP address
into two fields, a network or routing prefix and the rest field or host identifier. The rest field is
an identifier for a specific host or network interface.
7. Cisco Packet Tracer
Cisco Packet Tracer is a powerful network simulation program that allows students to
experiment with network behavior and ask “what if” questions. As an integral part of the
Networking Academy comprehensive learning experience, Packet Tracer provides
simulation, visualization, authoring, assessment, and collaboration capabilities and facilitates
the teaching and learning of complex technology concepts.
Packet Tracer supplements physical equipment in the classroom by allowing
students to create a network with an almost unlimited number of devices,
encouraging practice, discovery, and troubleshooting. The simulation-based learning
environment helps students develop 21st century skills such as decision making,
creative and critical thinking, and problem solving. Packet Tracer complements the
Networking Academy curricula, allowing instructors to easily teach and demonstrate
complex technical concepts and networking systems design.
Packet Tracer features
The current version of Packet Tracer supports an array of simulatedApplication Layer
protocols, as well as basic routing with RIP, OSPF, and EIGRP, to the extent required by the
current CCNA curriculum. While Packet Tracer aims to provide a realistic simulation of
functional networks, the application itself utilizes only a small number of features found
within the actual hardware running a current Cisco IOS version. Thus, Packet Tracer is
unsuitable for modeling production networks. With the introduction of version 5.3, several
new features were added, including BGP. BGP is not part of the CCNA curriculum, but part
of the CCNP curriculum.
Packet Tracer
Cisco Packet Tracer 5.0 in Windows 7
Operating
system
Microsoft
Windows and Debian-
Like Linux