The document discusses the fundamentals of networking, including the definition, components, types, protocols, and advantages/disadvantages of networks. It covers various transmission media, network topologies, and models like client-server and peer-to-peer networks. Key topics also include data communication methods and specific technologies like LAN, WAN, and the role of various hardware components in network functioning.

1. Preface
 We are living in the smart era of the
Internet.
 It is achieved through development
in data communication,
telecommunication and networking.
 Collaboration between networking
and telecommunication gave birth to
the Internet.

2. Contents  Network
 Data communication
 Components of network
 Transmission media
 Types of network
 Network topology

3. Network
 Two or more computers connected with
each other to share resources.
 Internet is a world-wide network of
computers.
 Group of computer systems and other
computing hardware devices that are
linked together through communication
and resources sharing among a wide
range of users.

4. Uses of
network  Facilitate communication
 Enable multiple users to share a
single hardware device
 Enable file sharing across the
network
 Enables sharing of software or
operating programs or remote

5. Advantages and disadvantages of network
Advantages
Share information easily
Collaboration
Low cost
Offline data storage
Personalized computer
connections
Disadvantages
Expensive
Network failure
Complicated
Computer virus
Security problem

6.  Exchange of data between a source
and a receiver via form of
transmission media.
 Source – device that transmits the
data.
 Receiver – device that receives the
transmitted data.
Data
communication

7. Data
communication
mode
• Either sends or receives data.
• Eg: radio, television
Simplex
• Both can send and receive data but
one at a time.
• Example: walkie-talkie
Half-duplex
• Data can be sent and received
simultaneously.
• Example: telephone
Duplex

8. Components of
computer
network •Devices connected with
networking
Hardware components
•Sharing data and information
with networking
Software components

9. Hardware
components
 Main component of computer
 Provides service to client computers.
 Main computer or host computer.
 Types: file server, print server,
application server and mail server.
Server

10. Client
 Receives services from host
computer.
 Computer using its own resources is
called workstation.

11. Cables
 Physical layer for transmitting
information from one computer to
another.
 Most used cables: co-axial cable, twisted
pair cable, optical cable
 Type of cable is chosen on the basis of
network’s topology, protocol and size.

12. Network
interface card
 Interface between computer and
network
 Convert data into electrical signals
and transfer through cables and vice
versa
 Supports transfer rate of up to 1000
Mb/s.

13. Connectors
 Connects communication media with
the network device.
 Bay Nut Coupler (BNC) – used with
co-axial cable
 Registered Jack 45 (RJ45) – used with
UTP
 Straight Tip (ST) – used with fiber
optic cable

14. Hub
 Allows multiple computers to
communicate and share data packets
within a network.
 Accepts data, amplifies them and
then broadcasts.
 Central point

15. Switch
 Connects multiple devices on a
computer network.
 Advanced than Hub.
 Send message to device directly that
needs or request it.
 Doesn’t broadcast data like hub

16. Repeater
 Amplifies the signal.
 Used to expand the coverage area of
the network.
 Increases the transmission range of
the original signal.
 Mostly used in wireless networks.

17. Bridge
 Connects two similar architecture
computer.
 Divides LAN into multiple segments and
reduces the load on LANs.
 Reduces network traffic
 Boosts performance, security and
reliability of a network.
 Works under data link layer on OSI (Open
Systems Interconnection) model.

18. Gateway
 Acts as a “gate” between two
networks.
 Connects two dissimilar network
architecture.
 Converts the data passing between
dissimilar networks and protocols.

19. Router
 Used for WIFI access and to amplify
the signals.
 Connects two or more different
networks by transferring data in the
form of packets.
 Chooses the best route for data
transmission.

20. Modem
 Modem stands for Modulator and
Demodulator.
 Allows the computer to connect to
the Internet.
 Modular converts analog to digital
signals.
 Demodular converts digital to analog
signals

21. Software
components
 Group of programs that manage the
network.
 Designed for supporting workstation,
database sharing, application sharing
and file and printer access sharing.
 Enables the server to manage data,
users, application and other networking
functions
 Example: Windows NT, Unix
Network Operating System

22. Device driver  Program that controls the functionality
of the hardware devices.
 Tells the operating system and other
software how to communicate with a
piece of hardware.
 Example: printer driver tells the
operating system and by extension,
whatever program we have the thing
we want to print out

23. Protocols
 Rules for transmission of data.
 Governs format, timing, sequencing
and error control.
 Computers can communicate only if
the protocol used by a computer in
the network is compatible with the
protocol used by another computer.

24. Types of
protocol
• Set of rules that govern data
communication
• Without it two devices can only be
connected but not communicated
Communication protocol
• Set of rules that govern the
communication between computers
on a network.
• Designed to work on different level
of network layers
Network protocol

25. Types of
network
protocol
• requesting/ delivering web pages.
HTTP
• Transferring files between computers.
FTP
• Assuring reliable transmission of data packets.
TCP/ IP
• Protocol for sending email
SMTP

26. Intranet
 Privately maintained computer
network that only authorized people
can access
 Used to securely share company
information and computing
resources among employees.
 Encourages communication within an
organization

27. Extranet  Private network that enterprises use to
provide trusted third parties like
suppliers, vendors, partners, etc.
 Enables the distribution and access of
information to many people in a more
efficient way than email.
 Can be viewed as part of a company’s
intranet that is extended to users
outside the company.

28. Types of transmission media
Transmission
media
Wired or
guided
Twisted
pair cable
Coaxial
cable
Fiber optic
cable
Wireless or
unguided
Radio
waves
Microwav
e system
Infrared
waves
Bluetooth Wi-Fi

29.  Wired or bounded transmission media.
 Signals are sent through a narrow path
using physical links such as wire.
 Offers high speed and secure
transmission
 Used for comparatively shorter
distances.
Guided media

30.  Outer plastic covering containing two
parallel conductors each having a separate
insulate protection cover.
 Used in television networks and cable TVs.
 Actual data travels through the center
conductor in the cable.
Types of
guided media Co-axial cable

31.  Metallic conductors that accept and
transfer signals in the form of electric
current.
 Used for network communication.
Twisted pair
cable
• Covered by copper wires
Unshielded twisted pair
• Covered by metal shield and plastic
cover
Shielded twisted pair

32.  Made of glass core at the center.
 Uses the reflective property of light
waves for transmitting signals.
 Can carry data, voice and video signals.
 High speed and strong security.
Fiber optics

33.  Wireless or unbounded transmission
mode.
 Signals are transmitted through air
instead of physical links.
 Signal is broadcasted through air
hence, less secure.
 Used for longer distances.
Unguided
media

34.  Electromagnetic waves with frequency
between 3 Kilohertz to 300 Gigahertz.
 Travel at the speed of light in vacuum
(3X108
m/s)
 Used in multicasting i.e. transmitting data
from one sender to multiple receivers.
Types of
unguided media
Radio waves

35.  Unidirectional waves.
 Used in cellular phones, satellite
networks and wireless LANs.
 Useful for long distance telephone
communication
 Frequency between 1 GHz to 300 GHz.
Microwave
system

36.  Frequency from 300 GHz to 400 GHz.
 Used for short range communication.
 Used in TV remotes, wireless mouse,
keyboard, etc.
Infrared waves

37.  Wireless technology standard for radio
technology.
 Used for short distances.
 Used to create Personal Area Network
(PAN) with full level of security.
 Can connect multiple devices at a time.
Bluetooth

38.  Wireless fidelity
 Fast and used for smart phones, igital
audio player, laptop computers, etc.
 Uses high frequency radio signals to
transmit and receive data over
distances of several hundred feet.
Wi-Fi

39. Types of
network
LAN (Local Area Network)
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
WAN (Wide Area Network)

40. LAN
 Computer network that interconnects
computers within a limited area.
 Used for sharing resources like files,
printers, games etc.
• Data transmission is faster.
• Easier to establish, manage
and provide security.
Advantages
• Limited to small area.
• Initial installation cost is
high.
Disadvantages

41. MAN
 Computer network that interconnects users
with computer resources in a geographic
region of the size of a metropolitan area.
 Connects several local LAN in a metropolitan
area.
• Spread to a larger area.
• Complex to manage and
provide security.
Advantages
• Comparatively costly than
LAN.
• Less secure than WAN.
Disadvantages

42. WAN
 Computer network that spans a large
geographic area such as a city, state or
country.
 Connects multiple LAN and MAN.
• Spread to a large area.
• Connects dissimilar
systems and network.
Advantages
• Expensive.
• Complex to manage and
provide security.
Disadvantages

43. Network
topology
 Arrangement of nodes.
 Topological structure of a network
 Topology refers to the way the
computers are connected in the
network.

44. Bus topology
 Line topology
 Network setup in which each
computer and network device are
connected to a single cable or
backbone.
 Transmits data from one end to
another in a single direction.

45. Advantages and disadvantages
of bus topology
• Easy to set-up and extend.
• Cost is less.
• Cable length is the least compared to
other networks.
Advantages
• System crashes if cable fails.
• Maintenance cost is high.
• Difficult to detect and troubleshoot
fault.
Disadvantages

46. Ring topology
 Network configuration in which
device connections create a circular
data path.
 Together devices in a ring topology
are referred to as a ring network.
 Data is transmitted around the ring
through token passing.

47. Advantages and disadvantages
of ring topology
• Terminators are not required.
• Less data traffic.
• Provides good communication over a
long distance.
Advantages
• Difficult to set up.
• Difficult in adding and removing
computer nodes.
• Node failure affects entire network.
Disadvantages

48. Star topology
 Network topology where each
individual piece of a network is
attached to the hub.
 Most popular and common.
 Star network.

49. Advantages and disadvantages
of star topology
• Easy to manage and maintain.
• Fast performance.
• Easier to troubleshoot.
Advantages
• Entire network depends on hub.
• Failure of hub affects the entire
network.
• Requires more wires.
Disadvantages

50. Models of
computer
network
 Clients access resources from a
centralized computer called sever.
 Server computer controls all the
connected computers
 Examples: web browser and web
servers, FTP clients and the DNS.
Client server network

51.  Each workstation or node has the
same capabilities and
responsibilities.
 Each computer works as both a client
and a sever.
 Good choice for small organizations.
Peer-to-peer network

52. Differences between client-server and
peer-to-peer
Client-server
Specific server and client
Data is stored in a centralized
server
Expensive
Stable and scalable
Disadvantages
Each computer works as both a
client and server.
Each peer has its own data.
Less expensive.
Suffers if the number of peers
increases

53. Thankyou!