Software is generally a set of instructions to instruct the computer.
Hardware is referenced as the body of instruments or devices.
Firmware is generally a type of software used to control hardware devices.
Input devices capture information from the external environment and translate it into a format readable by computers. Common input devices include keyboards, pointing devices like mice and trackballs, game controllers, scanners, styluses, microphones, and digital cameras. Output devices take the information processed by computers and present it to users in a form they can understand, like monitors to display visual information and speakers to output audio.
The objective of this presentation is to enable primary users to maintain software and hardware parts of a computer. Further guides can be found from my face book page www.facebook.com/fita.ayalew or through my email address www.mengistuayalew@yahoo.com or by following on twitter @fita2004.
CSS L12 STRUCTURE OF COMPUTER NETWORK
At the end of this learning module the students will be able to . . .
○ Discuss the client and servers functions in computer networking.
○ Understand the concept of Network Protocol
○ Enumerate and classify computer networking topologies.
The document discusses different types of text editors commonly used in Linux operating systems. It describes several popular editors: Vi/Vim, which is a standard Linux editor with both command line (Vi) and graphical (Vim) versions; gEdit, the default editor for Gnome with features like syntax highlighting; Pico/Nano, simple console-based editors aimed at beginners; and Emacs, a full-featured console-based editor. The document also categorizes editors as console-based, GUI-based, or for structured text and provides some examples for each category.
This document discusses the differences between hardware, firmware, software, device drivers, application software, and system software. It defines each term and compares their key characteristics such as physical form, size, development languages, difficulty of updating, and examples. Hardware is physical while firmware and software are types of programs. Firmware controls hardware devices and is small in size. Software provides instructions and comes in various sizes. Application software runs at user request while system software acts as an interface between applications and hardware. Device drivers enable communication between operating systems and specific hardware devices.
The input unit accepts data and instructions from external devices and converts them to a binary format understood by the computer. Common input devices include the keyboard, mouse, joystick, scanner, microphone, and touchscreen. The output unit converts the computer's binary output to a human readable format and presents it via output devices such as monitors, printers, speakers, projectors, and plotters. The processor, or CPU, fetches instructions from memory, decodes and executes them, and writes results back to memory in four steps: fetch, decode, execute, and write back. It controls the overall functioning of the computer.
This document provides an overview of random access memory (RAM). It discusses that RAM is a type of volatile memory used to store running programs and data. The document outlines the history, technologies, components, types (SRAM and DRAM), capacities, manufacturers, and advantages/disadvantages of RAM. It also includes diagrams of a RAM block and the positioning and structure of RAM modules.
Modem is a network device that enables a computer to transfer data from telephone lines to computers and computers to telephone lines.
The word modem is derived from modulator and demodulator.
Modem performs modulation and demodulation.
Input devices capture information from the external environment and translate it into a format readable by computers. Common input devices include keyboards, pointing devices like mice and trackballs, game controllers, scanners, styluses, microphones, and digital cameras. Output devices take the information processed by computers and present it to users in a form they can understand, like monitors to display visual information and speakers to output audio.
The objective of this presentation is to enable primary users to maintain software and hardware parts of a computer. Further guides can be found from my face book page www.facebook.com/fita.ayalew or through my email address www.mengistuayalew@yahoo.com or by following on twitter @fita2004.
CSS L12 STRUCTURE OF COMPUTER NETWORK
At the end of this learning module the students will be able to . . .
○ Discuss the client and servers functions in computer networking.
○ Understand the concept of Network Protocol
○ Enumerate and classify computer networking topologies.
The document discusses different types of text editors commonly used in Linux operating systems. It describes several popular editors: Vi/Vim, which is a standard Linux editor with both command line (Vi) and graphical (Vim) versions; gEdit, the default editor for Gnome with features like syntax highlighting; Pico/Nano, simple console-based editors aimed at beginners; and Emacs, a full-featured console-based editor. The document also categorizes editors as console-based, GUI-based, or for structured text and provides some examples for each category.
This document discusses the differences between hardware, firmware, software, device drivers, application software, and system software. It defines each term and compares their key characteristics such as physical form, size, development languages, difficulty of updating, and examples. Hardware is physical while firmware and software are types of programs. Firmware controls hardware devices and is small in size. Software provides instructions and comes in various sizes. Application software runs at user request while system software acts as an interface between applications and hardware. Device drivers enable communication between operating systems and specific hardware devices.
The input unit accepts data and instructions from external devices and converts them to a binary format understood by the computer. Common input devices include the keyboard, mouse, joystick, scanner, microphone, and touchscreen. The output unit converts the computer's binary output to a human readable format and presents it via output devices such as monitors, printers, speakers, projectors, and plotters. The processor, or CPU, fetches instructions from memory, decodes and executes them, and writes results back to memory in four steps: fetch, decode, execute, and write back. It controls the overall functioning of the computer.
This document provides an overview of random access memory (RAM). It discusses that RAM is a type of volatile memory used to store running programs and data. The document outlines the history, technologies, components, types (SRAM and DRAM), capacities, manufacturers, and advantages/disadvantages of RAM. It also includes diagrams of a RAM block and the positioning and structure of RAM modules.
Modem is a network device that enables a computer to transfer data from telephone lines to computers and computers to telephone lines.
The word modem is derived from modulator and demodulator.
Modem performs modulation and demodulation.
The document discusses various topics related to computer networks and the internet. It defines a network as a collection of interconnected computers and devices that allow sharing of resources. It describes the basic components of a network like computers, network interface cards, cables, and technical knowledge. It also summarizes different types of networks including LAN, MAN and WAN and factors to consider when choosing a network. The document then defines the internet and summarizes how it works, common internet services, and how people use the internet. It also discusses internet connections, internet service providers, URLs and common types of internet connections.
The document provides an overview of the basic components of a computer system. It describes the four main operations of a computer as input, processing, storage, and output. It then defines and explains the functions of the main input and output devices, including the keyboard, mouse, monitor, speakers, and printer. It also describes the system unit and how it contains the core components like the motherboard, power supply, and storage drives.
The document provides troubleshooting tips for common PC problems related to hardware components like the power supply unit (PSU), motherboard, and BIOS. It discusses symptoms of PSU issues like no power, intermittent power, power but no display, and noise. Troubleshooting techniques emphasized are being methodical, eliminating potential causes one by one, and seeking assistance from online communities if problems persist.
A computer network connects multiple computers and devices to allow communication and sharing of resources. There are different types of networks including local area networks (LANs) within a single building, metropolitan area networks (MANs) within a city, and wide area networks (WANs) across large distances like countries. Common network topologies include bus, ring, star, tree and mesh configurations. Computer networks enable file sharing, printer sharing, collaboration, remote access, data protection, and centralized administration.
Peripheral devices connect to computers and are controlled by them. They can be either input devices, like keyboards and mice, which allow data to enter the computer, or output devices, like monitors and printers, which allow the computer to present information. Common input devices include keyboards, mice, cameras, and microphones. Common output devices are monitors, printers, and speakers.
The document provides information about fundamentals of Windows Server 2008-R2 including chapters on installation of Server 2008, planning storage solutions, Active Directory, creating users and groups, FSMO roles, DHCP server, and child domain controllers. The key points discussed are the minimum hardware requirements for Server 2008, different storage technologies and RAID levels, components of Active Directory like objects and domains, commands for creating users and groups, roles of FSMO components, advantages of additional domain controllers, and concepts related to DHCP servers like scopes, address pools, and reservations.
Broadband has become essential to modern economies by changing how people access and use the internet in ways that have made economic activity more efficient and extended social interaction. It is defined as a high-bandwidth internet connection and is faster than traditional modem connections. Broadband speed is measured in megabits per second, with different options available for a small web development business in Greystones, Ireland, including DSL, wireless, and cable broadband. DSL through Eircom is currently the most effective and affordable option, but wireless may improve. International comparison with Kerikeri, New Zealand found similar broadband penetration rates but Kerikeri has more government investment and Slingshot DSL may be a better option than providers in Greyst
This document discusses computer interconnection structures and components. It summarizes that a computer consists of modules like the CPU, memory, and I/O that communicate with each other. The connections between these modules is called the interconnection structure. The design of this structure depends on the exchanges needed between the modules. It then provides more details on the memory module, I/O module, and CPU and how they are connected and transfer data and instructions through the bus interconnection.
This document provides information and examples about formatting text in Microsoft Word. It discusses the three main types of formatting: text/font formatting for individual words, paragraph formatting for entire paragraphs, and document/page formatting for whole documents or sections. Examples are given for changing font style and size, applying bold and italics, using numbered and bulleted lists, and including headers and footers. Tips are also provided for formatting tools in Word like the formatting toolbar and font dialog box.
This document provides guidance on performing preventative maintenance on a computer to improve performance and extend its lifespan. It recommends cleaning the external components like the monitor, keyboard, and mouse regularly, as dust can accumulate quickly. Internally, it suggests using the Disk Cleanup and Disk Defragmenter tools periodically to free up hard drive space and optimize file placement. It also stresses the importance of installing operating system and software updates, scanning for viruses regularly, and backing up files in case of hardware failure or malware infection. Regular maintenance through cleaning, optimization, and backup is presented as an effective way to care for a computer over time.
Application software directly manipulates text, numbers, and graphics to perform dedicated tasks like word processing, spreadsheets, presentations, databases, and multimedia. Word processing software creates and edits documents, spreadsheet software allows calculations in cells like Excel, and presentation software displays slideshows like PowerPoint. Database software stores and retrieves data from databases, while multimedia software plays audio and video files.
The document discusses device drivers, explaining that drivers act as a translation between devices and operating systems by converting commands, and that drivers are important for allowing hardware updates, troubleshooting issues, and improving performance. It also covers signing drivers to ensure quality and compatibility, updating drivers, and steps to properly install, manage, and troubleshoot drivers.
The document discusses several common computer faults and problems including computers running slowly due to low RAM, viruses, spyware, background programs running slowly, corrupted registries, issues with booting up such as no display or beeps, and printer problems. It provides tips on checking connections and settings to troubleshoot these issues.
The document discusses disk formatting, which prepares a data storage device. Formatting involves low-level formatting to subdivide tracks into blocks, partitioning to allow operating system access, and high-level formatting to set up a file system. Advanced format uses larger sectors for storage efficiency and error correction at higher densities. Formatting operations create the structure of sectors with gaps, sync marks, address marks, data, and error correction codes. Methods to check partition alignment on Windows include using the wmic command to view starting offsets.
This document discusses troubleshooting and computer maintenance. It defines troubleshooting as identifying, planning, and resolving problems within software or computer systems. It notes that troubleshooting often involves a process of elimination to determine the root cause of an issue. The document then provides examples of common Windows errors that can be troubleshooted, such as slow performance, freezing, blue screens, and more. It also lists some basic "layman checks" that non-technical users can perform for computer maintenance, such as checking if the power is on, hardware is connected properly, and basic settings.
The document discusses modems and their functions. It begins with listing group members and an index of topics to be covered. It then defines a modem as a device that modulates and demodulates signals to transmit digital data over analog channels. Modems are classified by transmission speed and examples are given. The document outlines the history of modems and defines types including external, internal, standard, intelligent, short-haul, and wireless. It describes the purpose of modems in converting digital to analog signals for transmission and discusses modem functions like error correction and data compression. Security and references are mentioned at the end.
VI is a screen-oriented text editor used in Unix systems. It has two modes: command mode, where keyboard inputs are interpreted as commands like cutting and pasting text, and insert mode, where typing inserts text. Commands like i switch between modes, while Esc returns to command mode. Basic functions include creating/opening files, copying/cutting text with keys like yy and dd, searching with /, replacing characters, undoing with u, and saving/exiting with :wq. The cursor can be moved with hjkl keys.
The document discusses different types of computer monitors and display technologies. It describes CRT monitors which use cathode ray tubes and are economical but can cause eye strain. Flat panel displays like LCD, LED, OLED are thinner and cause less eye strain but are more expensive. Other display technologies discussed include plasma display panels, digital light processing, electroluminescent displays, field emission displays, and nano-emissive displays. The document also covers different audio channel technologies including mono, stereo, and surround sound systems.
Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer like the CPU, RAM, and hard drive. Software is a set of instructions that operate computers and execute tasks, and can be updated by users. Firmware sits between hardware and software as a type of machine language program that is semi-permanently stored in hardware. System software like operating systems interface between application software and hardware to manage system resources, while application software is designed for specific user tasks. Device drivers are software that allow operating systems to communicate with hardware devices like graphics cards and printers.
Network software encompasses software for designing, implementing, operating and monitoring computer networks. It helps set up networks, allows users to access resources, adds or removes users, and protects networks from attacks. System software is a type of program that runs a computer's hardware and application programs. It manages the basic functions of the computer so users can run other software. Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer like monitors, keyboards and storage. Software contains instructions that tell hardware how to function. Firmware is software programmed onto hardware devices to communicate with other computer parts. It provides instructions and usually needs updating for new operating systems. Apps are software programs, especially for mobile devices.
The document discusses various topics related to computer networks and the internet. It defines a network as a collection of interconnected computers and devices that allow sharing of resources. It describes the basic components of a network like computers, network interface cards, cables, and technical knowledge. It also summarizes different types of networks including LAN, MAN and WAN and factors to consider when choosing a network. The document then defines the internet and summarizes how it works, common internet services, and how people use the internet. It also discusses internet connections, internet service providers, URLs and common types of internet connections.
The document provides an overview of the basic components of a computer system. It describes the four main operations of a computer as input, processing, storage, and output. It then defines and explains the functions of the main input and output devices, including the keyboard, mouse, monitor, speakers, and printer. It also describes the system unit and how it contains the core components like the motherboard, power supply, and storage drives.
The document provides troubleshooting tips for common PC problems related to hardware components like the power supply unit (PSU), motherboard, and BIOS. It discusses symptoms of PSU issues like no power, intermittent power, power but no display, and noise. Troubleshooting techniques emphasized are being methodical, eliminating potential causes one by one, and seeking assistance from online communities if problems persist.
A computer network connects multiple computers and devices to allow communication and sharing of resources. There are different types of networks including local area networks (LANs) within a single building, metropolitan area networks (MANs) within a city, and wide area networks (WANs) across large distances like countries. Common network topologies include bus, ring, star, tree and mesh configurations. Computer networks enable file sharing, printer sharing, collaboration, remote access, data protection, and centralized administration.
Peripheral devices connect to computers and are controlled by them. They can be either input devices, like keyboards and mice, which allow data to enter the computer, or output devices, like monitors and printers, which allow the computer to present information. Common input devices include keyboards, mice, cameras, and microphones. Common output devices are monitors, printers, and speakers.
The document provides information about fundamentals of Windows Server 2008-R2 including chapters on installation of Server 2008, planning storage solutions, Active Directory, creating users and groups, FSMO roles, DHCP server, and child domain controllers. The key points discussed are the minimum hardware requirements for Server 2008, different storage technologies and RAID levels, components of Active Directory like objects and domains, commands for creating users and groups, roles of FSMO components, advantages of additional domain controllers, and concepts related to DHCP servers like scopes, address pools, and reservations.
Broadband has become essential to modern economies by changing how people access and use the internet in ways that have made economic activity more efficient and extended social interaction. It is defined as a high-bandwidth internet connection and is faster than traditional modem connections. Broadband speed is measured in megabits per second, with different options available for a small web development business in Greystones, Ireland, including DSL, wireless, and cable broadband. DSL through Eircom is currently the most effective and affordable option, but wireless may improve. International comparison with Kerikeri, New Zealand found similar broadband penetration rates but Kerikeri has more government investment and Slingshot DSL may be a better option than providers in Greyst
This document discusses computer interconnection structures and components. It summarizes that a computer consists of modules like the CPU, memory, and I/O that communicate with each other. The connections between these modules is called the interconnection structure. The design of this structure depends on the exchanges needed between the modules. It then provides more details on the memory module, I/O module, and CPU and how they are connected and transfer data and instructions through the bus interconnection.
This document provides information and examples about formatting text in Microsoft Word. It discusses the three main types of formatting: text/font formatting for individual words, paragraph formatting for entire paragraphs, and document/page formatting for whole documents or sections. Examples are given for changing font style and size, applying bold and italics, using numbered and bulleted lists, and including headers and footers. Tips are also provided for formatting tools in Word like the formatting toolbar and font dialog box.
This document provides guidance on performing preventative maintenance on a computer to improve performance and extend its lifespan. It recommends cleaning the external components like the monitor, keyboard, and mouse regularly, as dust can accumulate quickly. Internally, it suggests using the Disk Cleanup and Disk Defragmenter tools periodically to free up hard drive space and optimize file placement. It also stresses the importance of installing operating system and software updates, scanning for viruses regularly, and backing up files in case of hardware failure or malware infection. Regular maintenance through cleaning, optimization, and backup is presented as an effective way to care for a computer over time.
Application software directly manipulates text, numbers, and graphics to perform dedicated tasks like word processing, spreadsheets, presentations, databases, and multimedia. Word processing software creates and edits documents, spreadsheet software allows calculations in cells like Excel, and presentation software displays slideshows like PowerPoint. Database software stores and retrieves data from databases, while multimedia software plays audio and video files.
The document discusses device drivers, explaining that drivers act as a translation between devices and operating systems by converting commands, and that drivers are important for allowing hardware updates, troubleshooting issues, and improving performance. It also covers signing drivers to ensure quality and compatibility, updating drivers, and steps to properly install, manage, and troubleshoot drivers.
The document discusses several common computer faults and problems including computers running slowly due to low RAM, viruses, spyware, background programs running slowly, corrupted registries, issues with booting up such as no display or beeps, and printer problems. It provides tips on checking connections and settings to troubleshoot these issues.
The document discusses disk formatting, which prepares a data storage device. Formatting involves low-level formatting to subdivide tracks into blocks, partitioning to allow operating system access, and high-level formatting to set up a file system. Advanced format uses larger sectors for storage efficiency and error correction at higher densities. Formatting operations create the structure of sectors with gaps, sync marks, address marks, data, and error correction codes. Methods to check partition alignment on Windows include using the wmic command to view starting offsets.
This document discusses troubleshooting and computer maintenance. It defines troubleshooting as identifying, planning, and resolving problems within software or computer systems. It notes that troubleshooting often involves a process of elimination to determine the root cause of an issue. The document then provides examples of common Windows errors that can be troubleshooted, such as slow performance, freezing, blue screens, and more. It also lists some basic "layman checks" that non-technical users can perform for computer maintenance, such as checking if the power is on, hardware is connected properly, and basic settings.
The document discusses modems and their functions. It begins with listing group members and an index of topics to be covered. It then defines a modem as a device that modulates and demodulates signals to transmit digital data over analog channels. Modems are classified by transmission speed and examples are given. The document outlines the history of modems and defines types including external, internal, standard, intelligent, short-haul, and wireless. It describes the purpose of modems in converting digital to analog signals for transmission and discusses modem functions like error correction and data compression. Security and references are mentioned at the end.
VI is a screen-oriented text editor used in Unix systems. It has two modes: command mode, where keyboard inputs are interpreted as commands like cutting and pasting text, and insert mode, where typing inserts text. Commands like i switch between modes, while Esc returns to command mode. Basic functions include creating/opening files, copying/cutting text with keys like yy and dd, searching with /, replacing characters, undoing with u, and saving/exiting with :wq. The cursor can be moved with hjkl keys.
The document discusses different types of computer monitors and display technologies. It describes CRT monitors which use cathode ray tubes and are economical but can cause eye strain. Flat panel displays like LCD, LED, OLED are thinner and cause less eye strain but are more expensive. Other display technologies discussed include plasma display panels, digital light processing, electroluminescent displays, field emission displays, and nano-emissive displays. The document also covers different audio channel technologies including mono, stereo, and surround sound systems.
Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer like the CPU, RAM, and hard drive. Software is a set of instructions that operate computers and execute tasks, and can be updated by users. Firmware sits between hardware and software as a type of machine language program that is semi-permanently stored in hardware. System software like operating systems interface between application software and hardware to manage system resources, while application software is designed for specific user tasks. Device drivers are software that allow operating systems to communicate with hardware devices like graphics cards and printers.
Network software encompasses software for designing, implementing, operating and monitoring computer networks. It helps set up networks, allows users to access resources, adds or removes users, and protects networks from attacks. System software is a type of program that runs a computer's hardware and application programs. It manages the basic functions of the computer so users can run other software. Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer like monitors, keyboards and storage. Software contains instructions that tell hardware how to function. Firmware is software programmed onto hardware devices to communicate with other computer parts. It provides instructions and usually needs updating for new operating systems. Apps are software programs, especially for mobile devices.
System software acts as an interface between application software and computer hardware. It includes low-level programs like operating systems, drivers, and compilers. Application software runs on the platform provided by system software and is developed in high-level languages for specific tasks like word processing. Application software requires system software to run and provides a user interface while system software has little user interaction and runs independently. Examples of system software include operating systems while examples of application software include web browsers and media players.
1. The document discusses the differences between applications (apps) and system software, as well as hardware, firmware, and software.
2. System software manages system resources and serves as a platform to run application software, while application software performs specific functions. System software runs automatically at startup/shutdown, while application software runs on user request.
3. The document also compares hardware, firmware, and software. Hardware are physical computer components, software are programs that can be updated, and firmware is semi-permanent software that may require more skill to update.
This document discusses software and its relationship to hardware. It defines software as a sequence of instructions that can be understood by a computer. It notes that both hardware and software are necessary for a computer to function, and that the same hardware can be used to perform different tasks depending on the software. The document outlines the major types of software, including application software, system software, communication software, and utility programs. It provides examples and definitions of different applications and system software types.
Computer software, or just software, is a set of data or computer instructions that tell a computer how to work. In computing and software engineering , computer software is all the information processed by computer systems , programs and data . Computer software includes computer programs , libraries, and related non-executable data , such as digital media . Computer hardware and software are closely connected, and cannot be used alone.
Computer software is a part of a computer system that consists of data or computer instructions, in order to perform a task or operation, in contrast to the physical hardware from which the system is built.
This document discusses various topics related to computer networks including network software, system software, hardware, software, firmware, apps, and IP addresses. It provides definitions and examples of these terms. It explains the differences between system software and application software, and between hardware, software, and firmware. It also discusses software-defined networking frameworks and the layers within it. IP addresses are defined and the differences between IPv4 and IPv6 are outlined.
A computer hardware system with embedded software is referred to as an embedded system. An embedded system can be a stand-alone unit or a component of a larger system. It has hardware and embedded software.
Computer software includes programs, libraries and documentation. It provides instructions for computers to perform tasks like operating systems, applications and device drivers. Software is written in programming languages and machine code, and requires hardware to function. There are different types of software like system software which operates hardware, application software for tasks, and embedded software inside devices.
This PowerPoint Presentation is describing types of Software, Device driver and Operating system.
Have a look for descriptive and cool presentation.
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The document discusses different types of software and operating systems. It begins by defining software and describing different categories such as application software, system software, programming software, and firmware. It then provides examples of different types of application software and system software. Finally, it asks the recipient about their expectations for an operating systems application course.
The document summarizes software and its classification. It defines software as a set of instructions that control computer operations. Software is classified into system software and application software. System software includes operating systems, language processors, and utilities. Application software is developed for specific tasks like word processing, spreadsheets, databases. The document also discusses the relationship between hardware and software, and provides examples of software figures.
This document provides an overview of software and hardware. It defines software as a set of instructions that enables computer components to work together, and lists the main types as system software, application software, programming languages, and utility software. Hardware is defined as the physical components of a computer, and the main types are basic hardware and complementary hardware. The document concludes by listing some key hardware components, such as the network card, hard disk, USB drive, processor, keyboard, and monitor.
Hardware, software, and firmware are the three core components of computer systems. Hardware includes physical components like processors and memory that can degrade over time. Firmware programs like the BIOS interface with both hardware and software. Software are programs that are designed to be updated frequently by users. Firmware is semi-permanent software that may not be updated as often and requires more expertise. Hardware is the physical components that software and firmware run on and are updated least frequently.
This document provides an overview of computer organization and architecture. It covers topics like principles of computer design, software and hardware, central processing unit, memory organization, and input-output devices. The document contains 4 units that describe concepts like instruction cycles, addressing modes, control unit, microprogramming, memory systems, and I/O processors. It is intended as a study material for students to learn about the basic components and functioning of a computer system.
Difference Between Software and hardwareZeeshan Ilyas
This document provides an overview of computer software and hardware. It defines software as collections of instructions that enable users to interact with computers and perform tasks. It distinguishes between application software, which performs specific functions, and system software, which operates hardware and provides platforms for applications. Examples of system software include operating systems, device drivers, and utilities. The document also defines computer hardware as the physical components of a computer like processors, storage, memory, and input/output devices. It provides examples of common hardware components such as motherboards, expansion cards, power supplies, and input/output peripherals.
Software refers to computer programs, procedures and documentation that make up a computer system. It includes application software, firmware, middleware and system software. Software testing ensures software is functional and meets requirements before release through tools like QTP and Loadrunner. Testware refers to all utilities and software used for testing but not for operational purposes. Examples of software include websites, programs and video games coded in languages like C and C++.
Hardware includes the physical components of a computer system that can wear out over time. Software includes sets of instructions that allow user inputs and interaction. Firmware acts as an intermediary between hardware and software, and is designed for single-purpose systems like printers. Examples given are computer processing units, memory, and hard drives for hardware; internet browsers, operating systems, and antivirus for software; and BIOS and EFI for firmware.
Similar to Computer Hardware, Software and Firmware (20)
Network topology refers to how various nodes, devices, and connections on your network are physically or logically arranged in relation to each other. Think of your network as a city, and the topology as the road map. Just as there are many ways to arrange and maintain a city—such as making sure the avenues and boulevards can facilitate passage between the parts of town getting the most traffic—there are several ways to arrange a network. Each has advantages and disadvantages and depending on the needs of your company, certain arrangements can give you a greater degree of connectivity and security.
A mail server is a server that handles and delivers e-mail over a network, usually over the Internet. A mail server can receive e-mails from client computers and deliver them to other mail servers. A mail server can also deliver e-mails to client computers.
The OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection Model) is a conceptual framework used to describe the functions of a networking system. The OSI model characterizes computing functions into a universal set of rules and requirements in order to support interoperability between different products and software. In the OSI reference model, the communications between a computing system are split into seven different abstraction layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application.
TCP/IP Model helps you to determine how a specific computer should be connected to the internet and how data should be transmitted between them. It helps you to create a virtual network when multiple computer networks are connected together. The purpose of the TCP/IP model is to allow communication over large distances.
A satellite system is a set of gravitationally bound objects in orbit around a planetary-mass object or minor planet, or its barycenter. Generally speaking, it is a set of natural satellites (moons), although such systems may also consist of bodies such as circumplanetary disks, ring systems, moonlets, minor-planet moons, and artificial satellites any which may themselves have satellite systems of their own.
In information technology, a network is defined as the connection of at least two computer systems, either by a cable or a wireless connection. The simplest network is a combination of two computers connected by a cable. This type of network is called a peer-to-peer network. There is no hierarchy in this network; both participants have equal privileges.
IP addresses are not random. They are mathematically produced and allocated by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), a division of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN).
The document classifies and describes four major types of computer networks: personal area networks (PAN), local area networks (LAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN), and wide area networks (WAN). It provides key details about each type of network, including typical range, uses, connectivity, and technologies. PANs connect devices within 10 meters of an individual. LANs connect computers within a building using technologies like Ethernet. MANs interconnect multiple LANs within a city using telecommunications lines. WANs extend across large geographic areas like countries using telephone lines or fiber optics.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
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Computer Hardware, Software and Firmware
1. City University
13/A, Pantapath, Dhaka – 1215
Assignment Name: Computer Hardware, Software & Firmware
Department: Computer Science and Engineering
Course Name: Computer Networks
Course Code: CSE 317
Submission Date: 19th
May 2021
Submitted By: Submitted To:
Name: Md Rabiul Islam Shaon
ID: 181472541
Section: A
Batch: 49th
Name: Pranab Bandhu Nath
Senior Lecturer of CSE
2. Computer Software, Hardware and Firmware
The Differences Between Hardware, Software, Firmware -
Software Hardware Firmware
Software’s aregenerally
set of instructions to
instructcomputer.
Hardwareis referenced as
the body of instruments
or devices.
Firmware’s aregenerally a type
of softwareused to control
hardwaredevices.
Types of softwareincludes
application software,
shareware, system
software, etc.
A hardwaremay require
reprogramming.
Types of firmwareincludes
BIOS, EFI (ExtensibleFirmware
Interface), etc.
Software’s cannotbe a
firmware.
Hardwarecannotfunction
without a firmware.
Firmwarecan be a software.
Updating of software’s are
very easier.
The user can easily modify
the hardware.
Updating of firmware’s are
usually difficult.
Softwareusually runs of
CPU and main processors.
Hardwareis a complete
tool or device.
Firmwaredoes not run-on CPU,
instead runs on smaller
processors.
Features of software
includes efficiency,
usability, functionality,
dependability, etc.
The example of hardware
are: Remote, Keyboard,
mouse, speakers, etc.
Features of firmwareincludes
perfect rotation counter
support, floating point variable,
perform all control, etc.
Itrequires more time to
create softwarethan
firmware.
Programs arerequired to
run the hardware.
Itrequires less time to create
firmwarethan software.
Software’s aregenerally
set of instructions to
instructcomputer.
Hardwareis a physical
entity.
Firmware’s aregenerally a type
of softwareused to control
hardwaredevices.
Device Driver:
Another importantcomponent of computer system is Driver. A driver is a software
and/or firmwarethat controls hardware. Often it connects an operating system with
specific hardwaredevices. So, that means, A driver or a device driver is a set of files that
tells a piece of hardwarehow to function by communicating with a computers operating
system.
For example, there are drivers for every card and disk in our computer. All pieces of
hardwarerequirea driver, fromour internal computer components, such as our graphics
card, to our external peripherals, like a printer. Each driver is written for a specific operating
system- for example Windows XP or Macintosh OS X. Therefore, to usea card in our
computer, we must usea driver that matches the device and also our operating system.
3. Difference Between System Software & Application Software
Key Application Software System Software
Definition Application softwareis the type of
softwarewhich runs as per as user
request. Itruns on the platform
which is provideby system software
System softwareis the type of
softwarewhich is the interface
between application software&
system
Usage Application softwareis used by user
to performspecific task.
System softwareis used for
operating computer hardware.
Development
language
For development of Application
softwarehigh level language is used
for their development as they are
developed as somespecific purpose
software.
In general system softwareare
developed in low level language
which is more compatible with the
system hardwarein order to
interact with.
Dependency Application softwarecan’trun
independently. They can’t run
without the presence of system
software.
System softwarecan run
independently. Itprovides
platform for running application
software.
Installation Systemsoftwareareinstalled on the
computer when operating system is
installed.
Application softwareare installed
according to user’s requirements.
User
interaction
In general, the user interacts with
application software’s.
In general, the user does not
interact with system software
because it works in the background
Programming
Complexity
Programming of application
softwareis comparatively easy
Programming of system softwareis
complex.
Run A computer can easily run without
application software
A computer cannotrun without
system software.
Design Application softwareare designed to
accomplish tasks for specific
purposes.
System softwarearemainly
designed for managing system
resources.
Purpose Application softwareis specific
purpose.
System Softwareis general-
purpose.
Example Photoshop, VLC player, Microsoft
Office, Animation software, media
player etc.
Operating system, compiler,
assembler, debugger, driver etc.
REFERENCE:
1. Computer Networks Book by Andrew s. Tanenbaum (5th Edition)
2. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-hardware-and-firmware/
3. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-software-and-firmware/