The document is an assignment on computer networks submitted to a university, detailing the history and significance of ARPANET, which was the foundation for the internet. It outlines basic networking concepts, goals such as resource sharing and high reliability, and applications including email, FTP, and groupware. Additionally, it explains collaborative tools like video conferencing and chatting, emphasizing the importance of efficient communication in modern networking.

1. City University
13/A, Pantapath, Dhaka – 1215
Assignment Name: Computer Networks
Department: Computer Science and Engineering
Course Name: Computer Networks
Course Code: CSE 317
Submission Date: 19th
May 2021
Submitted By: Submitted To:
Name: Md Rabiul Islam Shaon
ID: 181472541
Section: A
Batch: 49th
Name: Pranab Bandhu Nath
Senior Lecturer of CSE

2. Computer Network
ARPANET:
Advanced Research Projects Agency Network, ARPANET or ARPAnet began
development in 1966 by the United States ARPA. ARPANET was a Wide Area Network
linking many Universities and research centers, was first to usepacket switching, and was
the beginning of what we consider the Internettoday.
ARPANET was created to make it easier for people to access computers, improve
computer equipment, and to have a more effective communication method for the
military.
NETWORK:
In information technology, a network is defined as the connection of at least two
computer systems, either by a cable or a wireless connection. The simplestnetwork is a
combination of two computers connected by a cable. This type of network is called a peer-
to-peer network. There is no hierarchy in this network; both participants have equal
privileges.
Each computer has access to the data of the other device and can shareresources
such as disk space, applications or peripheral devices (printers, etc.).
Goals of Computer Networks
The following are someimportant goals of computer networks:
1. Resource Sharing: Many organizations havea substantialnumber of computers in
operations, which are located apart. Ex. A group of office workers can sharea
common printer, fax, modem, scanner, etc.
2. HighReliability: If therearealternate sources of supply, all files could be replicated
on two or more machines. If one of them is not available, due to hardwarefailure,
the other copies could be used.
3. Inter-processCommunication: Network users, located geographically apart, may
conversein an interactive session through the network. In order to permit this, the
network mustprovide almosterror-freecommunications.
4. Flexible access: Files can be accessed from any computer in the network. The project
can be begun on one computer and finished on another. Other goals include
Distribution of processing functions, Centralized management, and allocation of

3. network resources, Compatibility of dissimilar equipment and software, Good
network performance, Scalability, Saving money, Access to remote information,
Person to person communication, etc.
Applications of Computer Networks
1. Email Programs: These allow users to type messages at their local nodes and then
send them to someone on the network. Itis a fastand easy way of transferring mail
fromone computer to another. Examples of electronic mail programs (clients) are:
 Pegasus Mail
 Outlook express
 Eudora Windows mail
 Fox mail
 Opera
 Poco mail
 Mozilla Thunderbird
 Windows mail
2. File Transfer Protocol (FTP): This application facilitates the transfer of files from one
computer to another, e.g., froma client to a server. Thereare two common
processes involved in FTP
Downloading: This is the process of obtaining files from a server to a
workstation or a client (for example when you download programs and music
froma server).
Uploading: This is obtaining of files from a workstation to a server (for instance
when you attach documents and upload them to a server, a good example
being when you upload photos to Facebook).
Examples of FTP programs are:
 FTP in Unix
 FTP in Linux
 FTP in Windows
3. Groupware: These applications are used to automate the administrativefunctions of
a modern office for video conferencing and chatting. They facilitate the work of
groups for increased productivity; they can be used to communicate, co-operate,
coordinate, solve problems, compete, and negotiate.
VideoConferencing: This is the process of conducting a conference between
two or more participants at different sites by using computer networks to
transmit audio and video data. For example, a point-to-point (two-person)
video conferencing system works much like a video telephone. Each

4. participant has a video camera, microphone, and speakers mounted on his or
her computer. As the two participants speak to one another, their voices are
carried over the network and delivered to the other speakers, and whatever
images appear in front of the video camera appear in a window on the other
participant’s monitor.
Chatting: This is the real-time communication between two users via
computer. Once a chat has been initiated, either user can enter text by typing
on the keyboard and the entered text will appear on the other user’s monitor.
The two must be online for a chat to be initiated. Most networks and online
services offer a chat feature which enables users to chat as they go on with
their work.
REFERENCE:
1. https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/arpanet.htm
2. https://www.ionos.com/digitalguide/server/know-how/what-is-a-network/
3. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/goals-of-networks/