This document provides information about the basic organization and history of computers. It discusses the five main units of a computer: input, storage, processing, output, and control. It describes the two types of storage - primary and secondary. It also summarizes the five generations of computers based on the technology used, from the first generation using vacuum tubes to the current fifth generation using artificial intelligence. The document answers questions about computer organization, the functions of a computer, why it is called a data processor, and the history of computers from early calculating devices to modern digital computers.

1. COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS-506

2. ASSIGNMENT-1
Ques 1. Explain the basic organisation of Computer?
Computer Organization refers to the level of abstraction above the
digital logic level, but below the operating system level.
A computer can process data, pictures, sound and graphics. They can
solve highly complicated problems quickly and accurately.
They Shape, Stage, Performance, Reliability, and cost of the computer
have been Changing year by year but the basic logical Structure has
not change.
A computer performs basically five major computer operations or
functions irrespective of their size and make.
There are five units for converting the Input data into use full
information.
1) INPUT UNIT –
It accepts data or instructions by way of input.
2) STORAGE UNIT –
It stores data.
3) PROCESSING UNIT –
It can process data as required by the user.
4) OUTPUT UNIT –
It gives results in the form of output.
5) CONTROL UNIT –
It controls all operations inside a computer.
STORAGE UNIT

3. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
Indicates flow of instructions and data
Indicates the control exercised by the control unit
INPUT UNIT
The data Instruction enter in a computer through Input device.
SECONDARY
STORAGE
PRIMARY
STORAGE
CONTROL UNIT
ARITHMETIC
LOGIC UNIT
INPUT UNIT OUTPUT UNIT

4.  It accepts the Instruction and data from outside world.
 It converts the Instruction and data to binary code.
 It supplies the converted Instruction and data to computer
system for their processing.
STORAGE UNIT
 The data and Instruction are entered into a computer
 System throw input unit---& store inside the computer before
actual
 Processing start
The storage unit of a computer is of two type
1. Primary Storage
2. Secondary storage
Primary Storage-
 It also known as main memory
 It stores Information file when device is on
 It is volatile
 It has limited storage capacity
 It is a temporary storage device
 It is very expensive
Secondary Storage
 It is also known as actual memory
 It's stores the data permanently
When power is off the data are not erased
 It is non volatile
 It is a cheaper than primary storage
 Magnetic disk it used for secondary storage
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
 It is the combination of control unit and arithmetic logic unit
 It is the brain of computer

5.  All the major calculation and comparison are take's place inside
CPU
 It is responsible for activating and controlling the operation of
another unit
FETCH-DECODE – EXECUTE
ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT
 It is a place when actual execution of instruction and data takes
place during processing operation
 The calculation is performed and all comparison are takes place
in ALU
 The data and instruction are stored in primary storage
 It mostly performs arithmetic operation like Add, Subtract,
Multiplication, And the logical operation like greater than, less
than, equal to etc
CONTROL UNIT
 The control unit act as a central nervous system
 It manages and coordinate the entire the computer system
OUTPUT UNIT
 The computer works with binary code and produced the result in
binary form
 But before suppling the result it converts into the human
acceptable form.
Fetch the Next
Instruction
Execute the
Instruction
Decode the
Instruction

6. Ques 2. Explain all the generation of a computer?
GENERATION DEVICE HARDWARE
FEATURES
CHARACTERTICS SYSTEM NAME
FIRST
1942 - 1959)
Vacuum Tube
Punch Cards
Support machine
language only
Very costly
Generate lot of
heat
Huge size
Consumed lot of
electricity
ENIAC
EDVAC
TBM 701
SECOND
(1959-1965)
Transistors
Magnetic Tapes
Batch operating
system
Faster,Smaller
& reliable than
previous
generation
Costly
Honeywell
400
CDC 1604
IBM 7030
THIRD
(1965-1975)
ICs
Large Capacity
Disk & Magnetic
Tapes
Time SharingOS
Faster,Smaller
& reliable
cheaper
Easier to update
IBM
300/370
CDC 6600
PDP 8/11
FOURTH
(1975-1988)
ICs with VLSI
Technology
Semiconductor
Memory
Magnetic tapes &
floppy as portable
Multiprocessing
& GUI OS
Object oriented
programs
Small,
Affordable, Easy
to update
Apple II
VAX
9000
CRAY 1/2
FIFTH
(1988-Present)
ICs with ULSI
Technology
Large capacity
hard disk with
RAID Support
Optical disks as
portable read-
only storge media
Powerfulservers,
internet, Cluster
computing
Powerful,
cheaper,reliable,
easy to use,
portable
Rapid software
development
possible
IBM
Pentium
PARAM

7. QUES 3. Why a computer is called a Data processor device?
Data Processing are the steps by which data can be converted into
useful information, which can be usable by either by an individual or
by any number of users, can be labelled as data processing
mechanism. Computers an electronic device that is capable of making
computations and logic decisions at high speeds. It accepts data,
stores data, process data according to a set of instructions, and also
retrieve the data when required. Hence it is known as a data
processor.
Data
Capture data
Manipulate data
Output results
Information
*Computer is also known as data processor because it processes the
data. *
First the data is inserted in the computer through input devices. After
that, computer translate the data in its own language and then the
computer takes action according to the instructions given to the
computer. After processing, the data sent back to the user through
output devices of computer such as monitor.
Characteristics of a computer:
AUTOMATIC: Given a job, computer can work automatically
without human interventions.

8. SPEED: Computer can perform millions [1,00,00,000]of instructions
and even more per second.
ACCURACY: The degree of the accuracy of the computer is very high
and every calculation is performed with the same accuracy. The error in
computer are due to human and inaccurate data.
DILIGENCE: Acomputer is free from tiredness, lack ofconcentration,
fatigue etc. It can be work for hours without creating any error. If
millions of calculations are to be performed, a computer will perform
every calculation with the same accuracy.
VERSATILITY: It means the capacity to perform completely different
type of work.
POWER OF REMEMBERING: Computer has a power of storing any
amount of information or data.
NO I.Q.: Computer is a dumb machine and it can not do any work
without instructions from the users.
NO FEELINGS: It does not have feelings or emotions, taste,
knowledge and experience. Thus, it does not get tired even after long
hours of work. It doesn’t distinguish between user.
STORAGE: The computer has an in-built memory where it can store a
large amount of data.
QUES 4. Briefly explain the history of a computer?
Rudimentary calculating device first appear in antiquity &
mechanical calculating Aids were invented in 17th century.
The first recorded use of word COMPUTER is also from the
17th Century, applied to human computers, people who perform
calculation often as employment.
The 1st computer device was conceived of in the 19th century
only emerged in their modern form in 1940s.

9. Charles Babbage is considered to be the father of modern digital
computer.
 He designs difference Engine in 1822.
 He designed a fully automatic analytical engine in 1842 for
performing basic arithmetic function.
 His efforts establish a number of principles that are fundamental
to the design of any digital computer.
Generation Time Period Use of Technology
First 1945-1954 Vacuum Tubes
Second 1955-1964 Transistor
Third 1965-1974 Integrated Circuits
Fourth 1975-1988 Microprocessor
Fifth 1988-Present Artificial Intelligence