Charles Babbage designed the Analytical Engine in the 19th century, laying the foundations for modern computers. A computer is an electronic device that processes data according to a set of instructions in order to calculate or acquire, process, and store data and information. Key components include the hardware, software, central processing unit, arithmetic logic unit, control unit, input and output units, and storage. Computers have evolved through five generations from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits and microprocessors. They are now widely used for banking, education, entertainment, transportation and more due to their speed, accuracy, storage capacity and ability to make decisions.

1. PREPARED BY:
MUNDIRIKA KUMAR SAH

2.  The computer as we know it today had its
beginning with 19th century by English
mathematics professor name “Charles
Babbage”.
 He designed the Analytical Engine and it was
this design that the basic framework of the
computers of today are based on.

3.  The word “computer” comes from the word “compute” which means
“to calculate” . Hence people usually consider a computer to be a
calculating device that can perform arithmetic operations at high
speed.
 A computer is an electronic machine that accepts data, stores and
processes data into information. The computer is able to work
because there are instructions in its memory directing it.
 It is an information processing machine. The main part of computer
are HARDWARE and SOFTWARE.
 All computer system can perform the functions of inputting, storing,
processing, controlling, styling and outputting data and information.

4.  Super computer
 Mainframe computer
 Personal computer
 Super computer
This computer is:
Largest,
Fastest,
Most powerful and
Most expensive computer.

5.  Mainframe computer
This is the little smaller and less powerful then super
computer, but like super computer it is also expensive. This
types of computer handling all kinds of scientific and
business applications.
 Personal computer
This is the computer that most people use in their daily lives.
This computer is much smaller, less powerful and less
expensive than the supercomputer and the mainframe
computer.

6.  Speed
 Accuracy
 Storage
 Decision making
 Automatic
 Versatility
 No feelings

7.  Speed:
A computer is a very high speed data processing machine
capable of operating at electronic speeds. Most instruction in
a computer are carried out in less than a million of a second.
 Accuracy:
Computer are always produce accurate results although while
working at high speeds. Instruction execution is carried out
without any mistakes.
 Storage:
Computer can store large amount of data and information in
its memory. At any stage there would be no data loss or data
corruption once it is stored.

8.  Decision making:
Computer also helps to chose best decision from various
alternatives.
 Automatic:
A computer is an automatic machine, it is works by itself without
human intervention.
 Versatility:
It is one of the most wonderful characteristic of computer. In this
one moment is preparing result, next moment is chat an online,
another is listening music etc.
 No feelings:
Computer are devoid of emotions. They have no feelings and no
instincts because they are machine.

9.  First generation (1940-1956)
 Second generation (1956-1963)
 Third generation (1964-1971)
 Fourth generation (1971-Present)
 Fifth generation (Present-Beyond)

10. FIRST GENERATION (1942-1956)
 It used vacuum tubes for circuitry & magnetic
drums for memory
 They were very expensive
 Difficult to operate
 It relied on machine language
 They could only solve one problem at a time
 Generated a lot of heat
 Input was based on punch card and paper tape
 And output was displayed after long time
 UNIVAC and ENIAC are examples of 1st generation computer

11. SECOND GENERATION (1956-1963)
 It used Transistors
 It was smaller , faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient, more
reliable than their first generation
 It moved from machine language to symbolic or assembly
language
 It also relied on punched cards for input and printouts for
output
 This generation were developed for the
atomic energy industry.

12. THIRD GENERATION (1964-1971)
 They were smaller and more powerful than second
generation
 They had faster and larger primary and secondary storage as
compared to second generation
 They developed the integrated circuit
 Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips
which increased the speed and efficiency of computers
 It instead of punched card and printouts and used keyboards
and monitors with an operating system , which allowed the
device to run many different applications at one time

13. FOURTH GENERATION (1971-PRESENT)
 The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of
computers
 They consumed less power than 3rd generation
 They had larger and faster primary and secondary storage as
compared to 3rd generation
 They were more reliable and less prone to hardware failures
than 3rd generation
 From the CPU and memory to input and output controls
 It also saw the development of GUIs, mouse and handheld
devices.

14. FIFTH GENERATION (Present and Beyond)
 It based on artificial intelligence
 It also more powerful, cheaper, reliable and easier to use
desktop machine
 It easier to produced commercially
 Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology
will radically change the face of computers in years to come
 It main goal to develop devices that respond to natural
language input and are capable of learning and self-
organization.

15. Input Unit Storage Unit OUTPUT
RESULT
CONTROL UNIT
CPU
ALU

16. INPUT:
 It accepts instructions and data from outside
 It converts these instructions and data in computer
acceptable form
 It supply the converted instructions and data to computer
system for further processing.
STORAGE UNIT
 Data and instructions required for processing
 Received all data and information from input device
 Intermediate results of processing
 After processing kept all data inside the computer system
 Storage all instruction and data into primary and secondary
storage

17. OUTPUT:
 It accepts the results produced by a computer, which are in
coded form
 Convert them to human acceptable form
 And it supplies the converted to outside world
 Again the output is also stored inside the computer for
further processing
ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT: (ALU)
 The actual processing of data and instruction are preformed
by Arithmetic Logical Unit.
 The major operations performed by ALU are: addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, logical and comparison

18. CONTROL UNIT:
 It determined the sequence in which computer programs and
instructions are executed.
 It stores the all information in the main memory, interprets
the instructions and issues signals causing other units of the
system to execute them.
 It manage and coordinates the operations of all other
components of the computer system
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT: (CPU)
 It is combination of ALU and CU
 It also known as the brain of any computer system
 It takes all major decisions, makes all sorts of calculations
and directs different parts of the computer functions by
activating and controlling the operations just like a brain.

19. ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:
 High speed  Unemployment
 Accurate result  Lack of security
 More expensive
 More storage capacity
 Help to take decision
 Give automatic result
 Multiple uses
 No feelings

20.  In Tourism
 In Bank
 In Education
 In Entertainment
 In Business
 In Transportation

21. In tourism:
 Railways and airline reservations for booking ticket
 In hotels used it to check availability of rooms
In banks:
 Terminals are provided in the branch and the main computer
is located centrally
 It use take information such as current balance, deposits,
savings, overdraft, interest charges etc
 It use in bank for payment and received cash
 It use to keep all information of employees , customer etc in
banks.

22. In Education:
 It posses the knowledge given to them by experts
 It helps to keep all information about students in any college,
schools etc.
 It help to us in teaching by ppt, internet etc
In industry:
 It helps to keep all information about employees and officer
 It use to record all transaction about industry as like a/c,
finance etc.
 It help to tests quality control and manufacturing of product

23. In transportation:
 In this it measure the all information plane’s altitude ,
position, speed, height and direction and to keep the plane
flying in the right direction
 In fact the auto-pilot feature has made the work of pilot
much easy
In entertainment:
 Computer are also great entertainment as like various types
of games like cricket, chess, football etc
 It use to see movies, listening songs etc
 In this also available brain test games

24. ANY QUESTIONS ?