Voltage regulator modules (VRM) need to have low output voltage ripple and tight efficiency to power advanced microprocessors. This paper explains a phase shedding technique to enhance efficiency and its impact on output voltage ripple. In this study, analysis was done on a 4-phase buck converter which is having an input voltage of 45-65 V and delivers an output of 9 V, 12A with a switching frequency of 200Khz. The phase shedding control scheme is suitable for applications such as power sources for programmable logic controllers, which is a part of SCADA systems, which requires a low voltage and high current power supply. Working of a multiphase buck converter with phase shedding is modelled and verified using Matlab/Simulink software. The simulation results show the effect of the phase shedding technique on efficiency in varying load conditions and the effect of an increase of the voltage ripple at the output.
This paper presents a comprehensive and systematic approach in developing a new switching look-up table for direct power control (DPC) strategy applied to the three-phase grid connected three-level neutral-point clamped (3L-NPC) pulse width modulated (PWM) rectifier. The term of PWM rectifier used in this paper is also known as AC-DC converter. The approach provides detailed information regarding the effects of each multilevel converter space vector to the distribution of input active and reactive power in the converter system. Thus, the most optimal converter space vectors are able to be selected by the switching look-up table, allowing smooth control of the active and reactive powers for each sector. In addition, the proposed DPC utilizes an NPC capacitor balanced strategy to enhance the performance of front-end AC-DC converter during load and supply voltage disturbances. The steady state as well as the dynamic performances of the proposed DPC are presented and analyzed by using MATLAB/Simulink software. The results show that the AC-DC converter utilizing the new look-up table is able to produce almost sinusoidal line currents with lower current total harmonic distortion, unity power factor operation, adjustable DC-link output voltage and good dynamic response during load disturbance.
PID Compensator Control Scheme of Synchronous Buck DC-DC Converter with ZVS L...IJRES Journal
This paper deals with PID compensator control of Synchronous Rectifier (SR) Buck Converter to improve its conversion efficiency under different load conditions with the help of a Zero Voltage Switching(ZVS)Logic Circuit. Since the freewheeling diode is replaced by a high frequency switch MOSFET in this buck configuration, the SR control technique itself will be sufficient under heavy load condition to attain better normal mode performance. However, this technique does not hold well in light load condition, due to increased switching losses. A newPID compensator control techniqueis introduced in the paper will enable synchronous buck converter to realize ZVS, while feeding light load. This is also cost effective and highly efficient simple control method without use of extra auxiliary switches and RLC components. This control technique also proved to be efficient under input voltage variations. Simulation is done for proving stabilization provided by the PID compensator with the help of ZVS logic circuit for synchronous rectifier (SR) buck converter in MATLAB Simulink.
A Review of Analysis and Modeling of Grid Connected Three Phase Multilevel Un...IRJET Journal
This document reviews a five-level multiple-pole structure for a grid connected three phase multilevel unity power rectifier that aims to improve power factor and reduce total harmonic distortion using fewer components. The proposed design is a five-level/multiple-pole multilevel unity power factor rectifier that achieves unity power factor and input current shaping with a reduced number of components. It uses a simple control method based on average current control at a low switching frequency to compensate for grid current harmonics. Simulation results show the design has better dynamic response and tracking under unbalanced grid conditions compared to other existing rectifier topologies.
IRJET- Methods for Improved Efficiency in DC-DC Buck ConverterIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses various techniques to improve the efficiency of DC-DC buck converters, which are important components in portable devices.
2. At light loads, converters suffer from low efficiency due to switching losses that do not scale with load current. Various control schemes are presented to address this issue, including pulse frequency modulation (PFM), pulse skipping, and burst mode, which reduce switching frequency and losses at light loads.
3. Other techniques discussed include mode hopping between synchronous and asynchronous modes, gate drive techniques to reduce gate losses, and inductance control. The document provides an overview of different approaches to optimize buck converter efficiency over varying loads.
A Novel Approach of Position Estimation and Power Factor Corrector Converter ...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper proposes a Power factor Corrected (PFC) Bridgeless Buck-Boost converter fed BLDC motor drive. The Bridgeless configuration eliminates the Diode Bridge Rectifier in order to reduce the number of components and the conduction loss. The position sensors used in BLDC drives have drawbacks of additional cost, mechanical alignment problems. These bottle necks results in sensorless technique. The Sensorless technique mostly relies on measurement of Back EMF to determine relative positions of stator and rotor for the correct coil energising sequence can be implemented. This paper introduces the offline Finite Element method for sensorless operation. The proposed sensorless scheme estimates the motor position at standstill and running condition. The obtained Power Factor is within the acceptable limits IEC 61000-3-2. The proposed drive is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink the obtained results are validated experimentally on a developed prototype of the drive.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Modern Technique of Deduction in Leakage Current in Resonant Bi-directional...IJMTST Journal
This Paper Presents A whole New resonant twin active bridge(DAB) topology, that uses a tuned inductor-capacitor-inductor(LCL) network. As compared to ancient DAB topologies, the planned topologies significantly reduced the bridge current, lowering every physical phenomenon and alter losses and conjointly VA rating associated with the bridges. The performance of the DAB is investigated using a mathematical model at a lower place varied operational conditions. Experiment results of a model is reduced the outflow current of the circuit. are presented with discussion to demonstrate the improved performance of the LCL DAB topology. Result clearly that the planned DAB Topology provide higher efficiency over an oversized vary of every input voltage and as compared to ancient DAB topology
This paper presents a comprehensive and systematic approach in developing a new switching look-up table for direct power control (DPC) strategy applied to the three-phase grid connected three-level neutral-point clamped (3L-NPC) pulse width modulated (PWM) rectifier. The term of PWM rectifier used in this paper is also known as AC-DC converter. The approach provides detailed information regarding the effects of each multilevel converter space vector to the distribution of input active and reactive power in the converter system. Thus, the most optimal converter space vectors are able to be selected by the switching look-up table, allowing smooth control of the active and reactive powers for each sector. In addition, the proposed DPC utilizes an NPC capacitor balanced strategy to enhance the performance of front-end AC-DC converter during load and supply voltage disturbances. The steady state as well as the dynamic performances of the proposed DPC are presented and analyzed by using MATLAB/Simulink software. The results show that the AC-DC converter utilizing the new look-up table is able to produce almost sinusoidal line currents with lower current total harmonic distortion, unity power factor operation, adjustable DC-link output voltage and good dynamic response during load disturbance.
PID Compensator Control Scheme of Synchronous Buck DC-DC Converter with ZVS L...IJRES Journal
This paper deals with PID compensator control of Synchronous Rectifier (SR) Buck Converter to improve its conversion efficiency under different load conditions with the help of a Zero Voltage Switching(ZVS)Logic Circuit. Since the freewheeling diode is replaced by a high frequency switch MOSFET in this buck configuration, the SR control technique itself will be sufficient under heavy load condition to attain better normal mode performance. However, this technique does not hold well in light load condition, due to increased switching losses. A newPID compensator control techniqueis introduced in the paper will enable synchronous buck converter to realize ZVS, while feeding light load. This is also cost effective and highly efficient simple control method without use of extra auxiliary switches and RLC components. This control technique also proved to be efficient under input voltage variations. Simulation is done for proving stabilization provided by the PID compensator with the help of ZVS logic circuit for synchronous rectifier (SR) buck converter in MATLAB Simulink.
A Review of Analysis and Modeling of Grid Connected Three Phase Multilevel Un...IRJET Journal
This document reviews a five-level multiple-pole structure for a grid connected three phase multilevel unity power rectifier that aims to improve power factor and reduce total harmonic distortion using fewer components. The proposed design is a five-level/multiple-pole multilevel unity power factor rectifier that achieves unity power factor and input current shaping with a reduced number of components. It uses a simple control method based on average current control at a low switching frequency to compensate for grid current harmonics. Simulation results show the design has better dynamic response and tracking under unbalanced grid conditions compared to other existing rectifier topologies.
IRJET- Methods for Improved Efficiency in DC-DC Buck ConverterIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses various techniques to improve the efficiency of DC-DC buck converters, which are important components in portable devices.
2. At light loads, converters suffer from low efficiency due to switching losses that do not scale with load current. Various control schemes are presented to address this issue, including pulse frequency modulation (PFM), pulse skipping, and burst mode, which reduce switching frequency and losses at light loads.
3. Other techniques discussed include mode hopping between synchronous and asynchronous modes, gate drive techniques to reduce gate losses, and inductance control. The document provides an overview of different approaches to optimize buck converter efficiency over varying loads.
A Novel Approach of Position Estimation and Power Factor Corrector Converter ...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper proposes a Power factor Corrected (PFC) Bridgeless Buck-Boost converter fed BLDC motor drive. The Bridgeless configuration eliminates the Diode Bridge Rectifier in order to reduce the number of components and the conduction loss. The position sensors used in BLDC drives have drawbacks of additional cost, mechanical alignment problems. These bottle necks results in sensorless technique. The Sensorless technique mostly relies on measurement of Back EMF to determine relative positions of stator and rotor for the correct coil energising sequence can be implemented. This paper introduces the offline Finite Element method for sensorless operation. The proposed sensorless scheme estimates the motor position at standstill and running condition. The obtained Power Factor is within the acceptable limits IEC 61000-3-2. The proposed drive is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink the obtained results are validated experimentally on a developed prototype of the drive.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Modern Technique of Deduction in Leakage Current in Resonant Bi-directional...IJMTST Journal
This Paper Presents A whole New resonant twin active bridge(DAB) topology, that uses a tuned inductor-capacitor-inductor(LCL) network. As compared to ancient DAB topologies, the planned topologies significantly reduced the bridge current, lowering every physical phenomenon and alter losses and conjointly VA rating associated with the bridges. The performance of the DAB is investigated using a mathematical model at a lower place varied operational conditions. Experiment results of a model is reduced the outflow current of the circuit. are presented with discussion to demonstrate the improved performance of the LCL DAB topology. Result clearly that the planned DAB Topology provide higher efficiency over an oversized vary of every input voltage and as compared to ancient DAB topology
Design of Half Bridge LLC Resonant Converter for Low Voltage Dc ApplicationsIOSRJEEE
An advanced hybrid LLC series resonant converter with united flying-capacitor cell is proposed in this paper to permit the high step-down conversion in the high input voltage applications. The in-built flyingcapacitor branch in the primary side can efficiently share out the primary switch voltage stress related with the half-bridge LLC converters. And the input voltage can be shared correspondingly and automatically between the two series half-bridge components lacking additional balance circuit or control strategies owing to the built-in flying- capacitor cell. Likewise, the inherent soft switching performance in extensive load range that exists in the LLC converters is still kept to decrease the switching losses, which ensures the high efficiency. In addition, the proposed converter can be comprehensive to reduce the switch voltage stress byemploying stacked connection. Finally, a 500∼640 Vinput 48 Voutput 1 kW prototype is built and tested to verify the efficiency of the proposed converter. The results prove that the proposed converter is an excellent candidate for the high input voltage and high step-down dc/dc conversion systems.
An improved closed loop hybrid phase shift controller for dual active bridge ...IJECEIAES
In this paper, a new closed loop hybrid phase shift control is proposed for dual active bridge (DAB) converter with variable input voltage. The extended phase shift (EPS) control is applied when load gets heavy enough and the secondary side phase shift angle decreases to zero. When this modified DAB converter operates at light loads, the triple phase shift (TPS) modulation method is applied, and the added control freedom is the secondary phase shift angle between the two-secondary side switching legs. The hybrid phase shift control (HPS) scheme is a combination of EPS and TPS modulations, and it provides a very simple closed form implementation for the primary and secondary side phase shift angles. Depending on the application by changing the phase shift angles we can achieve Buck or Boost operation. A characteristic table feedback control method has been used for closed loop operation. By using 1D look up table the proposed DAB converter provides constant 400V for any given input voltage.
This document discusses the design and analysis of a multi-level D-STATCOM to improve power quality. A D-STATCOM is a shunt connected custom power device that can regulate voltage and compensate for reactive power and current harmonics. The paper proposes using a cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter for the D-STATCOM due to its advantages of low harmonic distortion and reduced switching losses. Simulation results using Matlab/Simulink show that the D-STATCOM is able to regulate the voltage and compensate for reactive power drawn by a non-linear diode rectifier load, improving the power factor and eliminating total harmonic distortion.
Fuzzy based control of Transformer less Coupled inductor based DC-DC converterIJERA Editor
Most of the industrial applications use any one of the basic DC-DC converter configurations namely buck,
boost, buck–boost, and Cuk converters. These converters are non-isolating converters. Buck-boost converters
use inductors for storing energy from the source and release the same to load or output. This results in high
stress across magnetic components. This drawback restricts usage of buck-boost converters to low power
applications. Flyback converters popularly have known as buck-boost converters uses transformers for
achieving wide range of step down and step up voltages. Coupled inductor based converters or tapped inductor
based converters are used for achieving wide input – wide output conversion ratios. Coherent transition between
step-down and step-up modes is achieved by a proper control scheme. This paper proposes fuzzy logic based
closed loop control scheme for control of converter switches. Theoretical derivations of control parameters with
their membership values, mamdani based rules for development of fuzzy rules and simulation results of a
coupled inductor based DC-DC converter using MATLAB / SIMULINK are concluded.
A Review on Modeling and Analysis of Multi Stage with Multi Phase DC DC Boost...YogeshIJTSRD
A new version of the new Hybrid Boost DC DC ready to draw power from two different DC sources for standard DC bus feeds is presented in this paper. An important feature of the proposed converter is that both sources provide simultaneous power to a lower load than the reduced current rate. This feature is very attractive for DC grid applications. With the analysis of the time zone, steady state performance is established and the transformational power correction parameters are obtained. In this paper, a powerful converter is introduced, with its operating principles based on charging pumps and converters of reinforcement series. In addition, although three switches are used, no separate gate driver is required instead of one bridge gate driver and one gate driver on the lower side. As such, the proposed converter is easy to analyze and easy to operate. In addition, additional test results are provided to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed converter. Mukesh Kuma | Manoj Kumar Dewangan | Maheedhar Dubey "A Review on Modeling and Analysis of Multi Stage with Multi Phase DC-DC Boost Converter" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39985.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/39985/a-review-on-modeling-and-analysis-of-multi-stage-with-multi-phase-dcdc-boost-converter/mukesh-kuma
Comparison of Buck-Boost and Cuk Converters for BLDC Drive Applications with PFCIJMTST Journal
The devices generally used in industrial, commercial and residential applications need to undergo rectification for their proper functioning and operation. Hence there is a need to reduce the line current harmonics so as to improve the power factor of the system. This has led to designing of Power Factor Correction circuits. This project presents a power factor corrected (PFC) bridgeless (BL) buck–boost converter-fed brushless direct current (BLDC) motor drive as a cost-effective solution for low-power applications. The conventional PFC scheme of the BLDC motor drive utilizes a pulse width-modulated voltage source inverter (PWM-VSI) for speed control with a constant dc link voltage. This offers higher switching losses in VSI as the switching losses increase as a square function of switching frequency. A BL configuration of the buck–boost converter is proposed which offers the elimination of the diode bridge rectifier, thus reducing the conduction losses associated with it. A PFC BL buck–boost converter is designed to operate in discontinuous inductor current mode (DICM) to provide an inherent PFC at ac mains. The simulation results are presented by using Matlab/Simulink software. The proposed concept can be extended with cuk converter for BLDC drive applications using Matlab/Simulink software
The document describes a proposed 127-level hybrid multilevel inverter topology. Multilevel inverters are useful for medium-voltage high-power applications as they can generate stepped voltage waveforms to reduce harmonic distortion. The proposed topology uses a bypass diode technique and H-bridge configuration to produce 31 voltage levels with only 8 switches and 4 diodes, reducing components compared to other multilevel inverter topologies. The performance of the 31-level inverter is studied using MATLAB/Simulink simulation. A 1 kW hardware prototype is developed to experimentally verify the concept. The proposed topology aims to reduce switching losses and total harmonic distortion in the output waveform.
SIMULATION OF REDUCED SWITCH INVERTER BASED UPQC WITH FUZZY LOGIC AND ANN CON...MABUSUBANI SHAIK
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a new methodology to reduce harmonic distortion in UPQC using artificial neural network
and fuzzy logic controller. So this paper main aim is improve power quality by using UPQC with ANN and FLC. The most purpose of the proposed (ANN & FLC) is capable of providing good static and dynamic performances compared to PI controller. The UPQC is to control on voltage flicker/unbalance, reactive power and harmonics. In different words, the UPQC has the potential of up power quality at the purpose of installation on power industrial power systems. The appliance of computing is growing quick within the space of power electronics and drives. From olden days to now days we are using twelve switches used in back to back configuration. But now we are using nine switches instead of 12
switches. In 9 switch UPQC converter given the most useful benefits compared to 12 switches power converter. The nine switches UPQC converter gets the best results by using of three methods. They are one is PI controller technique, ANN controller technique and FLC controller technique. By contrast PI, FLC and ANN, ANN is better than (FLC & PI) for power quality enhancement and voltage sag and voltage swell mitigations. The factitious neural network (ANN) is taken into account as a replacement tool to style management electronic equipment for power quality (PQ) devices. A whole
simulation study is administrated to analysis the performance of the ANN controller and compares its performance with the quality FLC & PI controller’s results. The nine-switch convertor has already been proved to possess sure benefits,
additionally to its part saving topological feature. Despite these benefits, the nine-switch convertor has thus far found restricted applications because of its several perceived performance tradeoffs like requiring associate degree outsized
dc-link capacitance, restricted amplitude sharing, and unnatural part shift between its 2 sets of output terminals. Rather than acceptive these tradeoffs as limitations, a nine-switch power conditioner is projected here that nearly “converts” most of those topological short comings into fascinating performance benefits. Aiming more to cut back its switch losses,
Harmonics, Voltage Sag & Swell associate degree acceptable discontinuous modulation theme is projected and studied here thoroughly to doubly make sure that top reduction of commutations is achieved. With associate degree suitably
designed management theme with PI and ANN with Fuzzy logic controller then incorporated, the nine-switch convertor is shown to favorably raise the general power quality in Simulation, thus justifying its role as an influence conditioner at a reduced value.
KEYWORDS: ANN, Active Power Filters, PI Controller, Nine Switch Converter, Power Quality, UPQC
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Dynamic Voltage Conditioner, a New Concept for Smart Low-Voltage Distribution...Asoka Technologies
Power Quality (PQ) improvement in distribution level is an increasing concern in modern electrical power systems. One of the main problems in LV networks is related to load voltage stabilization close to the nominal value. Usually this problem is solved by Smart Distribution Transformers, Hybrid Transformers and Solid-state Transformers, but also Dynamic Voltage Conditioner (DVC) can be an innovative and a cost effective solution. The paper introduces a new control method of a single-phase DVC system able to compensate these long duration voltage drifts. For these events, it is mandatory to avoid active power exchanges so, the controller is designed to work with non-active power only. Operation limits for quadrature voltage injection control is formulated and reference voltage update procedure is proposed to guarantee its continuous operating. DVC performance for main voltage and load variation is examined. Proposed solution is validated with simulation study and experimental laboratory tests. Some simulation and experimental results are illustrated to show the prototype device’s performance.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Compensator Based Performance Enhancement Strategy for a SIQO Buck ConverterIAES-IJPEDS
This paper attempts to design lag and lag-lead compensators for improving the performance of a Single Inductor Quad Output (SIQO) dc-dc buck converter in terms of time domain and frequency domain specifications. It develops the state space averaged model to find the duty ratio of the desired output voltages at steady state. The exercise arrives at the transfer function model from the state space averaged model through the use of its lumped small signal equivalent circuit which allows analyzing the performance of the system in frequency and time domains.The responses are derived in the MATLAB/Simulink® using discrete components incorporating compensators of the converter. The hardware results obtained using Data Acquisition Module DT9834® interfaced to MATLAB/Simulink® and prototype model establish the performance of the compensator based converter and further emphasize its ability to minimize the ripples over a range of operating loads.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Modelling of high step up dc dc converter for photovoltaic modulesIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper on modelling a high step-up DC-DC converter for photovoltaic modules. The converter uses a coupled inductor to achieve high voltage gain from a low PV panel output voltage. It operates in both continuous conduction mode and discontinuous conduction mode. Simulation results show the output voltage is regulated at 150V with a photovoltaic array input. The converter has benefits of high efficiency, reduced component stress, and isolation of the PV panel during non-operation for safety.
Comparison of PI and ANN Control Techniques for Nine Switches UPQC to Improve...MABUSUBANI SHAIK
Abstract: This paper presents a comprehensive review on the UPQC to reinforce power quality. Typically this can be often speculated to gift a broad outline on the varied possible intelligent controls used with UPQC. The most purpose of a UPQC is to control on voltage flicker/unbalance, reactive power and harmonics. In different words, the UPQC has the potential of up power quality at the purpose of installation on power industrial power systems. The appliance of computing is growing quick within the
space of power electronics and drives. From olden days to now days we are using twelve switches used in back to back configuration. But now we are using nine switches instead of 12 switches. In 9 switch UPQC converters given the most useful benefits compared to 12 switches power converter. The nine switches UPQC converter gets the best results by using of two methods. They are one is PI controller technique and other one is ANN controller technique. By contrast PI and ANN, ANN is better than PI for power quality enhancement and voltage sag and voltage swell mitigations. The factitious neural network
(ANN) is taken into account as a replacement tool to style management electronic equipment for power-quality (PQ) devices. A whole simulation study is administrated to analysis the performance of the ANN controller and compares its performance with the quality PI controller results. The nine-switch convertor has already been proved to possess sure benefits, additionally to its part saving topological feature. Despite these benefits, the nine-switch convertor has thus far found restricted applications because of its several perceived performance tradeoffs like requiring associate degree outsized dc-link capacitance, restricted amplitude sharing, and unnatural part shift between its 2 sets of output terminals. Rather than acceptive these tradeoffs as limitations, a nine-switch power conditioner is projected here that nearly ―converts‖ most of those topological short comings into
fascinating performance benefits. Aiming more to cut back its switch losses, Harmonics, Voltage Sag & Swell associate degree acceptable discontinuous modulation theme is projected and studied here thoroughly to doubly make sure that top reduction of commutations is achieved. With associate degree suitably designed management theme with PI and ANN with physical
phenomenon controller then incorporated, the nine-switch convertor is shown to favorably raise the general power quality in Simulation, thus justifying its role as an influence conditioner at a reduced value.
Keywords: ANN, Active Power Filters, PI Controller, Nine Switch Converter, Power Quality, UPQC.
High Efficiency Resonant dc/dc Converter Utilizing a Resistance Compression N...Projectsatbangalore
The document describes a new high-efficiency resonant DC/DC converter topology called the Resistance Compression Network (RCN) converter. It operates with simultaneous zero-voltage switching and near zero-current switching across a wide range of input voltages, output voltages, and power levels, resulting in low switching losses. Experimental results from a 200W prototype show over 95% efficiency is maintained across an input voltage range of 25V to 40V with an output voltage of 400V, and it operates efficiently over a wide output voltage and power range. The RCN converter uses a resistance compression network and on/off control to maintain desired current waveforms and high efficiency over varying operating conditions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems (VLSICS) VLSICS Design
In circuits, clocks usually play a very important role. Whenever data needs to be sampled, it is done with respect to clock signals. It uses the edges of the clock to sample the data. So, it becomes very much necessary to see to it that the clock signals are properly received specially in receiver circuits where data sampling is done, mainly in Double data rate(DDR) circuits. Due to effects such as jitter, skew, interference, device mismatches etc., duty cycle gets affected. We come up with duty cycle correctors that ensure 50% duty cycle of the clock signals. A duty cycle corrector (DCC) with analog feedback is proposed and simulated in 45nm process technology node. The duty cycle corrector operates for MHz frequency range covering the duty cycle from 35%-65%, with +/- 1.5% accuracy. The design is simple and the power consumption is 1.01mW.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Mitigation of Power Quality Issues by Nine Switches UPQC Using PI & ANN with ...MABUSUBANI SHAIK
Abstract—A nine-switch power converter having two sets of output terminals was recently proposed in place of the traditional back-to-back power converter that uses 12 switches in total. The nine-switch converter has already been proven to have certain advantages, in addition to its component saving topological feature. Despite these advantages, the nine-switch converter has so far found limited applications due to its many perceived performance tradeoffs like requiring an oversized dc-link capacitor, limited amplitude sharing, and constrained phase shift between its two sets of output terminals. Instead of accepting these tradeoffs as limitations, a nine-switch power conditioner is proposed here that virtually “converts” most of these topological short comings into interesting performance advantages. Aiming further to reduce its switching losses, Harmonics, Voltage Sag & Swell an appropriate discontinuous modulation scheme is proposed and studied here in detail to doubly ensure that maximal reduction of commutations is achieved. With an appropriately designed control scheme with PI and ANN with Hysteresis controller then incorporated, the nine-switch converter is shown to favorably raise the overall power quality in Simulation, hence justifying its role as a power conditioner at a reduced cost.
Index Terms—Discontinuous pulse-width modulation, nine switch converter, power conditioner, power quality.
An on-chip soft-start pseudo-current hysteresis-controlled buck converter for...IJECEIAES
This paper introduces a novel direct current to direct current (DC-DC) buck converter that uses a pseudo-current hysteresis controller and an on-chip soft start circuit for improved transient performance in automotive applications. The proposed converter, implemented with Taiwan semiconductor manufacturing company (TSMC) 0.18 µm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) one-poly-six-metal (1P6M) technology, includes a rail-to-rail current detection circuit and an on-chip soft start circuit to handle transient responses and improve efficiency. Transient response analysis shows fast settling times of 28 µs for both load current changes from 100 mA to 1 A and reversals with consistent transient voltages of approximately 190 mV and peak power efficiency of 99.32% at 5 V output voltage and 100 mA load current. Additionally, the converter maintains a constant output voltage of approximately 5 V across the entire load current range with an average accuracy of 90.41%. A comparative analysis with previous work shows superior performance in terms of figure of merit (FOM). Overall, the proposed pseudo-current hysteresis controlled buck converter exhibits remarkable transient response, load regulation and power efficiency, positioning it as a promising solution for demanding applications, particularly in automotive systems where precise voltage regulation is crucial.
Power Quality Analysis Using Active NPC Multilevel inverter in PV sourced sta...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes power quality in a stand-alone microgrid system using an Active Neutral Point Clamped (ANPC) multilevel inverter sourced by a photovoltaic (PV) system. The document provides background on multilevel inverters and their benefits over traditional inverters. It then describes the proposed ANPC 5-level inverter topology and the simulation of the system in MATLAB/Simulink. The results show that the ANPC multilevel inverter produces lower harmonic distortion than a conventional inverter when used in the microgrid system. Key aspects like switching states, sinusoidal pulse width modulation, and total harmonic distortion are also discussed.
Design of Half Bridge LLC Resonant Converter for Low Voltage Dc ApplicationsIOSRJEEE
An advanced hybrid LLC series resonant converter with united flying-capacitor cell is proposed in this paper to permit the high step-down conversion in the high input voltage applications. The in-built flyingcapacitor branch in the primary side can efficiently share out the primary switch voltage stress related with the half-bridge LLC converters. And the input voltage can be shared correspondingly and automatically between the two series half-bridge components lacking additional balance circuit or control strategies owing to the built-in flying- capacitor cell. Likewise, the inherent soft switching performance in extensive load range that exists in the LLC converters is still kept to decrease the switching losses, which ensures the high efficiency. In addition, the proposed converter can be comprehensive to reduce the switch voltage stress byemploying stacked connection. Finally, a 500∼640 Vinput 48 Voutput 1 kW prototype is built and tested to verify the efficiency of the proposed converter. The results prove that the proposed converter is an excellent candidate for the high input voltage and high step-down dc/dc conversion systems.
An improved closed loop hybrid phase shift controller for dual active bridge ...IJECEIAES
In this paper, a new closed loop hybrid phase shift control is proposed for dual active bridge (DAB) converter with variable input voltage. The extended phase shift (EPS) control is applied when load gets heavy enough and the secondary side phase shift angle decreases to zero. When this modified DAB converter operates at light loads, the triple phase shift (TPS) modulation method is applied, and the added control freedom is the secondary phase shift angle between the two-secondary side switching legs. The hybrid phase shift control (HPS) scheme is a combination of EPS and TPS modulations, and it provides a very simple closed form implementation for the primary and secondary side phase shift angles. Depending on the application by changing the phase shift angles we can achieve Buck or Boost operation. A characteristic table feedback control method has been used for closed loop operation. By using 1D look up table the proposed DAB converter provides constant 400V for any given input voltage.
This document discusses the design and analysis of a multi-level D-STATCOM to improve power quality. A D-STATCOM is a shunt connected custom power device that can regulate voltage and compensate for reactive power and current harmonics. The paper proposes using a cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter for the D-STATCOM due to its advantages of low harmonic distortion and reduced switching losses. Simulation results using Matlab/Simulink show that the D-STATCOM is able to regulate the voltage and compensate for reactive power drawn by a non-linear diode rectifier load, improving the power factor and eliminating total harmonic distortion.
Fuzzy based control of Transformer less Coupled inductor based DC-DC converterIJERA Editor
Most of the industrial applications use any one of the basic DC-DC converter configurations namely buck,
boost, buck–boost, and Cuk converters. These converters are non-isolating converters. Buck-boost converters
use inductors for storing energy from the source and release the same to load or output. This results in high
stress across magnetic components. This drawback restricts usage of buck-boost converters to low power
applications. Flyback converters popularly have known as buck-boost converters uses transformers for
achieving wide range of step down and step up voltages. Coupled inductor based converters or tapped inductor
based converters are used for achieving wide input – wide output conversion ratios. Coherent transition between
step-down and step-up modes is achieved by a proper control scheme. This paper proposes fuzzy logic based
closed loop control scheme for control of converter switches. Theoretical derivations of control parameters with
their membership values, mamdani based rules for development of fuzzy rules and simulation results of a
coupled inductor based DC-DC converter using MATLAB / SIMULINK are concluded.
A Review on Modeling and Analysis of Multi Stage with Multi Phase DC DC Boost...YogeshIJTSRD
A new version of the new Hybrid Boost DC DC ready to draw power from two different DC sources for standard DC bus feeds is presented in this paper. An important feature of the proposed converter is that both sources provide simultaneous power to a lower load than the reduced current rate. This feature is very attractive for DC grid applications. With the analysis of the time zone, steady state performance is established and the transformational power correction parameters are obtained. In this paper, a powerful converter is introduced, with its operating principles based on charging pumps and converters of reinforcement series. In addition, although three switches are used, no separate gate driver is required instead of one bridge gate driver and one gate driver on the lower side. As such, the proposed converter is easy to analyze and easy to operate. In addition, additional test results are provided to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed converter. Mukesh Kuma | Manoj Kumar Dewangan | Maheedhar Dubey "A Review on Modeling and Analysis of Multi Stage with Multi Phase DC-DC Boost Converter" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39985.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/39985/a-review-on-modeling-and-analysis-of-multi-stage-with-multi-phase-dcdc-boost-converter/mukesh-kuma
Comparison of Buck-Boost and Cuk Converters for BLDC Drive Applications with PFCIJMTST Journal
The devices generally used in industrial, commercial and residential applications need to undergo rectification for their proper functioning and operation. Hence there is a need to reduce the line current harmonics so as to improve the power factor of the system. This has led to designing of Power Factor Correction circuits. This project presents a power factor corrected (PFC) bridgeless (BL) buck–boost converter-fed brushless direct current (BLDC) motor drive as a cost-effective solution for low-power applications. The conventional PFC scheme of the BLDC motor drive utilizes a pulse width-modulated voltage source inverter (PWM-VSI) for speed control with a constant dc link voltage. This offers higher switching losses in VSI as the switching losses increase as a square function of switching frequency. A BL configuration of the buck–boost converter is proposed which offers the elimination of the diode bridge rectifier, thus reducing the conduction losses associated with it. A PFC BL buck–boost converter is designed to operate in discontinuous inductor current mode (DICM) to provide an inherent PFC at ac mains. The simulation results are presented by using Matlab/Simulink software. The proposed concept can be extended with cuk converter for BLDC drive applications using Matlab/Simulink software
The document describes a proposed 127-level hybrid multilevel inverter topology. Multilevel inverters are useful for medium-voltage high-power applications as they can generate stepped voltage waveforms to reduce harmonic distortion. The proposed topology uses a bypass diode technique and H-bridge configuration to produce 31 voltage levels with only 8 switches and 4 diodes, reducing components compared to other multilevel inverter topologies. The performance of the 31-level inverter is studied using MATLAB/Simulink simulation. A 1 kW hardware prototype is developed to experimentally verify the concept. The proposed topology aims to reduce switching losses and total harmonic distortion in the output waveform.
SIMULATION OF REDUCED SWITCH INVERTER BASED UPQC WITH FUZZY LOGIC AND ANN CON...MABUSUBANI SHAIK
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a new methodology to reduce harmonic distortion in UPQC using artificial neural network
and fuzzy logic controller. So this paper main aim is improve power quality by using UPQC with ANN and FLC. The most purpose of the proposed (ANN & FLC) is capable of providing good static and dynamic performances compared to PI controller. The UPQC is to control on voltage flicker/unbalance, reactive power and harmonics. In different words, the UPQC has the potential of up power quality at the purpose of installation on power industrial power systems. The appliance of computing is growing quick within the space of power electronics and drives. From olden days to now days we are using twelve switches used in back to back configuration. But now we are using nine switches instead of 12
switches. In 9 switch UPQC converter given the most useful benefits compared to 12 switches power converter. The nine switches UPQC converter gets the best results by using of three methods. They are one is PI controller technique, ANN controller technique and FLC controller technique. By contrast PI, FLC and ANN, ANN is better than (FLC & PI) for power quality enhancement and voltage sag and voltage swell mitigations. The factitious neural network (ANN) is taken into account as a replacement tool to style management electronic equipment for power quality (PQ) devices. A whole
simulation study is administrated to analysis the performance of the ANN controller and compares its performance with the quality FLC & PI controller’s results. The nine-switch convertor has already been proved to possess sure benefits,
additionally to its part saving topological feature. Despite these benefits, the nine-switch convertor has thus far found restricted applications because of its several perceived performance tradeoffs like requiring associate degree outsized
dc-link capacitance, restricted amplitude sharing, and unnatural part shift between its 2 sets of output terminals. Rather than acceptive these tradeoffs as limitations, a nine-switch power conditioner is projected here that nearly “converts” most of those topological short comings into fascinating performance benefits. Aiming more to cut back its switch losses,
Harmonics, Voltage Sag & Swell associate degree acceptable discontinuous modulation theme is projected and studied here thoroughly to doubly make sure that top reduction of commutations is achieved. With associate degree suitably
designed management theme with PI and ANN with Fuzzy logic controller then incorporated, the nine-switch convertor is shown to favorably raise the general power quality in Simulation, thus justifying its role as an influence conditioner at a reduced value.
KEYWORDS: ANN, Active Power Filters, PI Controller, Nine Switch Converter, Power Quality, UPQC
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Dynamic Voltage Conditioner, a New Concept for Smart Low-Voltage Distribution...Asoka Technologies
Power Quality (PQ) improvement in distribution level is an increasing concern in modern electrical power systems. One of the main problems in LV networks is related to load voltage stabilization close to the nominal value. Usually this problem is solved by Smart Distribution Transformers, Hybrid Transformers and Solid-state Transformers, but also Dynamic Voltage Conditioner (DVC) can be an innovative and a cost effective solution. The paper introduces a new control method of a single-phase DVC system able to compensate these long duration voltage drifts. For these events, it is mandatory to avoid active power exchanges so, the controller is designed to work with non-active power only. Operation limits for quadrature voltage injection control is formulated and reference voltage update procedure is proposed to guarantee its continuous operating. DVC performance for main voltage and load variation is examined. Proposed solution is validated with simulation study and experimental laboratory tests. Some simulation and experimental results are illustrated to show the prototype device’s performance.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Compensator Based Performance Enhancement Strategy for a SIQO Buck ConverterIAES-IJPEDS
This paper attempts to design lag and lag-lead compensators for improving the performance of a Single Inductor Quad Output (SIQO) dc-dc buck converter in terms of time domain and frequency domain specifications. It develops the state space averaged model to find the duty ratio of the desired output voltages at steady state. The exercise arrives at the transfer function model from the state space averaged model through the use of its lumped small signal equivalent circuit which allows analyzing the performance of the system in frequency and time domains.The responses are derived in the MATLAB/Simulink® using discrete components incorporating compensators of the converter. The hardware results obtained using Data Acquisition Module DT9834® interfaced to MATLAB/Simulink® and prototype model establish the performance of the compensator based converter and further emphasize its ability to minimize the ripples over a range of operating loads.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Modelling of high step up dc dc converter for photovoltaic modulesIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper on modelling a high step-up DC-DC converter for photovoltaic modules. The converter uses a coupled inductor to achieve high voltage gain from a low PV panel output voltage. It operates in both continuous conduction mode and discontinuous conduction mode. Simulation results show the output voltage is regulated at 150V with a photovoltaic array input. The converter has benefits of high efficiency, reduced component stress, and isolation of the PV panel during non-operation for safety.
Comparison of PI and ANN Control Techniques for Nine Switches UPQC to Improve...MABUSUBANI SHAIK
Abstract: This paper presents a comprehensive review on the UPQC to reinforce power quality. Typically this can be often speculated to gift a broad outline on the varied possible intelligent controls used with UPQC. The most purpose of a UPQC is to control on voltage flicker/unbalance, reactive power and harmonics. In different words, the UPQC has the potential of up power quality at the purpose of installation on power industrial power systems. The appliance of computing is growing quick within the
space of power electronics and drives. From olden days to now days we are using twelve switches used in back to back configuration. But now we are using nine switches instead of 12 switches. In 9 switch UPQC converters given the most useful benefits compared to 12 switches power converter. The nine switches UPQC converter gets the best results by using of two methods. They are one is PI controller technique and other one is ANN controller technique. By contrast PI and ANN, ANN is better than PI for power quality enhancement and voltage sag and voltage swell mitigations. The factitious neural network
(ANN) is taken into account as a replacement tool to style management electronic equipment for power-quality (PQ) devices. A whole simulation study is administrated to analysis the performance of the ANN controller and compares its performance with the quality PI controller results. The nine-switch convertor has already been proved to possess sure benefits, additionally to its part saving topological feature. Despite these benefits, the nine-switch convertor has thus far found restricted applications because of its several perceived performance tradeoffs like requiring associate degree outsized dc-link capacitance, restricted amplitude sharing, and unnatural part shift between its 2 sets of output terminals. Rather than acceptive these tradeoffs as limitations, a nine-switch power conditioner is projected here that nearly ―converts‖ most of those topological short comings into
fascinating performance benefits. Aiming more to cut back its switch losses, Harmonics, Voltage Sag & Swell associate degree acceptable discontinuous modulation theme is projected and studied here thoroughly to doubly make sure that top reduction of commutations is achieved. With associate degree suitably designed management theme with PI and ANN with physical
phenomenon controller then incorporated, the nine-switch convertor is shown to favorably raise the general power quality in Simulation, thus justifying its role as an influence conditioner at a reduced value.
Keywords: ANN, Active Power Filters, PI Controller, Nine Switch Converter, Power Quality, UPQC.
High Efficiency Resonant dc/dc Converter Utilizing a Resistance Compression N...Projectsatbangalore
The document describes a new high-efficiency resonant DC/DC converter topology called the Resistance Compression Network (RCN) converter. It operates with simultaneous zero-voltage switching and near zero-current switching across a wide range of input voltages, output voltages, and power levels, resulting in low switching losses. Experimental results from a 200W prototype show over 95% efficiency is maintained across an input voltage range of 25V to 40V with an output voltage of 400V, and it operates efficiently over a wide output voltage and power range. The RCN converter uses a resistance compression network and on/off control to maintain desired current waveforms and high efficiency over varying operating conditions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems (VLSICS) VLSICS Design
In circuits, clocks usually play a very important role. Whenever data needs to be sampled, it is done with respect to clock signals. It uses the edges of the clock to sample the data. So, it becomes very much necessary to see to it that the clock signals are properly received specially in receiver circuits where data sampling is done, mainly in Double data rate(DDR) circuits. Due to effects such as jitter, skew, interference, device mismatches etc., duty cycle gets affected. We come up with duty cycle correctors that ensure 50% duty cycle of the clock signals. A duty cycle corrector (DCC) with analog feedback is proposed and simulated in 45nm process technology node. The duty cycle corrector operates for MHz frequency range covering the duty cycle from 35%-65%, with +/- 1.5% accuracy. The design is simple and the power consumption is 1.01mW.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Mitigation of Power Quality Issues by Nine Switches UPQC Using PI & ANN with ...MABUSUBANI SHAIK
Abstract—A nine-switch power converter having two sets of output terminals was recently proposed in place of the traditional back-to-back power converter that uses 12 switches in total. The nine-switch converter has already been proven to have certain advantages, in addition to its component saving topological feature. Despite these advantages, the nine-switch converter has so far found limited applications due to its many perceived performance tradeoffs like requiring an oversized dc-link capacitor, limited amplitude sharing, and constrained phase shift between its two sets of output terminals. Instead of accepting these tradeoffs as limitations, a nine-switch power conditioner is proposed here that virtually “converts” most of these topological short comings into interesting performance advantages. Aiming further to reduce its switching losses, Harmonics, Voltage Sag & Swell an appropriate discontinuous modulation scheme is proposed and studied here in detail to doubly ensure that maximal reduction of commutations is achieved. With an appropriately designed control scheme with PI and ANN with Hysteresis controller then incorporated, the nine-switch converter is shown to favorably raise the overall power quality in Simulation, hence justifying its role as a power conditioner at a reduced cost.
Index Terms—Discontinuous pulse-width modulation, nine switch converter, power conditioner, power quality.
An on-chip soft-start pseudo-current hysteresis-controlled buck converter for...IJECEIAES
This paper introduces a novel direct current to direct current (DC-DC) buck converter that uses a pseudo-current hysteresis controller and an on-chip soft start circuit for improved transient performance in automotive applications. The proposed converter, implemented with Taiwan semiconductor manufacturing company (TSMC) 0.18 µm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) one-poly-six-metal (1P6M) technology, includes a rail-to-rail current detection circuit and an on-chip soft start circuit to handle transient responses and improve efficiency. Transient response analysis shows fast settling times of 28 µs for both load current changes from 100 mA to 1 A and reversals with consistent transient voltages of approximately 190 mV and peak power efficiency of 99.32% at 5 V output voltage and 100 mA load current. Additionally, the converter maintains a constant output voltage of approximately 5 V across the entire load current range with an average accuracy of 90.41%. A comparative analysis with previous work shows superior performance in terms of figure of merit (FOM). Overall, the proposed pseudo-current hysteresis controlled buck converter exhibits remarkable transient response, load regulation and power efficiency, positioning it as a promising solution for demanding applications, particularly in automotive systems where precise voltage regulation is crucial.
Power Quality Analysis Using Active NPC Multilevel inverter in PV sourced sta...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes power quality in a stand-alone microgrid system using an Active Neutral Point Clamped (ANPC) multilevel inverter sourced by a photovoltaic (PV) system. The document provides background on multilevel inverters and their benefits over traditional inverters. It then describes the proposed ANPC 5-level inverter topology and the simulation of the system in MATLAB/Simulink. The results show that the ANPC multilevel inverter produces lower harmonic distortion than a conventional inverter when used in the microgrid system. Key aspects like switching states, sinusoidal pulse width modulation, and total harmonic distortion are also discussed.
Power Quality Analysis Using Active NPC Multilevel inverter in PV sourced sta...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes power quality in a stand-alone microgrid system using an Active Neutral Point Clamped (ANPC) multilevel inverter sourced by a photovoltaic (PV) system. The document provides background on multilevel inverters and their benefits over traditional inverters. It then describes the proposed ANPC 5-level inverter topology and the simulation of the system in MATLAB/Simulink. The results show that the ANPC multilevel inverter produces lower harmonic distortion than a conventional inverter when used in the microgrid system. Key aspects like switching states, sinusoidal pulse width modulation, and total harmonic distortion are also discussed.
A novel power converter that can perform both voltage and frequency conversion was proposed. Inappropriate power supply can damage sensitive sub-components and render the connected device inoperable. Henceforth, the proposed voltage–frequency converter acts as an interface to plug any electrical device directly into an electrical socket and provide the voltage and frequency required. The converter used a synchronous reference frame proportional–integral (SRFPI) controller to regulate the instantaneous output voltage and to improve steady state performance. Because the PI controller works together with the synchronous reference frame controller, it is difficult to tune the PI control parameters. To overcome this issue, a new meta heuristic optimization technique called lightening search algorithm (LSA) optimization was used to identify the optimum PI parameter values. A detailed description of the system operation and control strategy was presented. Finally, the performance of the converter was analyzed and verified by simulation and experimental results. The experimental result has shown that the proposed system has satisfactory output voltage and frequency under different input voltages.
Real Coded Genetic Algorithm Based Improvement of Efficiency in Interleaved B...IJPEDS-IAES
The reliability, efficiency, and controllability of Photo Voltaic power systems can be increased by embedding the components of a Boost Converter. Currently, the converter technology overcomes the main problems of manufacturing cost, efficiency and mass production. Issue to limit the life span of a Photo Voltaic inverter is the huge electrolytic capacitor across the Direct Current bus for energy decoupling. This paper presents a two-phase interleaved boost converter which ensures 180 angle phase shift between the two interleaved converters. The Proportional Integral controller is used to reshape that the controller attempts to minimize the error by adjusting the control inputs and also real coded genetic algorithm is proposed for tuning of controlling parameters of Proportional Integral controller. The real coded genetic algorithm is applied in the Interleaved Boost Converter with Advanced Pulse Width Modulation Techniques for improving the results of efficiency and reduction of ripple current. Simulation results illustrate the improvement of efficiency and the diminution of ripple current.
IRJET- Design and Development of Interleaved Boost Converter using Fuzzy ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes the design and development of an interleaved boost converter using a fuzzy logic controller. Some key points:
- The interleaved boost converter is used to boost the output voltage from a solar PV system in an efficient way with low voltage stress and higher power transfer ratio.
- A fuzzy logic controller is implemented to control the interleaved boost converter using a fuzzy logic algorithm for maximum power point tracking of the solar PV system.
- Simulation results in MATLAB show that the fuzzy logic controller improves the performance of the interleaved boost converter by reducing output voltage and current ripple compared to an open loop system.
- The proposed converter and fuzzy logic control method provide benefits such
This paper proposes a new voltage frequency converter (VFC) that converts both voltage and frequency to the required level of voltage and frequency in low voltage networks used in various countries. The proposed converter could be used as a universal power supply for sensitive AC loads. The converter is composed of, input voltage and frequency detection circuitry, full bridge boost rectifier and a DC to AC inverter. In addition, to improve the feasibility and performance of the converter, synchronous reference based PI (SRFPI) controller is adopted, where the system behaves similar to a DC-DC converter. The parameter selection of PI controller is done using a recent optimisation technique called Lightning Search Algorithm (LSA). The simulation of VFC is conducted in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The simulation results shows that LSA based PI controller provides better output voltage regulation with respect to the reference value under various load and input conditions.
Design and implementation of a series switching SPSI for PV cell to use in ca...journalBEEI
This document describes the design and implementation of a series switching single-phase synchronous inverter (S-PSI) for use with photovoltaic cells in a carrier-based grid synchronous system. A carrier-based grid synchronous controller is designed using pulse width modulation to operate the inverter switches. The inverter is designed to output 230V AC at 50Hz from a 340V DC input. Grid filters are used to convert the output waveform to sinusoidal and reduce harmonics. Simulation and experimental results show the proposed design achieves 97.02% efficiency with a 55% reduction in phase error and 11% reduction in total harmonic distortion.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Research. It is a international journal publishing high-quality articles dedicated to all aspects of engineering. IJESR is to publish peer reviewed research and review articles. fastly without delay in the developing field of engineering and science Research.
IRJET- Online Grid Integrated Photovoltaic System with New Level Inverter SystemIRJET Journal
This document presents a single-phase five-level photovoltaic (PV) inverter topology for grid-connected PV systems. The proposed inverter uses five voltage levels - zero, half, and full positive and negative supply voltages - to reduce harmonic distortion compared to a traditional three-level inverter. Simulation results show the switching pulses generated and the output voltage and current of the inverter. The five-level inverter provides improved power quality while integrating solar PV systems with the power grid.
IRJET- Series and Shunt Compensation in UPFC using Cascaded Multilevel Invert...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a transformer-less approach for series and shunt compensation using a cascaded multilevel inverter. The key points are:
1) A cascaded multilevel inverter arrangement with H-bridge cells is used for reactive power compensation without using a transformer between the series and shunt converters. This eliminates issues associated with using transformers such as cost, size, losses and response time.
2) The series converter controls voltage to regulate active and reactive power flow while the shunt converter controls current to compensate for any active power flow between the converters. This ensures no active power is exchanged so no transformer is needed.
3) Control methods for the shunt voltage and series current compensation use PI controllers
IRJET- Designing and Simulation of Multilevel STATCOM on Cascaded TopologyIRJET Journal
This document summarizes the design and simulation of a cascaded multilevel STATCOM topology. It first discusses the need for reactive power compensation and control of power systems. It then describes the cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter topology used for the STATCOM, noting its advantages over other multilevel inverter types. The document outlines the methodology, discussing control of the STATCOM using pulse width modulation techniques. It also reviews prior implementations of STATCOMs and issues with earlier converter configurations.
Hardware Implementation of Single Phase Power Factor Correction System using ...IAES-IJPEDS
Rapid increase of consumers in electronics devices and the use of mains rectification circuits inside these electronic devices is the root cause of mains harmonic distortion. Automatic power factor correction techniques can be applied to the industries, power systems and households to make them stable inturns increases the efficiency of system as well as the apparatus. This paper deals with the hardware design of active power factor correction circuit employing boost converter which is used to boost the DC voltages with a controller based on PID control strategy. The pulses given to power switches by pulse width modulation techniques generated by utilizing micro-controller board, Arduino thus obviating the need of complex hardware circuitry. MATLAB/SIMULINK was used to design and tune the PID controller parameters. The simulation results are matching with the predictions and the same was implemented as hardware. The waveforms various test points and across capacitors were obtained, studied and compared with the theoretical waveforms and are found to be in precise proximity of theoretical waveforms.
Simulation of 3-phase matrix converter using space vector modulationIJECEIAES
This paper illustrates the simulation of 3-phase matrix converter using Space Vector Modulation (SVM). Variable AC output voltage engendered using matrix converter with bidirectional power switches controlled by appropriate switching pulse. The conventional PWM converter engenders switching common mode voltage across the load system terminals, which cause to common mode current and its leads to bearing failure in load drive. These problems can be rectified using SVM and which minimize the effect on the harmonic fluctuation in AC output voltage and stress on the power switch is reduced using bidirectional switch for proposed 3-phase matrix converter. The simulation results have been presented to validate the proposed system using matlab / simulink.
Design & Simulation Of 3-Phase, 15-Level Inverter with Reverse Voltage TopologyIJERA Editor
This document describes the design and simulation of a 15-level three-phase inverter with a reverse voltage topology. A new topology is proposed that requires fewer components than existing inverters, particularly at higher voltage levels. This reduces complexity. The 15-level inverter is modeled and simulated in MATLAB. Simulation results show the output voltage waveform, total harmonic distortion within reasonable limits, and voltage and current waveforms. The proposed inverter provides high voltage output with reduced harmonic distortion and lower component count.
Average current control of DC-DC Cuk Converters as Power Factor CorrectorIJERA Editor
This document discusses using a DC-DC Cuk converter with average current control to achieve power factor correction for a LED lighting load. It provides background on LED lighting and power factor correction needs. The paper models the Cuk converter and designs current and voltage control loops to regulate the output voltage while producing a sinusoidal input current with low total harmonic distortion and near unity power factor. Simulation results show the input current closely matching the input voltage waveform and low output voltage ripple, demonstrating the effectiveness of the control method.
A Five – Level Integrated AC – DC ConverterIJTET Journal
This paper presents the implementation of a new five – level integrated AC – DC converter with high input power factor and reduced input current harmonics complied with IEC1000-3-2 harmonic standards for electrical equipments. The proposed topology is a combination of boost input power factor pre – regulator and five – level DC – DC converter. The single – stage PFC (SSPFC) approach used in this topology is an alternative solution to low – power and cost – effective applications.
Proposed PV Transformer-Less Inverter Topology Technique for Leakage Current ...IJPEDS-IAES
Importance and demand of using renewable energy is dramatically escalated globally. Hence, the use of renewable energy is going to touch in peak. This demand is varying according to the site choosing. For instance, Wind is preferable where air is following highly as well as solar recommended place is high sun ray reducing places. Especially, the renewable system is highly recommended for electrification issues where it’s possible to produce the electricity for fulfilling rural and remote areas electricity problem. The photovoltaic (PV) panel of connecting with transformer based system is popular where some limitations are occurred especially cost and weight. In contrast, in this paper is focusing these issues where the transformer-less inverter system is used. Here will discuss some transformer-based and transformer-less inverter topologies and the leakage current issue which is occurred when transformer-less inverter system is used. Moreover, here is proposed a topology for reducing the leakage current after doing switching technique in both 50% and 75% duty cycle where output voltage remains quite same.
Universal demand for power increases due to continuous development to fulfil all these demand. Resources
are used with optimization. A high efficiency and high power factor converters are the major parts of energy
transfer system. This paper present a general review on single stage forward and flyback converter topologies to get
better its performance. This is paper presents a kind general idea of increasing efficiency and power factor of single
stage forward and fly back converter.
This paper studies the suitability of a vector based current control which is mostly employed for its faster response in the reactive current applications of static compnesators (STATCOMs). The current control is mostly achieved using proportional-integral (PI) controllers because of the advantage of their good tracking and small variations. However, due to the dependency of PI controllers on the modular multilevel converter (MMC) system dynamics, performance variations arise during steady-state STATCOM non-ideal operations. This paper presents an improved MMC based STATCOM control with a d-q compensation algorithm added to the vector based current control. The algorithm is derived to tackle the effects of the dynamics of the MMC and the STATCOM ideal variations without the use of any additional controller. The control is achieved by providing a power compensation in the d,q-axis which injects currents at the input of the PI controllers in order to improve the steady-state performance of the STATCOM control.
Similar to The study on the effect of voltage ripple on multiphase buck converters with phase shedding control scheme for SCADA applications (20)
Square transposition: an approach to the transposition process in block cipherjournalBEEI
The transposition process is needed in cryptography to create a diffusion effect on data encryption standard (DES) and advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithms as standard information security algorithms by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The problem with DES and AES algorithms is that their transposition index values form patterns and do not form random values. This condition will certainly make it easier for a cryptanalyst to look for a relationship between ciphertexts because some processes are predictable. This research designs a transposition algorithm called square transposition. Each process uses square 8 × 8 as a place to insert and retrieve 64-bits. The determination of the pairing of the input scheme and the retrieval scheme that have unequal flow is an important factor in producing a good transposition. The square transposition can generate random and non-pattern indices so that transposition can be done better than DES and AES.
Hyper-parameter optimization of convolutional neural network based on particl...journalBEEI
The document proposes using a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to optimize the hyperparameters of a convolutional neural network (CNN) for image classification. The PSO algorithm is used to find optimal values for CNN hyperparameters like the number and size of convolutional filters. In experiments on the MNIST handwritten digit dataset, the optimized CNN achieved a testing error rate of 0.87%, which is competitive with state-of-the-art models. The proposed approach finds optimized CNN architectures automatically without requiring manual design or encoding strategies during training.
Supervised machine learning based liver disease prediction approach with LASS...journalBEEI
In this contemporary era, the uses of machine learning techniques are increasing rapidly in the field of medical science for detecting various diseases such as liver disease (LD). Around the globe, a large number of people die because of this deadly disease. By diagnosing the disease in a primary stage, early treatment can be helpful to cure the patient. In this research paper, a method is proposed to diagnose the LD using supervised machine learning classification algorithms, namely logistic regression, decision tree, random forest, AdaBoost, KNN, linear discriminant analysis, gradient boosting and support vector machine (SVM). We also deployed a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) feature selection technique on our taken dataset to suggest the most highly correlated attributes of LD. The predictions with 10 fold cross-validation (CV) made by the algorithms are tested in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, precision and f1-score values to forecast the disease. It is observed that the decision tree algorithm has the best performance score where accuracy, precision, sensitivity and f1-score values are 94.295%, 92%, 99% and 96% respectively with the inclusion of LASSO. Furthermore, a comparison with recent studies is shown to prove the significance of the proposed system.
A secure and energy saving protocol for wireless sensor networksjournalBEEI
The research domain for wireless sensor networks (WSN) has been extensively conducted due to innovative technologies and research directions that have come up addressing the usability of WSN under various schemes. This domain permits dependable tracking of a diversity of environments for both military and civil applications. The key management mechanism is a primary protocol for keeping the privacy and confidentiality of the data transmitted among different sensor nodes in WSNs. Since node's size is small; they are intrinsically limited by inadequate resources such as battery life-time and memory capacity. The proposed secure and energy saving protocol (SESP) for wireless sensor networks) has a significant impact on the overall network life-time and energy dissipation. To encrypt sent messsages, the SESP uses the public-key cryptography’s concept. It depends on sensor nodes' identities (IDs) to prevent the messages repeated; making security goals- authentication, confidentiality, integrity, availability, and freshness to be achieved. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed approach produced better energy consumption and network life-time compared to LEACH protocol; sensors are dead after 900 rounds in the proposed SESP protocol. While, in the low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) scheme, the sensors are dead after 750 rounds.
Plant leaf identification system using convolutional neural networkjournalBEEI
This paper proposes a leaf identification system using convolutional neural network (CNN). This proposed system can identify five types of local Malaysia leaf which were acacia, papaya, cherry, mango and rambutan. By using CNN from deep learning, the network is trained from the database that acquired from leaf images captured by mobile phone for image classification. ResNet-50 was the architecture has been used for neural networks image classification and training the network for leaf identification. The recognition of photographs leaves requested several numbers of steps, starting with image pre-processing, feature extraction, plant identification, matching and testing, and finally extracting the results achieved in MATLAB. Testing sets of the system consists of 3 types of images which were white background, and noise added and random background images. Finally, interfaces for the leaf identification system have developed as the end software product using MATLAB app designer. As a result, the accuracy achieved for each training sets on five leaf classes are recorded above 98%, thus recognition process was successfully implemented.
Customized moodle-based learning management system for socially disadvantaged...journalBEEI
This study aims to develop Moodle-based LMS with customized learning content and modified user interface to facilitate pedagogical processes during covid-19 pandemic and investigate how teachers of socially disadvantaged schools perceived usability and technology acceptance. Co-design process was conducted with two activities: 1) need assessment phase using an online survey and interview session with the teachers and 2) the development phase of the LMS. The system was evaluated by 30 teachers from socially disadvantaged schools for relevance to their distance learning activities. We employed computer software usability questionnaire (CSUQ) to measure perceived usability and the technology acceptance model (TAM) with insertion of 3 original variables (i.e., perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and intention to use) and 5 external variables (i.e., attitude toward the system, perceived interaction, self-efficacy, user interface design, and course design). The average CSUQ rating exceeded 5.0 of 7 point-scale, indicated that teachers agreed that the information quality, interaction quality, and user interface quality were clear and easy to understand. TAM results concluded that the LMS design was judged to be usable, interactive, and well-developed. Teachers reported an effective user interface that allows effective teaching operations and lead to the system adoption in immediate time.
Understanding the role of individual learner in adaptive and personalized e-l...journalBEEI
Dynamic learning environment has emerged as a powerful platform in a modern e-learning system. The learning situation that constantly changing has forced the learning platform to adapt and personalize its learning resources for students. Evidence suggested that adaptation and personalization of e-learning systems (APLS) can be achieved by utilizing learner modeling, domain modeling, and instructional modeling. In the literature of APLS, questions have been raised about the role of individual characteristics that are relevant for adaptation. With several options, a new problem has been raised where the attributes of students in APLS often overlap and are not related between studies. Therefore, this study proposed a list of learner model attributes in dynamic learning to support adaptation and personalization. The study was conducted by exploring concepts from the literature selected based on the best criteria. Then, we described the results of important concepts in student modeling and provided definitions and examples of data values that researchers have used. Besides, we also discussed the implementation of the selected learner model in providing adaptation in dynamic learning.
Prototype mobile contactless transaction system in traditional markets to sup...journalBEEI
1) Researchers developed a prototype contactless transaction system using QR codes and digital payments to support physical distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic in traditional markets.
2) The system allows sellers and buyers in traditional markets to conduct fast, secure transactions via smartphones without direct cash exchange. Buyers scan sellers' QR codes to view product details and make e-wallet payments.
3) Testing showed the system's functions worked properly and users found it easy to use and useful for supporting contactless transactions and digital transformation of traditional markets. However, further development is needed to increase trust in digital payments for users unfamiliar with the technology.
Wireless HART stack using multiprocessor technique with laxity algorithmjournalBEEI
The use of a real-time operating system is required for the demarcation of industrial wireless sensor network (IWSN) stacks (RTOS). In the industrial world, a vast number of sensors are utilised to gather various types of data. The data gathered by the sensors cannot be prioritised ahead of time. Because all of the information is equally essential. As a result, a protocol stack is employed to guarantee that data is acquired and processed fairly. In IWSN, the protocol stack is implemented using RTOS. The data collected from IWSN sensor nodes is processed using non-preemptive scheduling and the protocol stack, and then sent in parallel to the IWSN's central controller. The real-time operating system (RTOS) is a process that occurs between hardware and software. Packets must be sent at a certain time. It's possible that some packets may collide during transmission. We're going to undertake this project to get around this collision. As a prototype, this project is divided into two parts. The first uses RTOS and the LPC2148 as a master node, while the second serves as a standard data collection node to which sensors are attached. Any controller may be used in the second part, depending on the situation. Wireless HART allows two nodes to communicate with each other.
Implementation of double-layer loaded on octagon microstrip yagi antennajournalBEEI
This document describes the implementation of a double-layer structure on an octagon microstrip yagi antenna (OMYA) to improve its performance at 5.8 GHz. The double-layer consists of two double positive (DPS) substrates placed above the OMYA. Simulation and experimental results show that the double-layer configuration increases the gain of the OMYA by 2.5 dB compared to without the double-layer. The measured bandwidth of the OMYA with double-layer is 14.6%, indicating the double-layer can increase both the gain and bandwidth of the OMYA.
The calculation of the field of an antenna located near the human headjournalBEEI
In this work, a numerical calculation was carried out in one of the universal programs for automatic electro-dynamic design. The calculation is aimed at obtaining numerical values for specific absorbed power (SAR). It is the SAR value that can be used to determine the effect of the antenna of a wireless device on biological objects; the dipole parameters will be selected for GSM1800. Investigation of the influence of distance to a cell phone on radiation shows that absorbed in the head of a person the effect of electromagnetic radiation on the brain decreases by three times this is a very important result the SAR value has decreased by almost three times it is acceptable results.
Exact secure outage probability performance of uplinkdownlink multiple access...journalBEEI
In this paper, we study uplink-downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems by considering the secure performance at the physical layer. In the considered system model, the base station acts a relay to allow two users at the left side communicate with two users at the right side. By considering imperfect channel state information (CSI), the secure performance need be studied since an eavesdropper wants to overhear signals processed at the downlink. To provide secure performance metric, we derive exact expressions of secrecy outage probability (SOP) and and evaluating the impacts of main parameters on SOP metric. The important finding is that we can achieve the higher secrecy performance at high signal to noise ratio (SNR). Moreover, the numerical results demonstrate that the SOP tends to a constant at high SNR. Finally, our results show that the power allocation factors, target rates are main factors affecting to the secrecy performance of considered uplink-downlink NOMA systems.
Design of a dual-band antenna for energy harvesting applicationjournalBEEI
This report presents an investigation on how to improve the current dual-band antenna to enhance the better result of the antenna parameters for energy harvesting application. Besides that, to develop a new design and validate the antenna frequencies that will operate at 2.4 GHz and 5.4 GHz. At 5.4 GHz, more data can be transmitted compare to 2.4 GHz. However, 2.4 GHz has long distance of radiation, so it can be used when far away from the antenna module compare to 5 GHz that has short distance in radiation. The development of this project includes the scope of designing and testing of antenna using computer simulation technology (CST) 2018 software and vector network analyzer (VNA) equipment. In the process of designing, fundamental parameters of antenna are being measured and validated, in purpose to identify the better antenna performance.
Transforming data-centric eXtensible markup language into relational database...journalBEEI
eXtensible markup language (XML) appeared internationally as the format for data representation over the web. Yet, most organizations are still utilising relational databases as their database solutions. As such, it is crucial to provide seamless integration via effective transformation between these database infrastructures. In this paper, we propose XML-REG to bridge these two technologies based on node-based and path-based approaches. The node-based approach is good to annotate each positional node uniquely, while the path-based approach provides summarised path information to join the nodes. On top of that, a new range labelling is also proposed to annotate nodes uniquely by ensuring the structural relationships are maintained between nodes. If a new node is to be added to the document, re-labelling is not required as the new label will be assigned to the node via the new proposed labelling scheme. Experimental evaluations indicated that the performance of XML-REG exceeded XMap, XRecursive, XAncestor and Mini-XML concerning storing time, query retrieval time and scalability. This research produces a core framework for XML to relational databases (RDB) mapping, which could be adopted in various industries.
Key performance requirement of future next wireless networks (6G)journalBEEI
The document provides an overview of the key performance indicators (KPIs) for 6G wireless networks compared to 5G networks. Some of the major KPIs discussed for 6G include: achieving data rates of up to 1 Tbps and individual user data rates up to 100 Gbps; reducing latency below 10 milliseconds; supporting up to 10 million connected devices per square kilometer; improving spectral efficiency by up to 100 times through technologies like terahertz communications and smart surfaces; and achieving an energy efficiency of 1 pico-joule per bit transmitted through techniques like wireless power transmission and energy harvesting. The document outlines how 6G aims to integrate terrestrial, aerial and maritime communications into a single network to provide ubiquitous connectivity with higher
Noise resistance territorial intensity-based optical flow using inverse confi...journalBEEI
This paper presents the use of the inverse confidential technique on bilateral function with the territorial intensity-based optical flow to prove the effectiveness in noise resistance environment. In general, the image’s motion vector is coded by the technique called optical flow where the sequences of the image are used to determine the motion vector. But, the accuracy rate of the motion vector is reduced when the source of image sequences is interfered by noises. This work proved that the inverse confidential technique on bilateral function can increase the percentage of accuracy in the motion vector determination by the territorial intensity-based optical flow under the noisy environment. We performed the testing with several kinds of non-Gaussian noises at several patterns of standard image sequences by analyzing the result of the motion vector in a form of the error vector magnitude (EVM) and compared it with several noise resistance techniques in territorial intensity-based optical flow method.
Modeling climate phenomenon with software grids analysis and display system i...journalBEEI
This study aims to model climate change based on rainfall, air temperature, pressure, humidity and wind with grADS software and create a global warming module. This research uses 3D model, define, design, and develop. The results of the modeling of the five climate elements consist of the annual average temperature in Indonesia in 2009-2015 which is between 29oC to 30.1oC, the horizontal distribution of the annual average pressure in Indonesia in 2009-2018 is between 800 mBar to 1000 mBar, the horizontal distribution the average annual humidity in Indonesia in 2009 and 2011 ranged between 27-57, in 2012-2015, 2017 and 2018 it ranged between 30-60, during the East Monsoon, the wind circulation moved from northern Indonesia to the southern region Indonesia. During the west monsoon, the wind circulation moves from the southern part of Indonesia to the northern part of Indonesia. The global warming module for SMA/MA produced is feasible to use, this is in accordance with the value given by the validate of 69 which is in the appropriate category and the response of teachers and students through a 91% questionnaire.
An approach of re-organizing input dataset to enhance the quality of emotion ...journalBEEI
The purpose of this paper is to propose an approach of re-organizing input data to recognize emotion based on short signal segments and increase the quality of emotional recognition using physiological signals. MIT's long physiological signal set was divided into two new datasets, with shorter and overlapped segments. Three different classification methods (support vector machine, random forest, and multilayer perceptron) were implemented to identify eight emotional states based on statistical features of each segment in these two datasets. By re-organizing the input dataset, the quality of recognition results was enhanced. The random forest shows the best classification result among three implemented classification methods, with an accuracy of 97.72% for eight emotional states, on the overlapped dataset. This approach shows that, by re-organizing the input dataset, the high accuracy of recognition results can be achieved without the use of EEG and ECG signals.
Parking detection system using background subtraction and HSV color segmentationjournalBEEI
Manual system vehicle parking makes finding vacant parking lots difficult, so it has to check directly to the vacant space. If many people do parking, then the time needed for it is very much or requires many people to handle it. This research develops a real-time parking system to detect parking. The system is designed using the HSV color segmentation method in determining the background image. In addition, the detection process uses the background subtraction method. Applying these two methods requires image preprocessing using several methods such as grayscaling, blurring (low-pass filter). In addition, it is followed by a thresholding and filtering process to get the best image in the detection process. In the process, there is a determination of the ROI to determine the focus area of the object identified as empty parking. The parking detection process produces the best average accuracy of 95.76%. The minimum threshold value of 255 pixels is 0.4. This value is the best value from 33 test data in several criteria, such as the time of capture, composition and color of the vehicle, the shape of the shadow of the object’s environment, and the intensity of light. This parking detection system can be implemented in real-time to determine the position of an empty place.
Quality of service performances of video and voice transmission in universal ...journalBEEI
The universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) has distinct benefits in that it supports a wide range of quality of service (QoS) criteria that users require in order to fulfill their requirements. The transmission of video and audio in real-time applications places a high demand on the cellular network, therefore QoS is a major problem in these applications. The ability to provide QoS in the UMTS backbone network necessitates an active QoS mechanism in order to maintain the necessary level of convenience on UMTS networks. For UMTS networks, investigation models for end-to-end QoS, total transmitted and received data, packet loss, and throughput providing techniques are run and assessed and the simulation results are examined. According to the results, appropriate QoS adaption allows for specific voice and video transmission. Finally, by analyzing existing QoS parameters, the QoS performance of 4G/UMTS networks may be improved.
Height and depth gauge linear metrology.pdfq30122000
Height gauges may also be used to measure the height of an object by using the underside of the scriber as the datum. The datum may be permanently fixed or the height gauge may have provision to adjust the scale, this is done by sliding the scale vertically along the body of the height gauge by turning a fine feed screw at the top of the gauge; then with the scriber set to the same level as the base, the scale can be matched to it. This adjustment allows different scribers or probes to be used, as well as adjusting for any errors in a damaged or resharpened probe.
Home security is of paramount importance in today's world, where we rely more on technology, home
security is crucial. Using technology to make homes safer and easier to control from anywhere is
important. Home security is important for the occupant’s safety. In this paper, we came up with a low cost,
AI based model home security system. The system has a user-friendly interface, allowing users to start
model training and face detection with simple keyboard commands. Our goal is to introduce an innovative
home security system using facial recognition technology. Unlike traditional systems, this system trains
and saves images of friends and family members. The system scans this folder to recognize familiar faces
and provides real-time monitoring. If an unfamiliar face is detected, it promptly sends an email alert,
ensuring a proactive response to potential security threats.
Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field that refers to the skill sets needed in the contemporary, advanced automated manufacturing industry. At the intersection of mechanics, electronics, and computing, mechatronics specialists create simpler, smarter systems. Mechatronics is an essential foundation for the expected growth in automation and manufacturing.
Mechatronics deals with robotics, control systems, and electro-mechanical systems.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...Prakhyath Rai
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
The study on the effect of voltage ripple on multiphase buck converters with phase shedding control scheme for SCADA applications
1. Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
Vol. 10, No. 4, August 2021, pp. 1856~1863
ISSN: 2302-9285, DOI: 10.11591/eei.v10i4.2798 1856
Journal homepage: http://beei.org
The study on the effect of voltage ripple on multiphase buck
converters with phase shedding control scheme for SCADA
applications
Mini P. Varghese1
, A. Manjunatha2
, T. V. Snehaprabha3
1,2
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Sri Krishna Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India
3
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Presidency University, Bangalore, India
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Jan 11, 2021
Revised Apr 13, 2021
Accepted Jun 14, 2021
Voltage regulator modules (VRM) need to have low output voltage ripple and
tight efficiency to power advanced microprocessors. This paper explains a
phase shedding technique to enhance efficiency and its impact on output
voltage ripple. In this study, analysis was done on a 4-phase buck converter
which is having an input voltage of 45-65 V and delivers an output of 9 V,
12A with a switching frequency of 200Khz. The phase shedding control
scheme is suitable for applications such as power sources for programmable
logic controllers, which is a part of SCADA systems, which requires a low
voltage and high current power supply. Working of a multiphase buck
converter with phase shedding is modelled and verified using
Matlab/Simulink software. The simulation results show the effect of the phase
shedding technique on efficiency in varying load conditions and the effect of
an increase of the voltage ripple at the output.
Keywords:
Multiphase buck converter
Phase shedding
Ripple cancellation
Steady state analysis
Voltage regulator module
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Mini P. Varghese
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Sri Krishna Institute of Technology
Bangalore-560090, Karnataka, India
Email: mini.jinan@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
Datacenter power consumption has increased considerably as a result of the widespread adoption of
cloud computing. Datacenters such as supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems, typically
use a large number of central processing units (CPU), that necessitates a well-regulated DC voltage, as well
as adherence to exceedingly stringent regulations and specifications [1]. As the demand for processing from
processors increases, the needed output current of converters for computing devices continues to grow as
well. The multi-phase interleaved buck converter is widely used to deliver more output current with lower
output voltage ripple [2]. For low voltage and high current applications, a multi-phase buck converter is
recommended because it minimizes current stress in each phase while also reducing output capacitor size due
to ripple cancellation [3]. Due to its wide load range operation, fast dynamic response, superior light-load
efficiency, and smaller output ripple, this type of converter is also employed in high slew rate load powering
[4]. At light loads, some converters with high current ratings have low efficiency [5]. Because of this,
efficiency became a major factor in multiphase converters. However, in reality, the voltage regulator modules
do not always operate at maximum power. As a result, efficiency at light and medium loads drops [6], [7].
Voltage converters and regulators with high efficiency and low cost are key components in most low-power
design techniques [8].
2. Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285
The study on the effect of voltage ripple on multiphase buck converters with phase … (Mini P. Varghese)
1857
Multiphase buck converter has a drawback in terms of maintaining higher efficiency during light
and heavy load. Some studies have shown that effciency reduces to a minimum during light load. To improve
light-load efficiency, we have employed phase shedding technique by turning off phases during load change,
especially in the case of light loads. Phase shedding technique works such that the number of operating
phases in a multiphase converter decreases when the load current reduces, and during a light-load state, a
single-phase will gradually be connected to the load system [9]. By activating the necessary number of stages
at any given load, improved light load efficiencies can be attained utilizing phase shedding techniques [10].
The suggested converter uses a load-dependent control method that combines PWM control with phase-
shedding for loads in a wide range to improve efficiency at lighter loads [11]. In this way, efficiency can be
improved during reduced (light) load. Phase shedding negatively affects the advantage of using a multiphase
buck converter such as its ripple cancellation technique. In general, for low-voltage loads phase shedding
technique works well but at the same time, ripple voltage at the output will increase. As a result, the
advantage of using the phase shedding technique will no longer be effective. This paper presents the original
simulated results which prove that there is an increase in the ripple voltage during load change.
SCADA are computer based control systems that are used to control processes at industrial
organizations. These industrial processes will be controlled at remote locations or locally. SCADA networks
are also used to collect data from the field, send it to a central computer facility, and display it graphically or
textually for users. As a result, users may monitor or operate an entire network in real time from a remote
place [12]. SCADA server is responsible for the communication with the remote terminal units,
programmable logic controllers (PLC), etc. PLC use high power processors which require power supplies
with high efficiency at any power level and ripple-free supply. The proposed phase shedding technique for a
multiphase buck converter [13] is applicable for these kinds of power supplies where it needs a very low
ripple and highly efficient supply. At medium and low loads, however, disabling a few numbers of modules
(or phases) results in an increase in the amplitudes of the input and output current ripples [14]-[16].
Approaches like this can increase noise at the output as a factor of voltage ripple and current ripple
requirements specified in PLC processor power supplies. The proposed voltage regulator which is tested with
different loads [17] serves the requirements of these high-end processors that are used in SCADA systems.
A multiphase converter using the phase shedding technique is discussed in this paper. The following
is a breakdown of the paper's structure. Section 2 explains parameters that need to be taken care of while
designing converter circuit. Efficiency as per different load conditions is compared in the section 3. Section 4
describes simulation results that validate the effect of phase shedding on ripple voltage and the work is
concluded in the section 5.
2. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS IN MULTIPHASE BUCK CONVERTERS
2.1. Effect of losses on efficiency
Converter losses are generally divided into two main groups such as fixed losses and load-dependent
losses. The losses in the multiphase converters can be expressed as the total of switching losses which is
considered as fixed losses and conduction losses, which is considered load dependent losses. Switching loss
in a single-phase converter will be very less because of the lesser number of switching elements. But in the
case of multiphase converters, switching losses are high due to a greater number of stages. The conduction
losses mainly depend on the current through the elements present in each phase. Also, switching losses are
directly proportional to the switching frequency. As a result, because phase shedding is frequency-dependent,
losses will increase considerably as the number of phases rises. This affects overall multiphase converter
efficiency. The failure to achieve high efficiency across the whole load range is due to the fact that all phases
are kept similar in terms of inductor size, switching frequency, and load sharing [18]. The conduction losses
and switching losses can be calculated using:
P=Rds.Idc2
(1)
Psw=[Vin.Isw.fsw(tr+tf)]/2 (2)
2.2. Ripple voltage at the output
Connecting and disconnecting a number of phases not only changes the efficiency but also affect the
output voltage ripple in a negative way [12]. Because the phase-shift among the phases changes as the
number of active phases varies with the output load, the ripple cancellation effect generated by multiphase is
decreased [14]-[16]. This is a major drawback and will affect the converter with an increase in noise. Some
concepts about multiphase must be considered while describing the influence of output voltage ripple. The
amount of output voltage ripples is a major concern in switching regulators since they affect converter
performance. The charging and discharging of the equivalent output capacitor constitute the majority of the
3. ISSN: 2302-9285
Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 10, No. 4, August 2021 : 1856 – 1863
1858
output voltage ripple amplitude. The ripple's volume is defined by the load current, total output capacitor,
switching frequency, and number of phases supplied to the system [2]. In (3) describes the relation between
output voltage ripple, output capacitance and switching frequency and how these parameters are utilised to
reduce output voltage ripple. When switching frequency is reduced due to phase shedding during a light load
state, output voltage ripple is dramatically increased. The increase in the capacitor value can reduce the
output voltage ripple during the charge- discharge cycle. But this will increase the physical size of the
capacitor and hence overall voltage regulator module dimension will increase. In order to reduce the size of
the output filter capacitor, most voltage regulators require high-frequency operation [19].
∆V=IL/[2.Cout.fsw.N] (3)
2.3. Design specification
A four-phase buck converter circuit with the following parameters [20] is simulated according to the
specification presented in Table 1. Analysis is done based on this design specification [21].
Table 1. Design specifications
Parameters Nominal value
Input voltage (45-65)V
Output voltage 9V
Output current 12A
DC regulation <1.2%
Switching frequency 200KHz
Output voltage ripple 90mV
3. COMPARISON OF EFFICIENCY AS PER LOAD DEMAND
Results obtained from simulation and calculation of efficiency shows that there is a rise in light load
efficiency after implementing the phase shedding technique in a multiphase converter. During light load after
turning off all the other phases as per the load demand shows that this technique is very useful when there is
a demand for high efficiency. The operational phase number is determined by the output current in the
traditional approach of phase-shedding control. At low output currents, a few phases are used while
converting to a single phase to reduce switching losses caused by the converter's active switch devices. As
the load current increases, conduction losses begin to exceed switching losses. As a result, more phases are
activated or deactivated in order to maintain maximum efficiency [14], [22], [23].
Tables 2-5 show the variation of output current and efficiency. As the load decreases, efficiency also
decreases and this is compensated with the reduction in the number of phases with the phase shedding
technique. The transition from one phase to another as per load demand can be achieved by pre-setting a
threshold value of load current. Table 2 shows the efficiency versus load current in multiphase converters
without phase shedding, which is taken as stage1, where all the 4 phases are in ON state. Light load
efficiency in this stage is 87.67%. Table 3 shows the efficiency versus load current in multiphase converters
with phase shedding, which is taken as stage2, where 3 phases are in ON state. Light load efficiency in this
stage is 88.04%. Table 4 shows the efficiency versus load current in multiphase converters with phase
shedding, which is taken as stage3, where 2 phases are in ON state. Light load efficiency in this stage is
89.68%. Table 5 shows the efficiency versus load current in multiphase converters with phase shedding,
which is taken as stage4, where only one phase is in ON state. Light load efficiency is improved to 90.91%.
Table 2. o/p current and efficiency from Stage1 Table 3. o/p current and efficiency from Stage2
Iout Pout Pin Efficiency Iout Pout Pin Efficiency
1 9 10.26 87.67 1 9 10.22 88.04
2 18 19.72 91.23 2 18 19.75 91.09
3 27 29.20 92.45 3 27 29.30 92.12
4 36 38.68 93.05 4 36 38.86 92.61
5 45 48.17 93.40 5 45 48.44 92.89
6 54 57.67 93.62 6 54 58.02 93.05
7 63 67.19 93.76 7 63 67.62 93.15
8 72 76.71 93.85 8 72 77.23 93.21
9 81 86.24 93.92 9 81 86.86 93.24
10 90 95.78 93.96 10 90 96.50 93.26
11 99 105.32 93.99 11 99 106.14 93.26
12 108 114.88 94.05 12 108 115.81 93.25
4. Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285
The study on the effect of voltage ripple on multiphase buck converters with phase … (Mini P. Varghese)
1859
Table 4. o/p current and efficiency from Stage3 Table 5. o/p current and efficiency from Stage4
Iout Pout Pin Efficiency Iout Pout Pin Efficiency
1 9 10.03 89.68 1 9 9.89 90.91
2 18 19.60 91.81 2 18 19.56 92.00
3 27 29.19 92.49 3 27 29.26 92.26
4 36 38.79 92.79 4 36 39.00 92.29
5 45 48.42 92.93 5 45 48.78 92.24
6 54 58.06 93.00 6 54 58.59 92.15
7 63 67.72 93.02 7 63 68.44 92.04
8 72 77.40 93.01 8 72 78.33 91.91
9 81 87.10 92.98 9 81 88.26 91.77
10 90 96.82 92.95 10 90 98.22 91.62
11 99 106.56 92.90 11 99 108.23 91.47
12 108 116.31 92.84 12 108 118.27 91.31
Figure 1 shows the efficiency curve obtained for different values of load current. In this graph,
efficiency for all 4 phases plotted as per the calculated values. So it is proven from these results that light
load efficiency for the multiphase phase voltage regulator is improved [24].
Figure.1. Efficiency versus load current
4. SIMULATION RESULTS
Figure 2 illustrates the Simulink model of the proposed four-stage multiphase buck converter with
phase shedding methodology, which was simulated in Matlab/Simulink [25]. Each one of the four buck
converter stages in the model has its own inductor, diode, and power MOSFET. These elements are referred
to as a phase when combined together. By simulating different load levels and phase shifts in its steady state
condition, the suggested model was used to investigate the effect of output voltage ripple. Individual phases
are active at spaced intervals equal to 360°/n throughout the switching period in steady-state operation, where
n is the total number of phases. The multiphase converter is simulated with a load of 12A when all the
4phases of it is in the ON state and simulated with a light load of 3A when the only single phase of it is in the
ON state. Figure 3 shows gate pulses to the 4 stages of the multiphase buck converter. Figure 4 shows ripple
voltage (.4mV) and output current(12A). Figure 5 shows output current at 12A and output voltage regulated
at 9V. Figure 6 shows gate pulses to the 3 stages of the multiphase buck converter. Figure 7 shows ripple
voltage (2.5mV) and output current (9A) after shedding one phase as per load requirement. Figure 8 shows
gate pulses to the 2 stages of the multiphase buck converter. Figure 9 shows ripple voltage (3mV) and output
current (9A) after shedding 2 phases as per load demand. Figure 10 shows gate pulses to the one stage of the
multiphase buck converter. During this instant, switch in all the other 3 phases will be in OFF state. Required
output current will be through this single stage. Since output current demand is less, power dissipation in the
single-stage will also become negligible. This directly helps to improve the overall efficiency and
performance of the system. Figure 11 shows ripple voltage (3.5mV) and output current (3A) after shedding 3
phases as per load demand.
Load current →
5. ISSN: 2302-9285
Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 10, No. 4, August 2021 : 1856 – 1863
1860
Figure 2. Simulink block diagram of 4stage buck converter
Figure 3. Gate pulses for 4stages of converter Figure 4. Output current and output ripple (4phase)
6. Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285
The study on the effect of voltage ripple on multiphase buck converters with phase … (Mini P. Varghese)
1861
Figure 5. Voltage and current at the output Figure 6. Gate pulses for 3stages of converter
Figure 7. Output current and output ripple voltage
(3 phase)
Figure 8. Gate pulses for 2stages of converter
Figure 9. Output current and output ripple voltage
(2 phase)
Figure 10. Gate pulses for single stage converter
7. ISSN: 2302-9285
Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 10, No. 4, August 2021 : 1856 – 1863
1862
Figure 11. Waveforms of output current and output ripple voltage (1 phase)
5. CONCLUSION
This study discusses the performance of a multiphase converter using a phase shedding control
system. With the help of simulation study using MATLAB, improvement in efficiency and effect of output
voltage ripple in multiphase converter with phase shedding is verified. When the number of stages is reduced
as per load requirement, it has improved light-load efficiency and increment in the output voltage ripple. We
have simulated the converter without phase shedding and obtained a light load efficiency of 87.67%, output
voltage ripple of 0.4mV. Later, the same condition is simulated again by implementing the phase shedding
technique and turned ON only a single phase. During this condition we have obtained an efficiency of
90.91% and an output voltage ripple of 3.5mV. These results prove the improvement in efficiency and effect
of ripple voltage at the output as per load change. Also, this study has presented the effect of various
parameters which might be a reason for the increment of the output voltage ripple.
REFERENCES
[1] B. Halivni and M. M. Peretz, "Digital Controller for High-Performance Multiphase VRM with Current Balancing
and Near-Ideal Transient Response," 2020 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC),
2020, pp. 2206-2213, doi: 10.1109/APEC39645.2020.9124261.
[2] C. -J. Chen, Z. -Y. Zeng, C. -H. Cheng and F. -T. Lin, "Comprehensive Analysis and Design of Current-Balance
Loop in Constant On-Time Controlled Multi-Phase Buck Converter," in IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 184752-184764,
2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3029069.
[3] A. Acharya, V. I. Kumar and S. Kapat, "Dynamic Bus Voltage Reconfiguration in a Two-Stage Multiphase
Converter for Fast Transient," in IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 9, no.
1, pp. 48-57, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.1109/JESTPE.2020.2971710.
[4] C. Hong, C. Tsai and C. Chen, "A Gm-Ramped Interleaving Technique with Adaptive-Extended TON Control
(AETC) Scheme for Multi-phase Buck Converter Achieving Fast Load Response," 2020 IEEE Applied Power
Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), 2020, pp. 326-331, doi: 10.1109/APEC39645.2020.9124124.
[5] J. Lee, C. Huang, T. Liang and K. Chen, "Design of control IC for multiphase interleaved buck converter with
alternate phase-shedding," 2015 9th International Conference on Power Electronics and ECCE Asia (ICPE-ECCE
Asia), 2015, pp. 1025-1032, doi: 10.1109/ICPE.2015.7167907.
[6] W.Y. Wang, H.H.C. Iu, W. Du, V. Sreeram, "Multiphase dc–dc converter with high dynamic performance and high
efficiency," IET power electronics, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 101-110, Jan 2011, doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2009.0215.
[7] Xunwei Zhou, M. Donati, L. Amoroso and F. C. Lee, "Improved light-load efficiency for synchronous rectifier
voltage regulator module," in IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 826-834, Sept. 2000,
doi: 10.1109/63.867671.
[8] C. Yan, Z. Gan and E. Salman, "In-package spiral inductor characterization for high efficiency buck converters,"
2017 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), 2017, pp. 1-4, doi:
10.1109/ISCAS.2017.8050892.
[9] Y. Ahn, I. Jeon and J. Roh, "A Multiphase Buck Converter With a Rotating Phase-Shedding Scheme For Efficient
Light-Load Control," in IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 49, no. 11, pp. 2673-2683, Nov. 2014, doi:
10.1109/JSSC.2014.2360400.
[10] S. M. Shiva, N. B. Y. Gorla, P. Das and S. K. Panda, "A new phase shedding and phase adding control scheme for
interleaved DAB converter operating in IPOP configuration," 2015 IEEE International Telecommunications Energy
Conference (INTELEC), 2015, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/INTLEC.2015.7572420.
8. Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285
The study on the effect of voltage ripple on multiphase buck converters with phase … (Mini P. Varghese)
1863
[11] M. Singh and A. Fayed, "An 8 A 100-MHz 4-Phase Buck Converter with Fast Dynamic Response and Enhanced
Light-Load Efficiency," 2018 IEEE 61st International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS),
2018, pp. 861-864, doi: 10.1109/MWSCAS.2018.8623899.
[12] A. Rezaia, P. Keshavarzi, and Z. Moravej, "Key management issue in SCADA networks: A review," Engineering
science and technology, an international journal, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 354-363, 2017, Feb. 2017.
[13] G. Zhu, L. Mu, and J. Yan, "A Novel Multi-Function PV Micro-Inverter with an Optimized Harmonic
Compensation Strategy," Journal of Power Electronics, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 2284-2293, Nov. 2016, doi:
10.6113/JPE.2016.16.6.2284.
[14] M. A. Alharbi, M. Dahidah, S. Ali, S. Ethni and V. Pickert, "Current Ripple Minimisation Based on Phase-
Shedding of DC-DC Interleaved Converters for EV Charging System," IECON 2019 - 45th Annual Conference of
the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 2019, pp. 3456-3462, doi: 10.1109/IECON.2019.8926959.
[15] P. Zumel, C. Fernández, A. de Castro and O. García, "Efficiency improvement in multiphase converter by changing
dynamically the number of phases," 2006 37th IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2006, pp. 1-6, doi:
10.1109/pesc.2006.1712202.
[16] Chuanyun Wang, Ming Xu, F. C. Lee and Zheng Luo, "Light load efficiency improvement for multi-channel PFC,"
2008 IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2008, pp. 4080-4085, doi: 10.1109/PESC.2008.4592592.
[17] M. A. Hutabarat, S. Hasan, A. H. Rambe, S. Suherman, "Design and simulation hybrid filter for 17 level multilevel
inverter," Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 886-897, Jun 2020, doi:
10.11591/eei.v9i3.890.
[18] M. Singh and A. Fayed, "Imbalanced High-Current Multi-Phase Buck Converters for High-Performance CPUs,"
2019 IEEE 62nd International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS), 2019, pp. 929-932, doi:
10.1109/MWSCAS.2019.8885141.
[19] N. Narasimman, R. Salahuddin and R. P. Singh, "An 86% efficiency Multi-Phase Buck Converter using Time-
Domain Compensator and Adaptive Dead-Time Control for DVS Application," IECON 2020 The 46th Annual
Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 2020, pp. 2255-2260, doi:
10.1109/IECON43393.2020.9255080.
[20] Liyu Yang, Jiwei Fan and A. Q. Huang, "Controller design issues and solutions for buck converters with phase
shedding and AVP functions," 2009 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, 2009, pp. 2862-2868, doi:
10.1109/ECCE.2009.5316266.
[21] Seung-Ho Baek, Soon-Ryung Lee and Chung-Yuen Won, "A novel phase shedding control algorithm considering
maximum efficiency for 3-phase interleaved boost converter," 2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification
Conference and Expo, Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific), 2016, pp. 427-431, doi: 10.1109/ITEC-AP.2016.7512991.
[22] J. Su and C. Liu, "A Novel Phase-Shedding Control Scheme for Improved Light Load Efficiency of Multiphase
Interleaved DC–DC Converters," in IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 28, no. 10, pp. 4742-4752, Oct.
2013, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2012.2233220.
[23] L. Fleischli, S. Lemofouet and A. Rufer, "Multichannel DC-DC Converter's Efficiency Optimisation by variable
Number of active Channels," IECON 2006 - 32nd Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics, 2006, pp.
2581-2586, doi: 10.1109/IECON.2006.347253.
[24] C. Fei, M. H. Ahmed, F. C. Lee and Q. Li, "Dynamic bus voltage control for light load efficiency improvement of
two-stage voltage regulator," 2016 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2016, pp. 1-8, doi:
10.1109/ECCE.2016.7855057.
[25] C. R. Balamurugan, K. Vijayalakshmi, "Comparative analysis of various z-source based five level cascaded H-
bridge multilevel inverter," Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1-4, Mar 2018, doi:
10.11591/eei.v7i1.656.