IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Tuberculosis is a raging problem round the globe. Eradicating TB is a herculean task but is possible is efforts from all corners from the world. The diagnostics have taken a big leap and with effective medications, our dream of TB free world may come true. But unlimited efforts are need to reach our goal.
Tuberculosis is a raging problem round the globe. Eradicating TB is a herculean task but is possible is efforts from all corners from the world. The diagnostics have taken a big leap and with effective medications, our dream of TB free world may come true. But unlimited efforts are need to reach our goal.
The prevalence of tuberculosis and Rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RMP-TB) among patients showing symptoms of tuberculosis that visited Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Bayelsa state, Nigeria was determined from June 2015 to December 2015. A total of 456 patients comprising 218(47.8%) males and 238(52.2%) females were examined using their sputum and gastric lavage samples. GeneXpert System was used to determine the TB and RMF-TB. Results showed that out of the 456 patients, overall tuberculosis prevalence was 88(19.3%), males recorded 48(10.5%) while females had 40(8.8%). The highest tuberculosis prevalence was recorded amongst 21-30 years and 31-40 years age groups (5.5%). Out of the 456 patients, total prevalence for Rifampicin resistance was 11(2.4%). Of these, females and male prevalence was 6(1.3%) and 5(1.1%) respectively. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in prevalence between age and gender. The treatment and follow-up of existing cases is a key to preventing the spread of multi drug-resistant tuberculosis.
ABSTRACT- This study was an attempt to estimate the prevalence of fungal isolates in superficial mycoses cases attending IPD and OPD of IIMS&R, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.A prospective study over a period of six (6) months was conducted from January 2015 to June 2015.The suspected cases of superficial mycoses were subjected to mycological examination with direct microscopy using 10%-40% KOH depending on the types of samples (skin, nail, hair) processed and culture on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar with chloramphenicol and cycloheximide (SDCCA) and also on Potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. Causative agents were identified macroscopically and microscopically from the growth obtained on SDCCA and PDA. Direct microscopy revealed fungal elements in 78 (66.1%) cases whereas 54 (45.7%) were positive on culture. Out of 54 (45.7%) culture positive samples 6 (15%) were negative on microscopy (KOH mount). Tineacorporis 38 (32.2%) was the most common clinical types and male is to female ratio in relation to clinical types was 2.2:1. Commonest age group affected were 21-30 years with 41 (34.7%) cases. Males were predominantly affected 41 (75.9%) and male to female ratio being 3.1:1. 60% of the patients came from the rural background. College students formed a major chunk of the cases 29 (24.6%) followed by housewives 18 (15.3%) and unskilled workers 16 (13.6%). Trichophyton mentagrophytes 20 (37%) was the predominat isolate followed by T. tonsurans15 (27.7%), T. rubrum3 (5.5%), M. audouinii 3 (5.5%) and T. schoenleinii 2 (3.7%) with no Epidermophyton species. A non-pigmented variant of T. rubrum was identified in this study. Both SDCCA and PDA were found equally effective in isolating fungal isolates from clinical samples in our study. We are reporting change in frequency of dermatophytes isolated from superficial mycoses cases in our region.
Key words- Superficial mycoses, Non-pigmented variants, Dermatophytes
Newer diagnostic methods in tuberculosis detectionApollo Hospitals
One-third of the world's population has been infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with new infections occurring in about 1% of the population each year. However 90–95% of infections remain asymptomatic. Thus early diagnosis of tuberculosis and drug resistance improves survival and helps to promote contact tracing, implementation of institutional cross-infection procedures, and other public-health actions. There have been many advances and modifications to the methodology for tuberculosis diagnosis some of which are very promising. But these advances have not kept pace with the explosion of tuberculosis or the outbreak of drug resistant tuberculosis. This review describes some of the newer advances in tuberculosis diagnostics and the challenges they face.
The prevalence of tuberculosis and Rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RMP-TB) among patients showing symptoms of tuberculosis that visited Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Bayelsa state, Nigeria was determined from June 2015 to December 2015. A total of 456 patients comprising 218(47.8%) males and 238(52.2%) females were examined using their sputum and gastric lavage samples. GeneXpert System was used to determine the TB and RMF-TB. Results showed that out of the 456 patients, overall tuberculosis prevalence was 88(19.3%), males recorded 48(10.5%) while females had 40(8.8%). The highest tuberculosis prevalence was recorded amongst 21-30 years and 31-40 years age groups (5.5%). Out of the 456 patients, total prevalence for Rifampicin resistance was 11(2.4%). Of these, females and male prevalence was 6(1.3%) and 5(1.1%) respectively. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in prevalence between age and gender. The treatment and follow-up of existing cases is a key to preventing the spread of multi drug-resistant tuberculosis.
ABSTRACT- This study was an attempt to estimate the prevalence of fungal isolates in superficial mycoses cases attending IPD and OPD of IIMS&R, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.A prospective study over a period of six (6) months was conducted from January 2015 to June 2015.The suspected cases of superficial mycoses were subjected to mycological examination with direct microscopy using 10%-40% KOH depending on the types of samples (skin, nail, hair) processed and culture on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar with chloramphenicol and cycloheximide (SDCCA) and also on Potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. Causative agents were identified macroscopically and microscopically from the growth obtained on SDCCA and PDA. Direct microscopy revealed fungal elements in 78 (66.1%) cases whereas 54 (45.7%) were positive on culture. Out of 54 (45.7%) culture positive samples 6 (15%) were negative on microscopy (KOH mount). Tineacorporis 38 (32.2%) was the most common clinical types and male is to female ratio in relation to clinical types was 2.2:1. Commonest age group affected were 21-30 years with 41 (34.7%) cases. Males were predominantly affected 41 (75.9%) and male to female ratio being 3.1:1. 60% of the patients came from the rural background. College students formed a major chunk of the cases 29 (24.6%) followed by housewives 18 (15.3%) and unskilled workers 16 (13.6%). Trichophyton mentagrophytes 20 (37%) was the predominat isolate followed by T. tonsurans15 (27.7%), T. rubrum3 (5.5%), M. audouinii 3 (5.5%) and T. schoenleinii 2 (3.7%) with no Epidermophyton species. A non-pigmented variant of T. rubrum was identified in this study. Both SDCCA and PDA were found equally effective in isolating fungal isolates from clinical samples in our study. We are reporting change in frequency of dermatophytes isolated from superficial mycoses cases in our region.
Key words- Superficial mycoses, Non-pigmented variants, Dermatophytes
Newer diagnostic methods in tuberculosis detectionApollo Hospitals
One-third of the world's population has been infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with new infections occurring in about 1% of the population each year. However 90–95% of infections remain asymptomatic. Thus early diagnosis of tuberculosis and drug resistance improves survival and helps to promote contact tracing, implementation of institutional cross-infection procedures, and other public-health actions. There have been many advances and modifications to the methodology for tuberculosis diagnosis some of which are very promising. But these advances have not kept pace with the explosion of tuberculosis or the outbreak of drug resistant tuberculosis. This review describes some of the newer advances in tuberculosis diagnostics and the challenges they face.
Evaluation of pcr in the molecular diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis infecti...Open Access Research Paper
Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis) is a common pathogen with worldwide distribution. It is estimated that worldwide 180 million people are infected annually. Trichomoniasis is associated with vaginitis, cervicitis, low birth weight, and preterm delivery. PCR has the advantage of high sensitivity, shorter time for diagnosis and the ability to detect nonviable or defective organism. In this study we used these three methods for evaluation of PCR in comparison with conventional methods like wet mount and culture in the detection of T. vaginalis in vaginal discharge. Three vaginal swab specimens were obtained from each of 200 cases, of the age group 18-40years, both symptomatic and asymptomatic females attending Gynaecology OPD(50) and Family planning OPD(50) at Gandhi hospital, Secunderabadand two FSW(Female sex workers) clinics (100) in highly concentrated areas of them in Hyderabad, for validation of various forms of Trichomonas vaginalis diagnostic procedures. One swab was immediately examined by wetmount microscopy, a second swab was placed in Wittington’s medium for cultivation, and other swab is placed in 2SP transport medium for PCR for T.vaginalis. A total of 58 samples positive in one or more tests were identified: 11 (5.5%) infections were detected by wet mount microscopy, and 30 (15%) positives in culture respectively. PCR was positive in 50 (25%) samples. PCR appears to be the most sensitive method with high detection rate and method of choice for detection of genital infections with T. vaginalis.
GeneXpert MTB/RIF: A Useful Tool for Rapid and Accurate Diagnosis of Tubercul...komalicarol
The primary objective of this study was to show the usefulness and
importance of GeneXpert MTB/RIF, a rapid test that simultaneously detects Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) and
resistance to rifampicin (RIF) in less than 2 hours.
what is new in prevention, diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis tb short.pptxPathKind Labs
Many changes have been made recently in Tuberculosis. The first important change is that instead of control now the focus is on eradication. for that to happen we need to change the way we detect, diagnose and treat tuberculosis.
Paratuberculosis (PTB) remains one of the most obstacles limit animal breeding sector all over the world. The current study aimed to detect the etiology of PTB in tissues of clinically suspected small ruminants using histopathological and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods. Clinical examination showed 10 (26.4%) PTB suspected cases out of the total (38) examined animals. The suspected cases were euthanized, necropsied, gross lesions were recorded and tissue samples were collected for histopathological and molecular procedures. Grossly intestinal and mesenteric lymph nodes thickening, corrugations and edematous swellings were recorded. Semi-thin sections of the intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes stained with toluidine blue demonstrated MAP organism inside epithelium cells and macrophages. RT-PCR detected MAP IS900 gene in all suspected cases (100%), thus we recommend using RT-PCR as a rapid sensitive method in the diagnosis of PTB.
Key-words: Paratuberculosis, Mycobacterium, Semi thin sections, Toluidine blue, IS900 gene
Tuberculosis- International Perspectives on Epidemiology, diagnosis and ControlsRanjini Manuel
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that most often affect the lungs. Tuberculosis is curable and preventable.
TB is spread from person to person through the air. When people with lung TB cough, sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air. A person needs to inhale only a few of these germs to become infected.
About one-quarter of the world's population has latent TB, which means people have been infected by TB bacteria but are not (yet) ill with the disease and cannot transmit the disease.
People infected with TB bacteria have a 5–15% lifetime risk of falling ill with TB. Persons with compromised immune systems, such as people living with HIV, malnutrition or diabetes, or people who use tobacco, have a higher risk of falling ill.
The Sensitivity Of 99mTc-Ciprofloxacin (Infecton) Scintigraphy Imaging To Det...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Does Goods and Services Tax (GST) Leads to Indian Economic Development?iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Childhood Factors that influence success in later lifeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Emotional Intelligence and Work Performance Relationship: A Study on Sales Pe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer’s Acceptance of Internet Banking in Dubaiiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study of Employee Satisfaction relating to Job Security & Working Hours amo...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumer Perspectives on Brand Preference: A Choice Based Model Approachiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Student`S Approach towards Social Network Sitesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Broadcast Management in Nigeria: The systems approach as an imperativeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study on Retailer’s Perception on Soya Products with Special Reference to T...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study Factors Influence on Organisation Citizenship Behaviour in Corporate ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumers’ Behaviour on Sony Xperia: A Case Study on Bangladeshiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design of a Balanced Scorecard on Nonprofit Organizations (Study on Yayasan P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Public Sector Reforms and Outsourcing Services in Nigeria: An Empirical Evalu...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Media Innovations and its Impact on Brand awareness & Considerationiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer experience in supermarkets and hypermarkets – A comparative studyiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Social Media and Small Businesses: A Combinational Strategic Approach under t...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Secretarial Performance and the Gender Question (A Study of Selected Tertiary...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Implementation of Quality Management principles at Zimbabwe Open University (...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Organizational Conflicts Management In Selected Organizaions In Lagos State, ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
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4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
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1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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How STIs Influence the Development of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.pptx
Comparison of Ziehl Neelsen Microscopy with GeneXpert for Detection of MycobacteriumTuberculosis
1. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS)
e-ISSN: 2279-0853, p-ISSN: 2279-0861.Volume 14, Issue 11 Ver. X (Nov. 2015), PP 56-60
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/0853-1411105660 www.iosrjournals.org 56 | Page
Comparison of Ziehl Neelsen Microscopy with GeneXpert for
Detection of MycobacteriumTuberculosis
Muhammad Kashif Munir1
, Sana Rehman1
, Muhammad Aasim1
, Rizwan Iqbal1
,
Saqib Saeed2
.
1.
PMRC TB Research Centre KEMU Mayo Hospital Lahore, 2.
Institute of chest Medicine Mayo Hospital
Lahore.
1,2,3,4
Pakistan Medical Research Council TB Research Centre King Edward Medical University Lahore
5
Department of Chest Medicine, King Edward Medical University Lahore
Abstract:
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a transmissible bacteriological ailment triggered by Mycobacterium
tuberculosis (MTB) and is still one of the biggest challenges for developing countries.Main reasons for using the
ZN smear microscopy is its low cost, high specificity, does not require sophisticated equipment or high
laboratory standards.Culture being gold standard is unable to provide early results and necessarily 4-6 weeks
are required for ultimate diagnosis.Newly administered GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay takes only two hours to
provide the final results, distinguishes MTB and Mycobacteria other than tuberculosis and also provide
rifampicin resistance simultaneously.
Settings:This descriptive study was carried out in Pakistan Medical Research Council TB Research Centre in
collaboration with department of Chest Medicine King Edward Medical University/Mayo Hospital Lahorefrom
December 2012 to March 2014.
Objectives: This study was undertaken to assess the value of GeneXpert in diagnosis of Mycobacterium
tuberculosis complex in comparison with ZiehlNeelsen smear microscopy and to observe the additional
diagnostic value of the technique.
Design: This is a descriptive study based on retrospective data.
Results:A total of 403 patients were included in present study of which 48.1% females and 51.9% males with
mean age of 35.3±15.9. ZiehlNeelsen smear positivity for acid fast bacilli was 67.5%, GeneXpert positivity for
TB remained 77.4% and culture positivity remained 85.1% for TB on culture. Sensitivity, specificity, negative
predictive value and accuracy of GeneXpert were 90.1%, 98.3%, 62.6%, 91.3% are significantly higher as
compared to smear which were 77.7%, 91.4%, 40.8% and 79.7% respectively. Positive predictive values were
99.7%, 98.2% for two techniques and there was no significant difference.
Conclusion: Diagnostic value of GeneXpert is significantly high as compared to ZiehlNeelsen smear
microscopy and a useful tool in early diagnosis of tuberculosis.
Key Words: Prevalence of TB, Acid Fast Bacilli, Microscopy, LJ Medium, Rapid diagnosis
I. Introduction
Tuberculosis (TB) is a transmissible bacteriological ailment triggered by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(MTB) and is still one of the biggest challenges for developing countries. TB spreads by inhaling minute
droplets produced by coughing or sneezingfrom infected person(s).Even though TB is a curabledisease itstill
manages to kill around 5000 people every day according to World Health Organization (WHO) 1
. This disease
affects the most vulnerable community like poorest and malnourished individuals. Global incidence rate of TB
is still rising 1% every year due to rapid increase of disease in Africa1
.Pakistan ranks 5th
amongst the 22 high
TBburdencountries. Prevalence of TB has been estimated to 350/100000 and mortality 33/100000 in Pakistan2
while lesser mortality rate of 22/100000 is found to be in India3
.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis can be stained by using a simple histological stainingmethodcalled
ZiehlNeelsen (ZN). The Acid fast bacilli in the smear (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) stains up bright red with
background as blue.Making thisa popular method of choice for prompt diagnosis of MTBin the most of
developing countries including Pakistan4
. Main reasons forusing theZN smear microscopy is its low cost, high
specificity, does not require sophisticated equipment or high laboratory standards. Provision resultscan be
achieved usuallywithin two hours; however test is less sensitive and normallyrequires bacillihigh as 5000-
10,000 per ml of specimen for the smear to become positive, however this test can’t be used to
distinguishbetween MTB and Mycobacteriaonly for tuberculosis5
. Culture being gold standard is unable to
provide early results and necessarily 4-6 weeks are required forultimate diagnosis. Relatively faster radiometric
2. Comparison of ZiehlNeelsen Microscopy with GeneXpert for Detection of ycobacteriumTuberculosis
DOI: 10.9790/0853-1411105660 www.iosrjournals.org 57 | Page
(BACTEC) and non-radiometric methods like fluorescent labeled mycobacterium growth indicator test (MGIT)
methods are being used and provide results in 7-10 days5
both these methods are time consuming to some extent.
Serological tests used for TB diagnosis also were not useful for clinicians6
.Utilization of polymerase
chain reaction (PCR) test for MTB diagnosis has been evaluated to appreciable extent and already initiated to
influence clinical inspective microbiology4
.Efficacy of Lowenstein Jensen medium to detect MTB has been
demonstrated as 10 viable bacilli per ml of specimen while PCR can detect as low as 10fg of bacilli which is
equal to 2 bacilli per ml4
. Newly administered GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay takes only two hours to provide the
final results, distinguishes MTB and Mycobacteria other than tuberculosis and also provide rifampicin
resistance simultaneously. WHO has strongly recommended this test for diagnosis of TB in various settings7
.
Aim of this study was to assess the value of GeneXpert MTB Rif Assay in diagnosis of Mycobacterium
tuberculosis complex in comparison with ZiehlNeelsen smear microscopy and to observe the additional
diagnostic value of the technique at a tertiary care setting.
II. Material And Methods
This descriptive study was carried out in Pakistan Medical Research Council TB Research Centre, in
collaboration with department of Chest Medicine King Edward Medical University/Mayo Hospital Lahorefrom
December 2012 to March 2014. A total of 422 subjects suspected to have active TB were included in present
study.Varieties of pulmonary and extra-pulmonary specimens were collected and single specimen from each
individual was included in present study however due to various kinds of errors on GeneXpert 17 (4.0%)
specimens, and because of culture contamination 2 (0.5%) specimens did not give results; therefore these 19
specimens were not included in the final analysis.Patients were asked to submit 4-8 ml sputum specimen at
PMRC TB Laboratory. Specimens were divided into two parts; half of the specimen was used for ZN smear and
culture on Lowenstein Jensen (LJ) medium and another half was used for GeneXpert MTB Rif assay.GeneXpert
was inducted in our system in November 2012; therefore retrospective data was analyzed from the period since
its initiation at PMRC TB Research Center KEMU Lahore.
Direct and concentrated smears were prepared from each specimen using Petroff’s method for
decontamination and concentration4
. A minimum of a100samples using oil immersion technique (oil fields)were
observed before reporting a smear asnegative.Smearswhich wereconsidered as positive if the slide contained at
least 3 acid fast bacilli (AFB) among 100 oil fields of microscope. Results were reported using the criteria of
WHO/International Union of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (IUTALD)4
. If no AFB was observed in 100
fieldsthan this was reported as negative, actual count was reported if 1-9 AFB seen per 100 high power fields, if
10-100 AFB were observe in 100 high power fields reported as 1+
, 1-10 AFB per high power field in at least 50
fields reported as 2+
and more than 10 AFB per high power field in at least 20 fields reported as 3+
.Culture was
considered positive if it contained only one colony. Actual colony count was reported if less than 50 colonies
were present on LJ medium slant, if 50-100 colonies 1+
, 100-200 colonies 2+
and more than 200 colonies per
slant was reported as 3+
. Culture on LJ medium was considered as gold standard in present study.
Known positive and negative slides(Control Slides)were included with each run of ZN staining. An
experienced microbiologist rechecked the smears for internal quality. ZN smears were also sent to the National
TB Control Program for external quality assurance. LJ media were tested by inoculation of known American
Type Culture control strain of H37RV. Random slants of LJ media inoculated with sterile distilled water were
also incubated from each batch as negative controls.
Lysing reagent provided with GeneXpert MTB Rif Assay kit was mixed with specimen to be processed
in a sterile conical tube.After vortex specimen is allowed to stand for 15 min and 2 ml of the mixture is added to
the cartridge provided by manufacturer. This cartridge is provided with all the reagents required for nucleic acid
amplification techniques described in the protocol8
.
III. Results
A total of 403 patients were included in this study, 194 (48.1%) of which were females and 209
(51.9%) were males.Male to female ratio of 1:1.08.Mean age of the subjects was found to be 35.3±15.9. Most of
the subjects (40.9%) were in 21-35 years of age. Distribution of age, gender and region of study subjects are
shown in table I.
Various kinds of pulmonary and extra-pulmonary specimens were included in this study. Highest
proportion was covered by pulmonary specimens (394) consists of 387 (96.0%) sputum and 7 (1.7%) bronchial
wash. Smear positivity was found to be 67.5% (273/403).GeneXpert positivity for MTB remained 77.4%
(313/403) while 91 (22.6%) were negative on GeneXpert and 58 (14.4%) were negative for MTB on culture.
Nature of thespecimen, ZN smear, GeneXpert and culture results distribution are shown in table II.
Sensitivity, specificity , negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy of GeneXpert was found
significantly higher as compare to ZN smear (non-overlapping confidence interval), while the positive
predictive values (PPV) were same for both procedures as shown in table III.
3. Comparison of ZiehlNeelsen Microscopy with GeneXpert for Detection of ycobacteriumTuberculosis
DOI: 10.9790/0853-1411105660 www.iosrjournals.org 58 | Page
Comparison of ZN smear and GeneXpert results for detection of MTB are shown in table IV.Among
130 ZN smear negative subjects 52 (40.0%) were found to be positive for MTB by GeneXpert.Out of 13 ZN
smear positive, GeneXpert negative cases 9 (69.2%) consist of MTB while 4 (30.8%) consist of non-tubercle
mycobacteria on the basis of para-nitro-benzoic acid test. On inquiring these 4 cases with clinician it was found
that they do not have any clinical significance.
IV. Discussion
Early diagnosis of TB is necessary todisrupt the disease transmission chain. Although ZN smear
positive patients are considered highly infectious and being focused by most of clinicians, smear negative
patients are also reported to responsible for approximately 17% of transmission and its impact on public health
could not be neglected9
.
Smear positivity in present study was found to be 67.5% and GeneXpert positivity for MTB remained
77.4% respectively,are not in agreement with a study recently published,which showed lower smear positivity of
53% by ZN stain and higher MTB positivity of 82% by GeneXpert10
.A wide range of 0-75% for ZN smear
positivityhas been reported in earlier studies11
however smear positivity washigh in present study may be due to
inclusion of high suspicious cases. Previous studies in comparison with present settings have shown much lesser
positivity4,12
.
Higher sensitivity (90.1%) and specificity (98.3%) of GeneXpertfor MTB detection has been reported
as compared to ZN smear which was77.7% and 91.4% respectively in present study. A bit lower sensitivity of
67.6% for ZN smear has been reported in previous study4
. Sensitivity and specificity of GeneXpert for detection
of MTB was 98.0% and 98.3% respectively presented by manufacturer8
is high as compared to the present
study.A lower sensitivity of this technique has also been reported by another study under similar
settings10
.Smear negative TB is more difficult to treat due to delay in reaching definite diagnosis, in such cases
new diagnostic approaches could be fruitful in early diagnosis and prompt treatment, hence preventing the
patients becoming infectious for others,as is shown in present study where 40.0% ZN smear negative subjects
were found to be positive for MTB by GeneXpert. A study from South Africa also endorsed that ZN stained
microscopy of sputum smears combined with detection of MTB by GeneXpert is most cost effective and
accurate strategy for diagnosis of smear negative TB13
.Accuracy of GeneXpert for MTB detection (91.3%) was
greater than ZN smear (79.7%) microscopy in present study is promising with former statement. Another
advantage of this test is to preclude the drug susceptibility testing as it also provides the rapid rifampicin
susceptibility along with MTB detection.
Culture using the LJ medium is yet method of choice for diagnosis of MTB and considered as gold
standard in developing countries and its importance could not be neglected. Culture positivity of 85.1% in
present study also proves the accuracy of culture but takes 4-8 weeks to produce results. This high prevalence is
due to inclusion of highly suspicious and clinically significant cases in present settings. Rapid culture techniques
like BACTEC and MGIT although reduced the detection time to 7-10 days hence equipment and running
expenses are much high, more skilled personals, continuous monitoring for several days and further
confirmation of positive cultures by making ZN smears are required14
. In contrast although detection by
GeneXeprt is bit expensive does not apply the conditions above, only one person can monitor fully automated
system and provides result in two hours8
.
Mean age of subjects in present study was 35.3±15.9 years and female to male ratio of 1:1.08 are
although different but comparable with another studythat showed mean age of 30.1years with female to male
ratio 1:1.6515
. This shows that the most of the TB patients (62.3%) lie in the most productive age 21-50 years in
present study. Prevention from this noxious disease is obligatory to increase the detection rate by using
individual or combined techniques which in turn can prevent greater economic loss.
In conclusion GeneXpert has shown significantly higher levels of sensitivity and specificity for
diagnosis of MTB as compared to ZN smear microscopy and proved itself as an effective tool in initiation of
early treatment.
References
[1]. Tuberculosis – the global burden. Available from the website: http://www.who.int/tb/publications/tb_global_facts_sep05_en.pdf
[2]. National Tb Control Program. Disease burden in Pakistan. Available from the
website:http://125.209.94.75:7778/misdots/apex_040200.dad.misdots
[3]. TB statistics in “High Burden” countries 2012. Available from the website: http://www.tbfacts.org/tb-statistics.html
[4]. Munir M K, Anwer N, Iqbal R, Shabbir I, Nosheen S. Diagnosis of tuberculosis:Molecular versus conventional method. Pak J Med
Res. 2011; 50(2): 50-4.
[5]. Yam WC. Recent advances in rapid laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis. MWD Bull 2006; 11: 6-7.
[6]. Munir M K,Shabbir I, Iqbal R, Khan S U, Syed Z A. Diagnosis of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis: Conventional versus newer
methods. Pak J Chest Med. 2009; 15(3): 11-14.
[7]. World Health Organization. Tuberculosis diagnostics Xpert MTB/RIF Test. Fact Sheet. May 2012. Available from the website:
http://www.who.int/tb/features_archive/factsheet_xpert_may2011update.pdf
4. Comparison of ZiehlNeelsen Microscopy with GeneXpert for Detection of ycobacteriumTuberculosis
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[8]. Xpert MTB/RIF. Two-hour detection of MTB and resistance to rifampicin.
AvailablefromURL:http://tbevidence.org/documents/rescentre/sop/XpertMTB_Broch_R9_EU.pdf
[9]. Mostaza J L, Garcia N, Fernandez S, Bahamonde A, Fuentes M I, Palomo M J. Analysis and predictor of delay in suspicion and
treatment among hospitalized patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. An Med Interna. 2007; 24(10): 478-83.
[10]. BuchelliRmirez H L, Gracia-Clemente M M, Alvarez-Alvarez C, Palacio-Gutierrez J J, Pando-Sandoval A,Gagatek S, Arias-
Guillen M, Quenzada-Loaiza C A, Casan-Clara. Impact of the Xpert MTB/RIF molecular test on the late diagnosis of pulmonary
tuberculosis.Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2014;18(4): 435-37.
[11]. Kamboj S S, Goel M M, Tandon P I. Correlation study of histopathology and bacteriology in patients of tubercular lymphadenitis.
Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci. 1994; 36: 187-91.
[12]. Rehman S, Iqbal R, Munir M K, Salam A A, Saeed S. Incremental yield of submitting three sputum specimens for the diagnosis of
pulmonary tuberculosis. Pak J Med Res. 2013; 52(2): 35-8.
[13]. Theron G, Pooran A, Peter J. Do adjunct tuberculosis tests, when combined with Xpert MTB/RIF, improve accuracy and the cost of
diagnosis in a resource poor settings? EurRespir J. 2012; 40:161-68.
[14]. Siddiqui S H, Rusch-Gerdes S. Mycobacterium growth indicator tube (MGIT) culture and drug susceptibility demonstration
projects. Available from URL: http://www.finddiagnostics.org/export/sites/default/resource-
centre/find_documentation/pdfs/mgit_manual_nov_2007.pdf
[15]. Munir M K, Anwer N, Iqbal R, Nosheen S, Rehman S, Salam A A. Comparision of Genotype MTBDRplus testing kit with
conventional method for drug susceptibility testing of isoniazid and rifampicin in tuberculosis patients. Pak J Med Res. 2014; 53
(2): 25-30.
Table I: Gender, Age and Region wise Distribution of Patients
Characteristics N = 403 %
Gender
F 194 48.1
M 209 51.9
Age
35.1±15.9
(15 – 90)
<= 20 81 20.1
21 - 35 165 40.9
36 - 50 84 20.8
51 - 65 60 14.9
66+ 13 3.2
Region/Division
Lahore 327 81.1
Gujranwala 54 13.4
Bahawalpur 6 1.5
Faisalabad 7 1.7
Multan 6 1.5
KPK 3 0.7
5. Comparison of ZiehlNeelsen Microscopy with GeneXpert for Detection of ycobacteriumTuberculosis
DOI: 10.9790/0853-1411105660 www.iosrjournals.org 60 | Page
Table II: Results of Specimens on ZN smear, GeneXpert and Culture.
Characteristics N = 403 %
Specimen
Sputum 387 96.0
Br W 7 1.7
Pus 4 1.0
CSF 1 0.2
Fluid 1 0.2
Lymph Node 1 0.2
Pleural Fluid 1 0.2
EP 1 0.2
ZN Smear
Scanty 15 3.7
1+ 125 31.0
2+ 66 16.4
3+ 67 16.6
N 130 32.3
GeneXpert
VL 20 5.0
L 93 23.1
M 140 34.7
H 59 14.6
N 91 22.6
Culture
P 345 85.6
N 58 14.4
VL= Very Low, L= Low, M= Medium, H= High, P=Positive, N=Negative
Table III: Sensitivity and Specificity Comparison of ZN smear and GeneXpert. (N=403)
Factor
ZN Smear GeneXpert
Value 95% CI Value 95% CI
Sensitivity 77.7 73.6 - 81.8 90.1 87.2 - 93.0
Specificity 91.4 88.7 - 94.1 98.3 97.0 - 99.6
PPV 98.2 96.9 - 99.5 99.7 99.2 - 100.0
NPV 40.8 36.0 - 45.6 62.6 57.9 - 67.3
Accuracy 79.7 75.8 - 83.6 91.3 88.5 - 94.1
Table IV: Distribution and findings on ZN smear and GeneXpert
ZN Smear Result
GeneXpert
Total
VL L M H N
Scanty 1 7 6 0 1 15
1+
4 46 60 7 8 125
2+
0 6 39 17 4 66
3+
1 3 28 35 0 67
Negative 14 31 7 0 78 130
Total 20 93 140 59 92 403