Factors Affecting Purchasing Effectiveness in the Public Sugar Sector:A Case ...paperpublications3
Abstract:In the recent past, procurement performance has been attracting great attention from practitioners, academicians and researchers due to poor performance resulting from non adherence to proper processes and procedures. Many of the studies have devoted their content to financial factors as measures of effectiveness dismally giving consideration to non financial factors. This study aimed at investigating selected non financial factors that influence the effectiveness of purchasing function in the public sugar sector guided by four specific objectives; to find out how purchasing interaction with other departments impacts on its effectiveness, to find out how Purchasing delegated authority impacts on its effectiveness, to find out how Purchasing activity Execution impacts on its effectiveness and to find out how supplier relationship management practices impacts on purchasing function effectiveness. The four variables were found to have an effect on effectiveness of purchasing function in the public sugar sector. The study adopted a descriptive case research design and the study population comprised of 118 management staff Nzoia Sugar Company Ltd. A purposive sampling technique was employed to select a sample size of 57 respondents. Questionnaires were used as the main data collection instruments. Descriptive statistics data analysis method was applied to analyze numerical data gathered using closed ended questions aided by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). From the findings, level of task execution explained 43.1% of purchasing department’s effectiveness, level of supplier relationship explained 20.9% and interaction level explained 2.2% while the level of purchasing delegated authority had a negative relationship with its effectiveness at -4.1% which means that the more autonomous purchasing department becomes the less effective it will be. The study recommends application of supplier collaboration strategies, integration of supply chain management tasks with IT to help speed up decision making process between the SCM partners, signing service level agreements (SLA),purchasing function to increase effectiveness by training and being members of professional bodies such as CIPS and KISM.
Keywords:Assessment, delegated authority, effectiveness, efficiency, inventory, non financial measures, purchasing interaction.
A Non-Parametric Approach for Performance Appraisal of Agricultural Market Co...IOSR Journals
Efficient performance of Agricultural Market Committees (AMCs) is considered to be the sine quo non for the economic development of an agrarian country like India. Though the number of AMCs has been steadily increasing in India, still the farmers are being exploited by one form or another in transacting the agricultural commodities. In view of this, several apprehensions and concerns were raised fearing about the performance of AMCs in discharging the regulatory provisions for efficient transaction of agricultural commodities. Various enactments have been formulated by Government from time to time to revamp the agricultural marketing system in the country and presently, Model act 2005 (The State Agricultural Produce Marketing (Development and Regulation) Act, 2005) has been under implementation. In this context of exploring the agricultural marketing system with a farmers ended approach, the present paper aims at analyzing the performance appraisal of AMCs in Coastal region of AP in India through Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA) approach. The analytical findings revealed that 53% of selected AMCs are being operated at Scale Efficiency <1. The remaining 47% AMCs are being operated at constant return to scale (CRS) and this directs the Government to continue the existing support even in the future.
Environmental Factors Affecting Procurement Performance in County Government...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Factors Influencing Supply Chain Performance in the Public Sugar Sector - A C...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper sought to evaluate the effect of technology adoption, early supplier involvement, low-cost sourcing and backward integration on supply chain performance in the public sugar sector, guided by four objectives: To assess effectiveness of technology adoption on supply chain performance, to assess the role of early supplier involvement on supply chain performance, to evaluate effectiveness of low-cost sourcing on supply chain performance and to evaluate effectiveness of backward integration on supply chain performance. Purposive sampling was used to select a target population of 60 respondents. Questionnaires were used as the main data collection instruments. Descriptive and inferential statistics was used in data analysis aided by SPSS software. From the findings, technology adoption and early supplier involvement were found to be positively correlated to supply chain performance. Thus the above factors should be considered as major determinants in influencing supply chain performance in the public sugar sector.
Keywords: Agile Supply, Backward integration, Collaborative Relationship, Corporate Strategy, Outsourcing, Supply Chain, Supply Chain Management.
Impact of Variable Ordering Cost and Promotional Effort Cost in Deteriorated ...IJAEMSJORNAL
The instantaneous economic order quantity (EOQ) profit optimization model for deteriorating items is introduced for analyzing the impact of variable ordering cost and promotional effort cost for leveraging profit margins in finite planning horizons. The objective of this model is to maximize the net profit so as to determine the order quantity and promotional effort factor. For any given number of replenishment cycles the existence of a unique optimal replenishment schedule are proved and further the concavity of the net profit function of the inventory system in the number of replenishments is established. The numerical analysis shows that an appropriate policy can benefit the retailer, especially for deteriorating items. Finally, sensitivity analyses with respect to the major parameters are also studied to draw managerial decisions in production systems.
Lake Tana basin is one of the most potential vegetable production areas in Ethiopia. However, production in this
region has been carried out at smallholders’ level with poor marketing infrastructure. Hence, this study was aimed to
examine the structure and performance of vegetable marketing in the Lake Tana basin. Multistage random sampling
mixed with non probability sampling techniques were employed to collect data from 385 smallholder vegetable
producing farmers and 107 vegetable traders from three districts and two major town markets. Data were analyzed
using market structure and performance indicators. The result of the analysis showed that market structure in the
study area could be characterized by weak oligopolistic market with little chance of market participants to influence
market price. Storage loss and transport cost were found the two largest cost components of vegetable marketing in
the study area. Net marketing margin and producers’ share of the consumers’ price could be improved by shortening
the distance between the producer and urban consumer or reducing the intermediaries involved. Establishing
farmers’ group marketing with communication access together with least cost storage and transport technologies
should be encouraged to improve vegetable marketing performance.
Factors Affecting Purchasing Effectiveness in the Public Sugar Sector:A Case ...paperpublications3
Abstract:In the recent past, procurement performance has been attracting great attention from practitioners, academicians and researchers due to poor performance resulting from non adherence to proper processes and procedures. Many of the studies have devoted their content to financial factors as measures of effectiveness dismally giving consideration to non financial factors. This study aimed at investigating selected non financial factors that influence the effectiveness of purchasing function in the public sugar sector guided by four specific objectives; to find out how purchasing interaction with other departments impacts on its effectiveness, to find out how Purchasing delegated authority impacts on its effectiveness, to find out how Purchasing activity Execution impacts on its effectiveness and to find out how supplier relationship management practices impacts on purchasing function effectiveness. The four variables were found to have an effect on effectiveness of purchasing function in the public sugar sector. The study adopted a descriptive case research design and the study population comprised of 118 management staff Nzoia Sugar Company Ltd. A purposive sampling technique was employed to select a sample size of 57 respondents. Questionnaires were used as the main data collection instruments. Descriptive statistics data analysis method was applied to analyze numerical data gathered using closed ended questions aided by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). From the findings, level of task execution explained 43.1% of purchasing department’s effectiveness, level of supplier relationship explained 20.9% and interaction level explained 2.2% while the level of purchasing delegated authority had a negative relationship with its effectiveness at -4.1% which means that the more autonomous purchasing department becomes the less effective it will be. The study recommends application of supplier collaboration strategies, integration of supply chain management tasks with IT to help speed up decision making process between the SCM partners, signing service level agreements (SLA),purchasing function to increase effectiveness by training and being members of professional bodies such as CIPS and KISM.
Keywords:Assessment, delegated authority, effectiveness, efficiency, inventory, non financial measures, purchasing interaction.
A Non-Parametric Approach for Performance Appraisal of Agricultural Market Co...IOSR Journals
Efficient performance of Agricultural Market Committees (AMCs) is considered to be the sine quo non for the economic development of an agrarian country like India. Though the number of AMCs has been steadily increasing in India, still the farmers are being exploited by one form or another in transacting the agricultural commodities. In view of this, several apprehensions and concerns were raised fearing about the performance of AMCs in discharging the regulatory provisions for efficient transaction of agricultural commodities. Various enactments have been formulated by Government from time to time to revamp the agricultural marketing system in the country and presently, Model act 2005 (The State Agricultural Produce Marketing (Development and Regulation) Act, 2005) has been under implementation. In this context of exploring the agricultural marketing system with a farmers ended approach, the present paper aims at analyzing the performance appraisal of AMCs in Coastal region of AP in India through Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA) approach. The analytical findings revealed that 53% of selected AMCs are being operated at Scale Efficiency <1. The remaining 47% AMCs are being operated at constant return to scale (CRS) and this directs the Government to continue the existing support even in the future.
Environmental Factors Affecting Procurement Performance in County Government...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Factors Influencing Supply Chain Performance in the Public Sugar Sector - A C...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper sought to evaluate the effect of technology adoption, early supplier involvement, low-cost sourcing and backward integration on supply chain performance in the public sugar sector, guided by four objectives: To assess effectiveness of technology adoption on supply chain performance, to assess the role of early supplier involvement on supply chain performance, to evaluate effectiveness of low-cost sourcing on supply chain performance and to evaluate effectiveness of backward integration on supply chain performance. Purposive sampling was used to select a target population of 60 respondents. Questionnaires were used as the main data collection instruments. Descriptive and inferential statistics was used in data analysis aided by SPSS software. From the findings, technology adoption and early supplier involvement were found to be positively correlated to supply chain performance. Thus the above factors should be considered as major determinants in influencing supply chain performance in the public sugar sector.
Keywords: Agile Supply, Backward integration, Collaborative Relationship, Corporate Strategy, Outsourcing, Supply Chain, Supply Chain Management.
Impact of Variable Ordering Cost and Promotional Effort Cost in Deteriorated ...IJAEMSJORNAL
The instantaneous economic order quantity (EOQ) profit optimization model for deteriorating items is introduced for analyzing the impact of variable ordering cost and promotional effort cost for leveraging profit margins in finite planning horizons. The objective of this model is to maximize the net profit so as to determine the order quantity and promotional effort factor. For any given number of replenishment cycles the existence of a unique optimal replenishment schedule are proved and further the concavity of the net profit function of the inventory system in the number of replenishments is established. The numerical analysis shows that an appropriate policy can benefit the retailer, especially for deteriorating items. Finally, sensitivity analyses with respect to the major parameters are also studied to draw managerial decisions in production systems.
Lake Tana basin is one of the most potential vegetable production areas in Ethiopia. However, production in this
region has been carried out at smallholders’ level with poor marketing infrastructure. Hence, this study was aimed to
examine the structure and performance of vegetable marketing in the Lake Tana basin. Multistage random sampling
mixed with non probability sampling techniques were employed to collect data from 385 smallholder vegetable
producing farmers and 107 vegetable traders from three districts and two major town markets. Data were analyzed
using market structure and performance indicators. The result of the analysis showed that market structure in the
study area could be characterized by weak oligopolistic market with little chance of market participants to influence
market price. Storage loss and transport cost were found the two largest cost components of vegetable marketing in
the study area. Net marketing margin and producers’ share of the consumers’ price could be improved by shortening
the distance between the producer and urban consumer or reducing the intermediaries involved. Establishing
farmers’ group marketing with communication access together with least cost storage and transport technologies
should be encouraged to improve vegetable marketing performance.
A MODEL FOR PRICING USED PRODUCTS AND REPLACEMENT PARTS IN REVERSE LOGISTICSijmvsc
A unique specification in remanufacturing is the uncertainty of returned flows. This makes the coordination
between supply and demand difficult for the firm. As a result, remanufacturers typically use pricing tools to
control the return flow of used products.
In this study, a model is presented for optimal quantity and price of used products and the price of used
products with replacement parts after collection and consolidation based on their quality levels. This model
was developed from the perspective of the remanufacturer and the consolidation center. When the
consolidation center receives the remanufacturer's demand, the consolidation center and the
remanufacturer use the proposed model for evaluating the optimal quantity and the acquisition price of
used products as well as the price provided by the remanufacturer to the consolidation center so that they
both reach maximum profit. The supply of used products is random. The presented model is an integer
nonlinear programming (INLP) model. Consequently, due to the complexity of the problem, The SA and GA
metaheuristic methods are used to solve the model
Impact of Inventory Management on the Effectiveness of Supply Chain Managemen...paperpublications3
Abstract: The main objective of the study was to assess factors affecting the effectiveness of supply chain management practices in Kenyan public sector with, specific reference to the Ministry of Finance. The study’s specific objective being; to establish the effect of inventory management on the effectiveness of supply chain management practices. The study adopted a descriptive case research design and the study population comprised of 120 management staff working at the Ministry of finances’ procurement, finance and administration departments. A stratified random sampling technique was employed to select a sample size of 60 respondents. Questionnaires were used as the main data collection instrument. Descriptive statistics data analysis method was applied to analyze numerical data gathered using closed ended questions aided by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Pearson correlation was carried out to establish the relationship between the research variables. Inventory management was also found to have a strong positive correlation with effectiveness of SCM practices (r = 0.915). The study recommend implementation of EOQ inventory management methods for and IT based SCM systems.
Supply side dynamics of Boutique Fashion in BangladeshIOSRJBM
As a fast growing industry the boutique fashion is the lifeblood of Bangladeshi economy. There are a lots of potential small boutique wear producers for inclusive growth in our economy. However, few studies examined their development, challenges and future prospects. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to investigate the sustainability and growth potential of small boutique wear producers in Bangladesh. A survey and individual interviews were conducted with professionals and owners of the boutique fashions. A triple triangle factors analysis was used to indentify challenges at the firm internal, industry and macro level for ensuring sustainability and growth potential. Based on the findings, an action plan is proposed to take effective decisions in order to enhance the supply side dynamics in the long run. The study has implications for small boutique fashion wear producers and policymakers.
Performance of Power Loom Textiles: A Resource-based ViewAM Publications
Despite increasing attention paid to the Resource-based View (RBV), there is a dearth of empirical evidence
on the interactions among different RBV performance dimensions and their effect on organizational performance.
This paper examines and to extend the literature, by obtaining an understanding of the link between resources,
capabilities and organizational performance in terms of operational performance, financial performance and non
financial performance by using a survey research in the framework of Resource-based View. The RBV involves the
different performance dimensions such as tangible assets, intangible assets and capabilities. Numerous prior studies
have sought to examine the links between resources and organizational performance in particular efficiency by
secondary data and using quantitative methods.
This paper involved a quantitative examination of the relationship between tangibles assets, intangibles assets
and capabilities and organizational performance of power loom textiles of Maharashtra (India). The primary data of
one hundred and sixty power loom textiles of Maharashtra is collected through questionnaire to examine the
relationship between tangibles assets, intangibles assets and capabilities with the operational performance. It also
examines the relationship between operational performance with the organizational performance. This study finds a
positive relationship between performance dimensions and organizational performance. The hypotheses are developed
in the framework of RBV and tested by using the statistical method.
Practices and ideas of supply chain management evolve and change fast. Modern information
and communication, for instance. The study is based on SCM's analysis as a business and industry. This
study provides a comprehensive investigation of attitudes, practises and designs based on the categories.
In order to handle supply chain management, we are exploring particular questions about SCD
integration, the instrument for planning and control and communication. The following are the key
results. To what extent SCM strategy and controls are used to improve suppliers and customers. The key
probity of SCM is cost efficiency, volume as well as delivery speed. It is also considered as an essential
input to the selection process of supply chain partners, now businesses want us to speed up the SC
operation through technology usage
Implementation of Supply Chain Management and its Effectiveness on Marketing ...ijtsrd
Supply chain control has assumed a good sized role in firms performance and has attracted serious research interest over the last few years. A literature reviewreveals a massive spurt in studies in principle and exercise of SCM Combining and informing on capabilities of deliver control and distribution management. This integration hasresulted within the concept of prolonged. Employer and the supply chain is now appear as the collaborative deliver chain across intercompany borders to maximise the value throughout the complete deliver chain. A massive variety of research papers had been published in numerous journals in ultimate many years. On this paper an attempt is made to study the popularity of literature on supply Chain management. A literature classification scheme is proposed. a complete of 588 articles from thirteen refereed academic journals are categorised into articles in 5 methodologies i.e. Exploratory, Normative, methodology, Literature review and hypothesis testing. This literature evaluation reveals that exploratory kind of studies is normally favoured it is expected that with the maturity of SCM the hypothesis trying out approach will choose up. The articles are similarly categorised in fifteen categories on the basis of content analysis. Based on this assessment, some feasible studies issues are recognized. Prof. Rekha D. M | Sowmya A V ""Implementation of Supply Chain Management and its Effectiveness on Marketing of Business Organisations"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23876.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/strategic-management/23876/implementation-of-supply-chain-management-and-its-effectiveness-on-marketing-of-business-organisations/prof-rekha-d-m
IOSR Journal of Mathematics(IOSR-JM) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mathemetics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mathematics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
At various levels of decomposition we can
analysed the supply chain problem. At the first level problem
of supply chain management which is consist of many sub
problems as product design, customer services, logistic
management and others. We can define all the problems as
general and in specific way. These problems come at various
vertical direction of problem decomposition and these are
related with one particular issue for example inventory
management. Other way general problems are horizontal; they
deal with problems which require solving multiple specific
problems for example, ensuring customer service problems
from sales area as well as logistics.
JOSCM | Journal of Operations and Supply Chain Management - Volume 9 number 2 - July/December 2016
In this issue of Journal of Operations and Supply Chain Management we present to you five papers that cover different areas of our field. Shashi et al. (2016) explore the key success factors to manage sustainable cold supply chains. Still in the SCM field, Handayati et al. (2016) use agent-based simulation to understand contracting issues. Martins et al. (2016), in their turn, analyze intermodal terminals in Brazil and point interesting ways of improving them, considering shippers’ points of view. Devangan (2016) also explores logistic issues by look for ways to optimize the allocation of warehouses, taking into account production and distribution aspects. Finally, Rajashekharaiah (2016) recoups a recurrent and important theme in the operations management field – the use of six sigma techniques to improve process capability.
For more information on this issue, visit the FGV Library System: http://bit.ly/2livcwo
Effect of Strategic Partner Practice on Supply Chain Performance in Tea Firms...journal ijrtem
Abstract: Strategic partner relationship is a critical issue for any business, especially in supply chain activities. Therefore, it is expected that firms that deliver e-procurement system in the supply chain are likely to strengthen their partner relationship. The purpose of this study was to establish the influence of strategic partnership management practice on supply chain performance in tea firms in Kenya. The study was guided mainly by Resource Based Theory. Explanatory research design was adopted. The target population was 4200 respondents from 12 tea firms. Purposive and proportional sampling was used to select a sample size of 365 respondents comprising of staff, top management and suppliers. Questionnaires and structured interviews were used to collect primary data. Pearson product moment correlation coefficient and linear regressions were used to test strength of the relationship between variables. The strategic partnership practice positively influences the supply chain performance among the tea firms[r=.535, n=231, p<.05]. The regression model indicated that strategic partnership practice account for 28.7% variation on supply chain performance. Hence tea firms enhanced strategic partnership practice purposely to improve supply chain performance by widening supplier relationships among the stakeholders. Tea firms should therefore embrace sound partnership practices to enhance firms’ supply chain performance which in turn lead to profit maximization.
Key Words: Strategic, Partnership, Practice, Supply chain Management, Supply Chain Performance, Tea Firms
JOSCM | Journal of Operations and Supply Chain Management - Volume 8 number 2 - July/December 2015
This issue of Journal of Operations and Supply Chain Management counts with eight papers that focus on strategic, tactical and operational aspects of supply chain management.
The paper from Nyaoga, Magutu and Aduda (2015) explores the link between supply chain strategies and firm performance. Based on data from 627 companies, the authors show that supply chain strategies account for a significant share of firms´ performance; reinforcing that companies should investments in supply chain practices. Radanliev (2015), in its turn, develops a framework based on the supply chain architecture, design, and engineering literature that offers guidelines on how practitioners can decompose and build a green-field (new and non-existent) supply chain. We also have three papers on specific supply chain strategies. Pereira and Silva (2015) and Bradaschia and Pereira (2015), for instance, explore the concept of supply chain resilience and its antecedents. With the use of case studies, the former shows how the management of buyer and supplier interfaces, of risk, and of knowledge can enhance resilience in a supply chain while the latter adds that flexibility is also a vital enabler of supply chain resilience. Ferreira, Bertan and Pimenta (2015) then show the importance of inter-organizational integration to achieve the outcomes expected by companies.
This volume also counts with papers focused on logistic services, transportation, and inventory management - key decision areas in supply chain management. Liane Okdinawati, Simatupang and Sunitiyoso (2015) review the literature on collaborative transportation management and suggest areas for future research in the field and Yang (2015) provides an overview of the third-party logistics providers in the United States for investigating how the industry has evolved to meets customers' needs in an environment marked by global supply chains. Finally, this issue has a technical note on a stochastic two-echelon model to solve the petrol station replenishment problem. This model offers insights on how firms can devise a replenishment policy to minimize inventory costs, in the long run, given the demand pattern.
For more information on this issue, visit the FGV Library System: http://bit.ly/2livlzW
A MODEL FOR PRICING USED PRODUCTS AND REPLACEMENT PARTS IN REVERSE LOGISTICSijmvsc
A unique specification in remanufacturing is the uncertainty of returned flows. This makes the coordination
between supply and demand difficult for the firm. As a result, remanufacturers typically use pricing tools to
control the return flow of used products.
In this study, a model is presented for optimal quantity and price of used products and the price of used
products with replacement parts after collection and consolidation based on their quality levels. This model
was developed from the perspective of the remanufacturer and the consolidation center. When the
consolidation center receives the remanufacturer's demand, the consolidation center and the
remanufacturer use the proposed model for evaluating the optimal quantity and the acquisition price of
used products as well as the price provided by the remanufacturer to the consolidation center so that they
both reach maximum profit. The supply of used products is random. The presented model is an integer
nonlinear programming (INLP) model. Consequently, due to the complexity of the problem, The SA and GA
metaheuristic methods are used to solve the model
Impact of Inventory Management on the Effectiveness of Supply Chain Managemen...paperpublications3
Abstract: The main objective of the study was to assess factors affecting the effectiveness of supply chain management practices in Kenyan public sector with, specific reference to the Ministry of Finance. The study’s specific objective being; to establish the effect of inventory management on the effectiveness of supply chain management practices. The study adopted a descriptive case research design and the study population comprised of 120 management staff working at the Ministry of finances’ procurement, finance and administration departments. A stratified random sampling technique was employed to select a sample size of 60 respondents. Questionnaires were used as the main data collection instrument. Descriptive statistics data analysis method was applied to analyze numerical data gathered using closed ended questions aided by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Pearson correlation was carried out to establish the relationship between the research variables. Inventory management was also found to have a strong positive correlation with effectiveness of SCM practices (r = 0.915). The study recommend implementation of EOQ inventory management methods for and IT based SCM systems.
Supply side dynamics of Boutique Fashion in BangladeshIOSRJBM
As a fast growing industry the boutique fashion is the lifeblood of Bangladeshi economy. There are a lots of potential small boutique wear producers for inclusive growth in our economy. However, few studies examined their development, challenges and future prospects. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to investigate the sustainability and growth potential of small boutique wear producers in Bangladesh. A survey and individual interviews were conducted with professionals and owners of the boutique fashions. A triple triangle factors analysis was used to indentify challenges at the firm internal, industry and macro level for ensuring sustainability and growth potential. Based on the findings, an action plan is proposed to take effective decisions in order to enhance the supply side dynamics in the long run. The study has implications for small boutique fashion wear producers and policymakers.
Performance of Power Loom Textiles: A Resource-based ViewAM Publications
Despite increasing attention paid to the Resource-based View (RBV), there is a dearth of empirical evidence
on the interactions among different RBV performance dimensions and their effect on organizational performance.
This paper examines and to extend the literature, by obtaining an understanding of the link between resources,
capabilities and organizational performance in terms of operational performance, financial performance and non
financial performance by using a survey research in the framework of Resource-based View. The RBV involves the
different performance dimensions such as tangible assets, intangible assets and capabilities. Numerous prior studies
have sought to examine the links between resources and organizational performance in particular efficiency by
secondary data and using quantitative methods.
This paper involved a quantitative examination of the relationship between tangibles assets, intangibles assets
and capabilities and organizational performance of power loom textiles of Maharashtra (India). The primary data of
one hundred and sixty power loom textiles of Maharashtra is collected through questionnaire to examine the
relationship between tangibles assets, intangibles assets and capabilities with the operational performance. It also
examines the relationship between operational performance with the organizational performance. This study finds a
positive relationship between performance dimensions and organizational performance. The hypotheses are developed
in the framework of RBV and tested by using the statistical method.
Practices and ideas of supply chain management evolve and change fast. Modern information
and communication, for instance. The study is based on SCM's analysis as a business and industry. This
study provides a comprehensive investigation of attitudes, practises and designs based on the categories.
In order to handle supply chain management, we are exploring particular questions about SCD
integration, the instrument for planning and control and communication. The following are the key
results. To what extent SCM strategy and controls are used to improve suppliers and customers. The key
probity of SCM is cost efficiency, volume as well as delivery speed. It is also considered as an essential
input to the selection process of supply chain partners, now businesses want us to speed up the SC
operation through technology usage
Implementation of Supply Chain Management and its Effectiveness on Marketing ...ijtsrd
Supply chain control has assumed a good sized role in firms performance and has attracted serious research interest over the last few years. A literature reviewreveals a massive spurt in studies in principle and exercise of SCM Combining and informing on capabilities of deliver control and distribution management. This integration hasresulted within the concept of prolonged. Employer and the supply chain is now appear as the collaborative deliver chain across intercompany borders to maximise the value throughout the complete deliver chain. A massive variety of research papers had been published in numerous journals in ultimate many years. On this paper an attempt is made to study the popularity of literature on supply Chain management. A literature classification scheme is proposed. a complete of 588 articles from thirteen refereed academic journals are categorised into articles in 5 methodologies i.e. Exploratory, Normative, methodology, Literature review and hypothesis testing. This literature evaluation reveals that exploratory kind of studies is normally favoured it is expected that with the maturity of SCM the hypothesis trying out approach will choose up. The articles are similarly categorised in fifteen categories on the basis of content analysis. Based on this assessment, some feasible studies issues are recognized. Prof. Rekha D. M | Sowmya A V ""Implementation of Supply Chain Management and its Effectiveness on Marketing of Business Organisations"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23876.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/strategic-management/23876/implementation-of-supply-chain-management-and-its-effectiveness-on-marketing-of-business-organisations/prof-rekha-d-m
IOSR Journal of Mathematics(IOSR-JM) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mathemetics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mathematics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
At various levels of decomposition we can
analysed the supply chain problem. At the first level problem
of supply chain management which is consist of many sub
problems as product design, customer services, logistic
management and others. We can define all the problems as
general and in specific way. These problems come at various
vertical direction of problem decomposition and these are
related with one particular issue for example inventory
management. Other way general problems are horizontal; they
deal with problems which require solving multiple specific
problems for example, ensuring customer service problems
from sales area as well as logistics.
JOSCM | Journal of Operations and Supply Chain Management - Volume 9 number 2 - July/December 2016
In this issue of Journal of Operations and Supply Chain Management we present to you five papers that cover different areas of our field. Shashi et al. (2016) explore the key success factors to manage sustainable cold supply chains. Still in the SCM field, Handayati et al. (2016) use agent-based simulation to understand contracting issues. Martins et al. (2016), in their turn, analyze intermodal terminals in Brazil and point interesting ways of improving them, considering shippers’ points of view. Devangan (2016) also explores logistic issues by look for ways to optimize the allocation of warehouses, taking into account production and distribution aspects. Finally, Rajashekharaiah (2016) recoups a recurrent and important theme in the operations management field – the use of six sigma techniques to improve process capability.
For more information on this issue, visit the FGV Library System: http://bit.ly/2livcwo
Effect of Strategic Partner Practice on Supply Chain Performance in Tea Firms...journal ijrtem
Abstract: Strategic partner relationship is a critical issue for any business, especially in supply chain activities. Therefore, it is expected that firms that deliver e-procurement system in the supply chain are likely to strengthen their partner relationship. The purpose of this study was to establish the influence of strategic partnership management practice on supply chain performance in tea firms in Kenya. The study was guided mainly by Resource Based Theory. Explanatory research design was adopted. The target population was 4200 respondents from 12 tea firms. Purposive and proportional sampling was used to select a sample size of 365 respondents comprising of staff, top management and suppliers. Questionnaires and structured interviews were used to collect primary data. Pearson product moment correlation coefficient and linear regressions were used to test strength of the relationship between variables. The strategic partnership practice positively influences the supply chain performance among the tea firms[r=.535, n=231, p<.05]. The regression model indicated that strategic partnership practice account for 28.7% variation on supply chain performance. Hence tea firms enhanced strategic partnership practice purposely to improve supply chain performance by widening supplier relationships among the stakeholders. Tea firms should therefore embrace sound partnership practices to enhance firms’ supply chain performance which in turn lead to profit maximization.
Key Words: Strategic, Partnership, Practice, Supply chain Management, Supply Chain Performance, Tea Firms
JOSCM | Journal of Operations and Supply Chain Management - Volume 8 number 2 - July/December 2015
This issue of Journal of Operations and Supply Chain Management counts with eight papers that focus on strategic, tactical and operational aspects of supply chain management.
The paper from Nyaoga, Magutu and Aduda (2015) explores the link between supply chain strategies and firm performance. Based on data from 627 companies, the authors show that supply chain strategies account for a significant share of firms´ performance; reinforcing that companies should investments in supply chain practices. Radanliev (2015), in its turn, develops a framework based on the supply chain architecture, design, and engineering literature that offers guidelines on how practitioners can decompose and build a green-field (new and non-existent) supply chain. We also have three papers on specific supply chain strategies. Pereira and Silva (2015) and Bradaschia and Pereira (2015), for instance, explore the concept of supply chain resilience and its antecedents. With the use of case studies, the former shows how the management of buyer and supplier interfaces, of risk, and of knowledge can enhance resilience in a supply chain while the latter adds that flexibility is also a vital enabler of supply chain resilience. Ferreira, Bertan and Pimenta (2015) then show the importance of inter-organizational integration to achieve the outcomes expected by companies.
This volume also counts with papers focused on logistic services, transportation, and inventory management - key decision areas in supply chain management. Liane Okdinawati, Simatupang and Sunitiyoso (2015) review the literature on collaborative transportation management and suggest areas for future research in the field and Yang (2015) provides an overview of the third-party logistics providers in the United States for investigating how the industry has evolved to meets customers' needs in an environment marked by global supply chains. Finally, this issue has a technical note on a stochastic two-echelon model to solve the petrol station replenishment problem. This model offers insights on how firms can devise a replenishment policy to minimize inventory costs, in the long run, given the demand pattern.
For more information on this issue, visit the FGV Library System: http://bit.ly/2livlzW
Convolution Theorem for Canonical Cosine Transform and Their PropertiesIOSR Journals
The Canonical Cosine transform, which is a generalization of the linear canonical transform, has
many applications in several areas, including signal processing and optics. In this paper we have introduced
convolution theorem, linearity property, derivative property, modulation property and Parseval’s identity for
the generalized canonical cosine transform.
Surfactant-assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis of Ceria-Zirconia Nanostructured M...IOSR Journals
CeO2–ZrO2 oxides were prepared by the surfactant-templated method using cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as template and modified with chromium nitrate. These were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, TEM, SEM, BET and TPD-CO2. The XRD data showed that as prepared CeO2-ZrO2 powder particles have single phase cubic fluorite structure. HRTEM shows mesoscopic ordering. Average particle size is 12-13 nm as calculated from particle histogram. The nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm were classified to be type IV isotherm, typical of mesoporous material. The presence of uni-modal mesopores are confirmed by the pore size distribution which shows pore distribution at around 60 A°. Catalytic activity was studied towards liquid-phase oxidation of benzene.
The Simulation of the Supply Chain in an Investment Company by Genetic Algori...Mohammad Ali Arjamfekr
Nowadays, the supply chain is considered as the most effective element among the economic and manufacturing enterprises and the reason of its foundation is the increase of the pressures by the customer demands on high quality and quick service. Time management in the supply chain causes quick service and the enhancement of customers’ satisfaction level that is the most important component for managing waiting reduction time. After the selection of the suitable supplier, the amount of optimal order of each one of the suppliers must be obtained, implementing using the multi-objective planning models. Thus the purpose of this study is to investigate the simulation of the supply chain in an investment company by genetic algorithm and PSO. This work is done using the multi-objective model design, with the purposes of reducing existing costs in chain, as well as maximizing the purchased materials’ quality from the suppliers.
AN OPTIMIZING INTEGRATED INVENTORY MODEL WITH INVESTMENT FOR QUALITY IMPROVEM...IJITCA Journal
This paper presents a vendor-buyer integrated inventory model. This paper considers the problem of a vendor and buyer integrated production inventory model for the vendor and the buyer optimization model under quality improvement investment and setup cost reduction in the production system such that the total profit is maximized. The relationship between demand and price is considered as a linear. Entirety profit is the supply chain presentation calculate and it is calculated as the dissimilarity among revenue from sales and total cost, where the last is the sum of the vendor’s and buyer’s setup/order and inventory holding costs, opportunity in setup cost and opportunity investment cost. This manuscript efforts to conclude the optimal production run time and capital investments in setup cost reduction and process quality improvement for production system such that the total profit is maximized. The main focus for this paper is the setup cost reduction and investment for quality improvement. The proposed model is based on the integrated total profit for both buyer and vendor which find out the optimal value of order quantity, opportunity investment cost for quality improvement and setup cost reduction. The solution procedure is developed in order to find the total profit of the vendor and the buyer which is to be maximized. To conclude, a numerical example is given to demonstrate the solution procedure.
AN OPTIMIZING INTEGRATED INVENTORY MODEL WITH INVESTMENT FOR QUALITY IMPROVEM...IJITCA Journal
This paper presents a vendor-buyer integrated inventory model. This paper considers the problem of a vendor and buyer integrated production inventory model for the vendor and the buyer optimization model
under quality improvement investment and setup cost reduction in the production system such that the total
profit is maximized. The relationship between demand and price is considered as a linear. Entirety profit is
the supply chain presentation calculate and it is calculated as the dissimilarity among revenue from sales
and total cost, where the last is the sum of the vendor’s and buyer’s setup/order and inventory holding
costs, opportunity in setup cost and opportunity investment cost. This manuscript efforts to conclude the
optimal production run time and capital investments in setup cost reduction and process quality
improvement for production system such that the total profit is maximized. The main focus for this paper is
the setup cost reduction and investment for quality improvement. The proposed model is based on the
integrated total profit for both buyer and vendor which find out the optimal value of order quantity,
opportunity investment cost for quality improvement and setup cost reduction. The solution procedure is
developed in order to find the total profit of the vendor and the buyer which is to be maximized. To conclude, a numerical example is given to demonstrate the solution procedure.
Adoption of Vendor Managed Inventory Practices on Supply Chain Performance in...AkashSharma618775
Following the Corona pandemic, which has spread across the world by September 2020, many companies
around the world have been aware of the fact that they should always strive to inculcate and rely on the efficient
supply chains and networks in order to compete effectively in international markets and to sustain their
competitive edge. As a matter of fact, the management of supply chain has caused a paradigm shift in the way most
organisation operates (Brandt, 2009) The main objective of this study was to determine role of adoption of vendor
managed inventory practices on supply chain management performance in the selected automobile industries in
Nairobi County, Kenya with specific objective to establish role of supplier demand visibility, communication
mechanism, inventory decisions, replenishment decisions and supply chain management performance in the
selected automobile industries. The study adopted a cross sectional research design. The target population
comprised employees in supply chain department in selected automobile companies in Nairobi according to their
size. Snowball sampling technique was adopted in this study. A semi- structured questionnaire was administered
through the e-mail survey and hand delivery. Secondary data was obtained from both published and unpublished
records. The questionnaire was tested for validity and reliability. Both quantitative and qualitative techniques was
used to analyses the data with the assistance of SPSS software program version 25. The study found that supplier
demand visibility, communication mechanism, inventory decisions, replenishment decisions have significant role
on supply chain management performance in the selected automobile industries. In conclusion the study
recommended that automobile manufacturing companies should source for more resources, work on its time
constraints and negative attitude from some stakeholders and public when undertaking the process. Further the
companies need to gain visibility into their complex network of suppliers and logistics providers to collectively
sense and properly respond to changes in supply and demand, customers are less likely to tolerate delivery or
product errors. Supply chain demand visibility is crucial in preventing order errors and will prevent customers
from taking their business elsewhere. This will ensures them are knowledgeable about every aspect of your
inventory and allows firms to better help customers by improving performance and reducing errors. Putting in
place the right infrastructure can help firms to achieve better supply chain visibility and therefore reduce costs,
improve performance and identify problems, ultimately improving your reputation and growth.
Value Creation in Collaborative Supply Chain Network in Automobile Industry i...Waqas Tariq
ABSTRACT Abstract Purpose : This paper aims to determine the key factors that influence the value based supply chain in the collaborative network of Automotive sector in India and the extent of information sharing in a B2B set up and its implication on business decisions in the Automobile sector. The paper makes an attempt to examine the value creation in the supply chain network of e-commerce based automobile companies. The predominant factors that influence the Collaborative practices of Automobile Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) in Karnataka and their dealership network in the background of e-commerce is thoroughly examined. Design/methodology/approach : In the paper, the systemic and logical analysis of value creation expert research made over the past several years is used and statistical analysis(Exploratory Factor Analysis) has been conducted based on the survey results of perceptions of the dealers assimilated through online survey. Findings : Major empirical findings based on automobile companies’ data analysis vide Exploratory factor analysis allow stating that adoption of e-based collaborative arrangements and information sharing based on trust and long term alliance between partners enhances the value creation and results in the improvement in Supply chain management. It thus results in: Savings in cost, Timely decisions based on superior information, Better and positive relationships with Manufacturer-Suppliers and Dealers, Superior and strong collaboration, Integrated customer service and Enhancement of ultimate consumer value. Originality value: This paper has thoroughly examined the Collaborative network of the e-commerce based automobile co’s. and empirical findings suggest that the entire supply chain network has reaped the benefits of technology adoption and its impact on business results is tangible which could be evidenced in positive outcomes like improvement in Manufacturer-Supplier-Dealer co-ordination and enhancement of long term customer relations. Research limitations/implications : The presented research work confirms the positive implications of technology on value creation in the supply chain network of e-commerce based automobile companies. Research in this area highlights only the value addition in the collaborative supply chain network in select automobile co’s (OEMs) in Karnataka and their dealership network in India. Broader generalisations could be drawn using this information, by selecting a larger sample size. The future research should be made on the entire industry in the country and by bringing more co’s. and suppliers into the sampling frame. Keywords : Value creation, Collaborative supply chain, Information sharing, Superior collaboration.
Future of Supply Chain Management in Various food Production.IJERA Editor
This paper analyse the case of any production system and the structure of supply chain has evolved
progressively over the time of sequential supply chain, to global supply chain. This evolution has reflected the
change in business environment from static to dynamic. So the purpose of this paper is to propose an agenda for
future research in supply chain management. We also measure the effect of FDI in India to the existing
production industries in India.
Application of Linear Programming for Optimal Use of Raw Materials in Bakeryinventionjournals
This work utilized the concept of Simplex algorithm; an aspect of linear programing to allocate raw materials to competing variables (big loaf, giant loaf and small loaf) in bakery for the purpose of profit maximization. The analysis was carried out and the result showed that 962 units of small loaf, 38 units of big loaf and 0 unit of giant loaf should be produced respectively in order to make a profit of N20385. From the analysis, it was observed that small loaf, followed by big loaf contribute objectively to the profit. Hence, more of small loafs and big loafs are needed to be produced and sold in order to maximize the profit.
Application of Linear Programming for Optimal Use of Raw Materials in Bakeryinventionjournals
This work utilized the concept of Simplex algorithm; an aspect of linear programing to allocate raw materials to competing variables (big loaf, giant loaf and small loaf) in bakery for the purpose of profit maximization. The analysis was carried out and the result showed that 962 units of small loaf, 38 units of big loaf and 0 unit of giant loaf should be produced respectively in order to make a profit of N20385. From the analysis, it was observed that small loaf, followed by big loaf contribute objectively to the profit. Hence, more of small loafs and big loafs are needed to be produced and sold in order to maximize the profit.
Introduction to Vendor Management Inventory Abu Talha
What is Supply Chain Management ? Integrating Management and information technology to flourish performance.
What Is Vendor Managed Inventory ?
1. Vendor Managed Inventory or VMI is a process where the vendor creates orders for their customers based on demand information that they receive from the customer. 2. VMI involves collaboration between suppliers and their customers which changes the traditional ordering process.
Schematic Diagram of VMI
WHY USE VMI ?
VMI removes the need for the customers to have significant safety stock. Lower inventories for the customer can lead to significant cost savings.
The customer can make profit from reduced purchasing costs. As the vendor receives data so the customer don’t need to produce purchasing costs ever.
Moreover, the need for purchase order corrections and reconciliation is removed which further reduces purchasing costs.
DUAL BENEFITS (both Supplier and Customer) 1. Less data errors and the overall speed of processing is increased. 2. Having aim to provide better service to the end consumer. 3. Purchase orders are generated on predefined basis. 4. Relation between suppliers and customers are getting strong enough.
Customer Benefits
1. A decrease in stockouts and a decrease in inventory levels. 2. Planning and ordering cost will be decreased. 3. Overall service level is elevated. 4. The customer is more focused in providing great service.
Suppliers Benefits
1. A reduction in customer ordering errors. 2. Promotions can be easily promoted to inventory plans. 3. Customers' point of sell data makes forecasting easier. 4. Philosophy to customer’s stock levels helps to identify priorities.
Comparison between VMI & RMI
Vendor Managed Inventory(VMI)
1. Vendor stocks the resources in suppliers premises. 2. Vendor is solely responsible for the stock availability. 3. VMI focuses on collaboration and share information between trading partners. 4. It is termed as a model of family business.
Retail Managed Inventory (RMI)
1. Supplier stocks the resources in buyer’s premises.2. Retailer is solely responsible for the stock availability. 3. RMI always focused on improving forecasting. 4. It is termed as business model of business.
Value Chain Bankrolling: Strategy towards enhancing growth in Agriculture sec...IJMER
Value chain has been an important concept in management offering improvement over the
traditional supply or distribution chain, with an aim to optimize the chain and reduce it to limited links
with each one performing an activity to enhance the value of the product and not merely the cost. Further,
management of such value chain network should focus on cohesively taking the stake-holders along and
sharing / spreading the benefits among them, such that the network becomes symbiotic and sustainable,
and the process of value-addition & delivery gets ethical. The main objective of this research paper is to
highlight the key value chain activities in context to agricultural products and suggests the importance of
value chain financing which requires due attention from National and Regional level financing
corporations.
A study on the chain restaurants dynamic negotiation games of the optimizatio...ijcsit
In the era of meager profit, production costs often become an important factor affecting SMEs’ operating
conditions, and how to effectively reduce production costs has become an issue of in-depth consideration
for the business owners. Especially, the food and beverage (F&B) industry cannot accurately predict the
demand. It many cause demand forecast fall and excess or insufficient inventory pressure. Companies of
the F&B industry may be even unable to meet immediate customer needs. They are faced great challenges
in quick response and inventory pressure. This study carried out the product inventory model analysis of
the most recent year’s sales data of the fresh food materials for chain restaurants in a supply chain region
with raw material suppliers and demanders. Moreover, this study adopted the multi-agent dynamic strategy
game to establish the joint procurement decision model negotiation algorithm for analysis and verification
by simulation cases to achieve the design of dynamic negotiation optimization mechanism for the joint
procurement of food materials. Coupled with supply chain management 3C theory for food material
inventory management, we developed the optimization method for determining the order quantities of the
chain restaurants. For product demand forecast, we applied the commonality model, production and
delivery capacity model, and the model of consumption and replenishment based on market demand
changes in categorization and development. Moreover, with the existence of dependencies between product
demands as the demand forecast basis, we determined the appropriate inventory model accordingly.
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
Comparison and Supply Chain Optimization of Poultry Firm Using Mixed Integer and Linear Fractional Program
1. IOSR Journal of Mathematics (IOSR-JM)
e-ISSN: 2278-5728, p-ISSN: 2319-765X. Volume 11, Issue 1 Ver. 1 (Jan - Feb. 2015), PP 40-54
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/5728-11114054 www.iosrjournals.org 40 | Page
Comparison and Supply Chain Optimization of Poultry Firm
Using Mixed Integer and Linear Fractional Program
Mohammad K. Islam1
, Mohammed F. Uddin2
and Md. M. Alam3
1
Department of Mathematics, Tongi Government College, Gazipur, Bangladesh.
2
Department of Mathematics, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET)
3
Department of Mathematics, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology (DUET)
Abstract: In this study, we formulate mixed integer and linear fractional program for manufacturer and
retailer system of poultry firm in Bangladesh that is one of the most promising but unstable sectors in
Bangladesh. This paper maximizes the profit, minimizes the cost and finally estimates the optimum selling prices
of several the firms. In order to validate the model we have made a question survey on some main poultry firms
in the district of Mymensingh and Gazipur of Dhaka. We try to figure out the actual situation of the unstable
poultry market of Bangladesh. We have made a question survey on some poultry firm. From the survey, it has
observed that the selling price of eggs and chicken fluctuate depending on the natural calamities. The
formulated mixed integer linear fractional program model maximizes not only the ratio of return on investment
but also optimize location, transportation cost, and the investment. In order to comparison, a mixed integer
model has been derived for the same constraints. The formulated mixed integer and linear fractional program
has solved by branch and bound algorithm-using AMPL. These models determine the sites for manufacturer and
the best allocation for both the retailer and manufacturer. It has observed that the profit and selling price have
very good relationship with production cost and raw materials cost but no significant relation with fixed cost.
This leads to the case where the manufacturer has access to the complete information set that is required to
coordinate the supply chain, and, although each buyer has access to the manufacturer’s production rate, setup
and holding cost information, individual buyers do not have access to the manufacturer’s information set that
contains information on other buyers.
Keywords: Integer program, mixed integer program, Optimization, Poultry firm of Bangladesh.
I. Introduction
In the global competition market, the importance of SCM is increasing day to day. Maximize the profit
and minimize the cost are the main factors that play an important role in supply chain. Further, it is important to
make the model optimal for both consumer as well as manufacturer. In this paper, manufacturer-retailer multi-
product, multi-facility, and multi-customer location production problem is formulated as a MILFP which
maximizes the ratio of return on investment, and at the same time optimizes location, transportation cost, and
the investment. MIP model is also derived to determine the sites for manufacturer and the best allocation for
both the retailer and manufacturer. Using the suitable transformation of Charnes and Cooper (1962), the
formulated MILFP is solved by AMPL. Finally, a numerical example along with the sensitivity of production
cost, raw material cost and opening cost is considered to estimate the performance of the models.
Coordination among the members of supply chain is one of the vital issues to overcome the new
challenges of the comprehensive enterprise. Without coordination, a supply chain system could not be optimal
as a whole since each party always try to enhance his own profits only. That is why to ensure the optimal system
and to satisfy customer demands in today’s competitive markets; significant information needs to be shared
along the supply chain. And a high level of coordination between manufacturer’s and retailer’s decision making
is also required. The concept of Joint Economic Lot Sizing (JELS) has been introduced to filter traditional
methods for independent inventory control and to find a more profitable joint production and inventory policy.
Qin et al. (2007) have considered volume discounts and franchise fees as coordination mechanism in a system of
supply chain with single supplier and single buyer with price sensitive demand. Subsequently, they showed that
when demand is price sensitive, channel profits achieved by employing volume discounts and franchise fees is
larger than achieved by quantity discounts and franchise fees. Uddin and Sano (2010) developed an MIP based
vendor-buyer multiple products-consumers, facility selection problem with a price-sensitive linear demand
function. They assumed that by coordinated mechanism among the members of supply chain could achieve the
optimal solution and the optimal location for the warehouse. Consequently, Uddin and Sano explained an MIP
based a supply chain with a coordination mechanism consisting of a single vendor and buyer is considered.
Pourakbar et al. (2007) descried an integrated four-stage supply chain system, incorporating one supplier,
multiple producers, multiple distributors and multiple retailers. Then they determined the optimal order quantity
of each stage and shortage level of each stage to minimize the cost of the supply chain. Wu and Yen (2009) have
2. Comparison and Supply Chain Optimization of Poultry Firm using Mixed Integer and Linear …
DOI: 10.9790/5728-11114054 www.iosrjournals.org 41 | Page
provided some patch works to enhance the volubility of the integrated single-vendor single-buyer inventory
model. Uddin, Islam and Kazi (2013) deals with supply chain optimization and facility selection problem. They
describe supply chain consisting single vendor and buyer with deterministic demand function. Jokar and
Sajadieh (2009) have described a vendor–buyer integrated production inventory model considering Joint
Economic Lot Sizing (JELS) policy with price sensitive linear demand of the customer. Qi et al. (2004)
described supply chain coordination with demand disruption. In their model, the market demand function is
assumed to be a linear function of the retail price, Q = D-kp, where D is the maximum market demand, p is the
retail price, k is a coefficient of price sensitivity, and Q is the real demand under retail price p.
Akter and Uddin (2009) argue that as an important sub sector of livestock production, the poultry
industry in Bangladesh plays a vital role in economic growth and simultaneously creates numerous employment
opportunities. The poultry industry, as a fundamental part of animal production, is committed to supply the
nation which a cheap source of good quality nutritious animal protein in terms of meat and eggs. Islam, Uddin
and Alam (2014) analyze challenges and prospects of poultry industry in Bangladesh by using data collection
from some important poultry industry. Among these, Charnes and Cooper (1962) described a transformation
technique which transforms the LFP into equivalent linear program. This method is quite simple but need to
solve two transformed model to obtain the optimal solution.
The reminder of this paper is organized as, Data collection; Model formulation which describes the
concept of mixed integer linear fractional programming problem, notations, assumption, prerequisites and
finally the MIP model. Solution approach and the results of these models are discussed. Finally, the conclusions
and contributions of this study are discussed
II. Data Collection
For this study both primary and secondary data sources were used. This study, primary data was
collected by means of a questionnaire survey and interview with the poultry farmers in different poultry firms
Mymensingh, Kishorgonj, Gazipur and Manikgonj districts of Bangladesh. Questions were asked to know the
production cost and profit margin. In the first time the farmers had given their valuable data to complete the
study. A basic problem in any analysis of the poultry sector relates to the lack of reliable and adequate data on
use by type of feed and by category of poultry output, and on poultry population, disaggregated by scavenging
and commercial birds. The study is largely based on information from secondary sources such as agricultural
censuses and the FAO yearbook, different issues of statistical pocket book, Bangladesh bureau of statistics.
Such information is supplemented by primary data generated from field surveys. In particular, the data on the
current poultry production system, generated by the field surveys, have been used. Also, some data were
collected from a rapid market survey including a few key-informant interviews. The following information
collected from main poultry manufacturer and retailer in Mymensingh, Kishorgonj, Gazipur and Manikgonj
districts of Bangladesh.
Figure-1: Shows the study area.
Figure-1: Data collection area.
3. Comparison and Supply Chain Optimization of Poultry Firm using Mixed Integer and Linear …
DOI: 10.9790/5728-11114054 www.iosrjournals.org 42 | Page
This investigation is conducted in Mymensingh, Kishorgonj, Gazipur and Manikgonj districts.
Information collected from some poultry farmers and marketing actors involved in the sub sector organization in
the study areas. Hence, the investigation is limited spatially as well as temporally to make the study more
representatives in terms of wider range of commodity, area, and time horizon. Next comes the honesty of the
interviewees of the farms whose opinion and answers will affect my study tremendously. There is tendency of
not to disclose the actual information and figures in order to maintain the secrecy of the business. Another
limitation of this study is farmer’s or company’s production and marketing strategies and practices is very
confidential for any firm, for obvious reasons. So they don’t disclose all the information which may make this
report more authentic. And some major players of the industry denied disclosing the information and some
interviewers failed to answer the questions. I have over come all kind of constraints to collect actual data from
farmers, seller, consumer etc. by my personal capacity. Most of the farmers do not have any kind of training
about the poultry business. They depend mainly on raw material suppliers. The dominated parties do not share
the update situation of poultry business with small scale farmers. The price of poultry raw materials has
increased sharply in the international market. Very naturally, the production costs have also hiked up. The
farmers are not getting actual price, they are counting huge losses, as the production cost is high and selling
price is low. Due to Avian Influenza, the industry suffered losses of around 70 ($.) (As per Breeder’s
Association of Bangladesh). This was a huge loss for the producers and they did not get any sort of financial
help to mitigate it. Saidur Rahman Babu, General Secretary of BAB said that 60 percent of poultry farms and 70
percent hatcheries and breeding farms were closed due to bird flu attack in 2007-2008 periods.
The banks interest rate in this sector is very high which is on an average 12-14% per annum and real
effective interest rate is around 18-20% per annum. Moreover, lot of hidden charges and costs are associated in
this sector to avail the loan from the banking sector. Actually bank interest rate should be 10%.Moreover, NGOs
and also Grameen bank should play more active role to lower the interest rate for poultry sector under their
social business program so that rural people can be motivated.
The price of poultry raw materials has increased sharply in the international market. Very naturally, the
production costs have also hiked up. So the price of egg and chicken in the Bangladesh's local market has
already gone up by nearly 40 per cent over the last one and a half years, which affecting the low-income people.
The middle men or whole-seller do not participate in the purchase of products at any predetermined price, both
production and price risks are fully borne by the farmers. The farmers are not getting actual price. Therefore the
actual producers won’t get any benefit of the high price as they are oppressed by the middle men who suck the
profit. Since the last 8-10 months they are counting huge losses, as the production cost is high and selling price
is low. Moreover, the end users i.e. customer have to pay higher price.
Poultry industry facing crisis for political violence. Bangladesh Poultry Industries Coordination
Committee holds a press conference at the National Press Club on 11 December, 2013, Wednesday. The
country’s poultry industry has suffered losses of more than 50 core ($.) in last three months because of
escalating political turmoil, said sector leaders. Around 30% of farms were also closed during the period, they
claimed at a press conference in Dhaka. Bangladesh Poultry Industries Coordination Committee (BPICC), a
combined body of six major poultry associations in the country, organized it at the National Press Club. The
industry leaders urged the ruling party and the opposition to find an immediate solution to the current political
crisis so that the businesses could be run in a peaceful environment. Moshiur Rahman, convenor of BPICC,
said: “We are unable to bear losses caused by the on-going political unrest. Saidur Rahman Babu, secretary of
Breeders Association of Bangladesh (BAB), said: “Farmers had to sell day-old chicks at a rate of 0.17-0.22 ($.)
per chick while the production cost was 0.41 ($.).” “Broiler chickens were sold at 0.82-0.94 ($.) per kilogram at
farm level against the production cost of 1.29-1.41 ($.),” he added. Kazi Zahedul Hasan, managing director of
Kazi Farms Limited and senior vice-president of BAB, said continuous hartals and blockades have almost
stalled the supply of eggs.“There are thousands of eggs lying in our farms as supply becomes impossible due to
hartals and blockades.” Not only has that but the supply of poultry feeds to the farms also been disrupted as
political unrest continues, Kazi Zahedul Hasan added. He urged the parties concerned to keep vehicles carrying
eggs, chicks, chickens and feeds out of the enforcement of hartals and blockades. “We want security for our
professions and investments.” Taher Ahmed Siddiqui, president of the Egg Producers Association, said the
weekly production of eggs is around 10 core and 50 lakh eggs. He said they had suffered losses of 3.2 core ($.)
for failure to sell 30% of their total production and 4.3 core ($.) for selling at rates less than production costs.
Rafiqul Haque, secretary of the World’s Poultry Science Association- Bangladesh Branch (WPSA-BB), said the
industry has suffered losses of 11.5 core ($.) from commercial broiler poultry farming. He said: “The industry
suffered a loss of around 94 cores ($.) from 2007 to 2012 [for bird flu]. But the present disaster [from political
programmes] has caused a loss of 47 core ($.) within only three months.” Moshiur Rahman, convener of the
BPICC, said: “Some 15,000 tones of broiler chicken and around 3.15 core eggs are left unsold every week. The
breeders are forced to destroy around 30 lakh one-day-old chicks every week because of scarcity of feed and
transport facilities.” Moreover, the poultry sector leaders said they had to pay higher as transportation cost
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because of the blockades while many vehicles carrying chicks and feed had been vandalised or torched. As a
symbolic protest, the farmers gave away a number of chicks and smashed around 5,000 eggs on the street. They
warned that next time they would bring lakhs of chicks and release those in front of the residences of the prime
minister and the opposition leader.
In an innovative way to draw the attention of politicians, poultry farmers 27 December, 2013, Friday
held a protest rally in front of the Jatiya Press Club and brought in 25,000 chicks just a day old. With the sector
brought to its knees by hartals and blockades, the protestors were giving away chicks to people passing by
saying they could not feed the chicks anymore
Figure-2: Farmers protest against hartals and blockades.
The poultry sector is an example how political unrest in a country can bring its businesses to their
knees. The situation is so grave that poultry farmers do not worry about losses now, they are only struggling to
save the business from destruction. Around 5,000 farmers participated in a protest rally in the capital on that day
and brought nearly 25,000 day-old chicks with them. The farmers were so frustrated and helpless that they were
offering the chicks to passersby, for free. They cannot even keep their farms shut as production of eggs and
chicken involves a natural cycle. “Please take the chicks and feed them. We can't see them dying," a farmer was
telling a passerby at the rally in front of the National Press Club. As the supply chain was severely disrupted due
to the current political violence, the farmers are unable to sell eggs and chicken or store those.
They cannot even buy feed due to a cash crunch.
Table: 1 Parameters of the MILFP and MIP model
Parameters Locations of
the vendor
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Raw
Materials(units)
( 0.5, 30) (0.2 , 20) (0.5 , 30) (0.1 , 30) (0.1 , 20) (0.3 , 20) (0 .4,30)
TransCostRaw
(input)
( 0.1, 0.2) ( 0.2, 0.2) ( 0.1, 0.5) ( 0.1, 0.3) ( 0.1, 0.4) ( 0.2, 0.3) ( 0.1, 0.4)
Production cost (2.0, 120) (2.2, 125) (2.1, 130) (2.3, 120) (2.2, 130) (2.3, 120) (2.1, 125)
Holding cost (0.1, 1.2) (0.3, 1.2) (0.3, 1.4) (0.5, 1.4) (0.2, 1.3) (0.3, 1.5) (0.4, 1.3)
Shipping cost (0.1 1.3) (0.2,1.7) (0.3,1.6) (0.2, 1.5) (0.2, 1.5) (0.3, 1.4) (0.4, 1.2)
Capacity( in
hund.) units
(700,750) (750,800) (900,700) (700,850) (850,700) (900,600) (800,750)
Travel time units (10, 8) (10, 10) (12, 10) (15, 12) (10,10) (11, 12) (12, 10)
Required
Delivery time
(5, 7) (10, 10) (12, 8) (15, 20) (10, 10) (12, 12) (14, 10)
Obligatory
Delivery time
(5, 7) (10, 10) (12, 8) (15, 20) (10, 10) (12, 10) (10, 12)
Trans. cost (/unit
time)
(0.1, 1.7) (0.2, 1.4) (0.3, 1.5) (0.2, 1.2) (0.1, 1.5) (0.2, 1.6) (0.3, 1.5)
DelaydefiningFun (0, 0) (1, 0) (0, 0) (0, 0) (0, 0) (0, 1) (0, 0)
Amountrawneed
(in hund.)
(130,120) (120,180) (150,200) (100,100) (100,100) (130,1200) (150,140)
5. Comparison and Supply Chain Optimization of Poultry Firm using Mixed Integer and Linear …
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(Source: Field survey)
Figure: 3 Price comparison of egg between year 2011 and 2012.
We can see from fig.3, the prices of egg are in up and down from January to December that is the egg
markets are unstable in the whole year.
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, each person should take 56 kilogram of meat and
365 eggs every year. But in Bangladesh, per head intake of meat is only 11.27kg and egg 30 per year. As a
result, people suffer from malnutrition. Dobson and Quarder (2005) commented that the country’s pervasive
poverty may limit the number of people who can afford to consume chicken as suggested by the simple
relationship between per capita GDP and chicken consumption. If population growth continues at this rate,
protein deficiency will rise.
Over the past two and half decades, price of meat and egg have increased four times. However, huge
supply of poultry meat and egg helped keep the price at a relatively low level. During 1999-2000 and 2010-11,
the price of broiler chicken had been stable at around 1.4 ($.) per kg, while the price of beef and mutton
increased steadily which resulted in low relative price of chicken, which shows in Fig.4:
Source: Different Issues of Statistical Pocket Book, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.
Figure: 4 Trend the Prices of various meat in Bangladesh
III. Model Formulation
This work focuses on developing a MILFP and MIP programs to optimize the capacitated facility
location and buyer allocation decisions, and production quantities at these locations to satisfy customer
demands.
Mathematically the LFP problem can be represented as:
βxD
αxC
Z T
T
Subject to
0,: xBAxRxXx n
Where,
x is the set of decision variables of n×1
A is the constraint matrix of order m×n
C and D is the contribution coefficient vector of order n×1
B is the constant or resource vector of order m×1
α, ß are scalar, which determines some constant profit and cost respectively
n and m are the number of variables and constraints respectively.
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In this work, we used the Charnes and Coorper transformation technique. Charnes and Cooper (1962)
considered the LFP problem defined above and assumed that
1) The feasible region X is non–empty and bounded,
2) C x+ α and D x+ ß do not vanish simultaneously in X
Introducing the variable transformation y =t x, where t 0, Charnes and Cooper proved that LFP problem is
reduced to either of the following two equivalent linear programs.
(EQP) Maximize, tCyZ 1
Subject to
0,
1
0
ty
tDy
BtAy
And
(EQN) Maximize,
tCyZ 2
Subject to
0,
1
0
ty
tDy
BtAy
Notations and Assumptions
Notation for the multiproduct multicustomer and multi-facility vendor-buyer system
Index and Parameters
i Index for product, for all i=1, 2,……………….., m.
j Index for retailer, for all j=1, 2,………… .., n.
l Index for location of the manufacturer, for all l=1, 2,………… .., L.
sij The price of ith product to jth
retailer ($/unit).
α l The fixed cost for opening the manufacturer at location l ($).
ß Any positive scalar.
s1
i The price of unit raw materials for ith
product at lth
manufacturer ($/unit).
al
i The amount of raw materials need to produce ith product at lth
manufacturer ($/unit). .
t1
i Unit transportation cost of raw materials for ith product at lth
manufacturer ($/unit).
pl
ij The production cost of ith
product to jth
buyer at lth
manufacturer ($/unit).
h1
ij Unit holding cost of ith
product from lth
manufacturer to retailer j for some given unit of time ($/unit-
time).
ssl
ij The shipment cost of ith product from lth
manufacturer to jth
retailer ($/unit).
dij The total demands of ith
product by jth
retailer (unit).
wl
i The capacity for ith product at lth
manufacturer (unit).
tl
j The required time for delivery of products from lth
manufacturer to retailer j (unit).
t*l
j The time within which should be delivery from lth
manufacturer to retailer (unit).
p Penalty cost for delay in delivery for one unit of demand in one unit of time ($/unit).
s*l
j The transportation cost per unit product from lth
manufacturer to retailer j ($/unit).
c1i, b1i are any constant.
Penalty defining function
The function could be defined as
else0,
,t*tif1,
g
j
l
j
l
j
l
, where tl
j is the required time for delivery of products from lth
vendor to buyer j and t*l
j is the time within which should be delivery from lth
vendor to buyer.
Decision Variables
else0,
,lermanufacturtoassaignisjcustomerif1,
y j
l
else0,
used,isllocationif1,
xl
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Ql
ij= the production quantity of product i for retailer j at lth
manufacturer (unit).
Assumptions
1. Each manufacturing facility is able to produce all of the products.
2. The selling price for a product may vary from retailer to retailer depending on the discussions, order
3. sizes, discounts, historical relationships, etc.
4. The company and retailer have agreed beforehand on the inventory distribution pattern so the
5. shipping plans would be formulated accordingly.
Prerequisites of the Objective Function
Total return:
m
1i
n
1j
L
1l
ijij
l
sQZ1
Fixed opening cost:
L
1l
ll αxc1
Input cost: i
l
L
1l
m
1i
i
l
i
l
L
1l
m
1i
i
l
atasc
2
Production cost:
L
1l
n
1j
m
1i
ij
l
ij
l
pQc3
Shipment cost: ij
l
L
1l
n
1j
m
1i
ij
l
ssQc
4
Inventory holding cost:
L
1l
n
1j
m
1i
ij
l
ij
l
hQc 2/5
Penalty cost: j
l
j
l*
j
l
L
l
n
1j
j
l
ij g)tt(ydpc
6
Transportation cost:
L
1l
n
1j
j
l
j
l
stc *
7
Linear demand function: D (p) = sbc
l
i
l
i
l
i
*
For MILFP Model,
The objective function is:
2
1
Z
Z
Maximize (1.1)
Where,
Z1 is the total return
Z2 is the total investments (sum of C1 to C7) explained in previous subsection.
Subject to
j,dQ
m
1i
ij
L
1l
m
1i
ij
l
(1.2)
i,dQ
n
1j
ij
L
1l
n
j
ij
l
(1.3)
i,j,dQ ij
L
1l
ij
l
(1.4)
i,lwQ
n
1j
i
l
ij
l
(1.5)
l,xβQ l
n
1j
m
1i
ij
l
(1.6)
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j1,y
L
1l
j
l
(1.7)
sbc
l
i
l
i
l
i , i (1.8)
i,j,lbinaryare,yx0,,s,a,p,s,t*,t,t,ph,,ssw,,d,α,sQ j
l
li
l
i
ll
jj
l
j
l
i
l
ij
l
ij
l
ij
l
i
l
ijlijij
l
*
(1.9)
For MIP Model,
We formulated the equivalent mixed integer programming problem that estimate the total profit as well as
optimal allocation and distribution.
The objective function is: 21 ZZMaximize
Subject to
The set of constraints (1.2) to (1.9) described in the previous subsection.
IV. Solution Approach And Result Discussion
In order to solve the formulated MILFP, we need to apply suitable transformation. In this section, we
have applied the Charnes and Cooper transformation to solve the formulated MILFP as described in above
section.
For any nonnegative r the let the new decision could be redefined as follows:
,L1,........lnjmiand0rfor,rQz
,L1,........lnjand0rfor,ryz
1,.....,Lland0rfor,rxz
ij
l
ij
l
j
l
j
l
ll
,,....,1,,....,1
,,....,1
Since 0r , yl
j and xl are binary; as a result, zl and zl
j are become either zero or r. Further, since, Ql
ij is non
negative, consequently, zl
ij are also remaining non-negative. Therefore, MILFP can be reformulated into two
equivalent linear problems as follows:
(EQP) Maximize:
m
1i
n
1j
L
1l
ijij
l
Sz
Subject to
j,drz
m
1i
ij
L
1l
m
1i
ij
l
(1.10)
i,drz
n
1j
ij
L
1l
n
j
ij
l
(1.11)
i,j,drz ij
L
1l
ij
l
(1.12)
i,lwrz
n
1j
i
l
ij
l
(1.13)
l,z10000z l
n
1j
m
1i
ij
l
(1.14)
jr,z
L
1l
j
l
(1.15)
1strg)tt(zdphz
sszpzasratrαz
L
1l
n
1j
j
l
j
l
m
1i
j
l
j
l*
j
l
L
l
n
1j
j
l
ij
L
1l
n
1j
m
1i
ij
l
ij
l
ij
l
L
1l
n
1j
m
1i
ij
l
L
1l
n
1j
m
1i
ij
l
ij
l
i
l
L
1l
m
1i
i
l
i
l
L
1l
m
1i
i
l
L
1l
ll
*2/
(1.16)
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(EQN) Maximize:
m
1i
n
1j
L
1l
ijij
l
sz
Subject to
j,drz
m
1i
ij
L
1l
m
1i
ij
l
(1.17)
i,drz
n
1j
ij
L
1l
n
j
ij
l
(1.18)
i,j,drz ij
L
1l
ij
l
(1.19)
i,lwrz
n
1j
i
l
ij
l
(1.20)
l,z10000z l
n
1j
m
1i
ij
l
(1.21)
jr,z
L
1l
j
l
(1.22)
1strg)tt(zdphz
sszpzasratrαz
L
1l
n
1j
j
l
j
l
m
1i
j
l
j
l*
j
l
L
l
n
1j
j
l
ij
L
1l
n
1j
m
1i
ij
l
ij
l
ij
l
L
1l
n
1j
m
1i
ij
l
L
1l
n
1j
m
1i
ij
l
ij
l
i
l
L
1l
m
1i
i
l
i
l
L
1l
m
1i
i
l
L
1l
ll
*2/
(1.23)
i,j,lbinaryare,yx0,,s,a,p,s,t*,t,t,ph,,ssw,,d,α,sQ j
l
li
l
i
ll
jj
l
j
l
i
l
ij
l
ij
l
ij
l
i
l
ijlijij
l
*
(1.24)
For MIP model
In order to solve the formulated MIP model, let the new decision could be redefined as follows:
,L1,........lnjmifor,Qz
,L1,........lnjfor,yz
1,.....,Llfor,xz
ij
l
ij
l
j
l
j
l
ll
,,....,1,,....,1
,,....,1
Since yl
j and xl are binary; as a result, zl and zl
j are become either zero or 1. Further, since, Ql
ij is non negative,
consequently, zl
ij are also remaining non-negative. Therefore, MIP can be reformulated as follows:
Maximize:
L
1l
n
1j
j
l
j
l
j
l
j
l*
j
l
L
l
n
1j
j
l
ij
L
1l
n
1j
m
1i
ij
l
ij
l
ij
l
L
1l
n
1j
m
1i
ij
l
L
1l
n
1j
m
1i
ij
l
ij
l
m
1i
n
1j
L
1l
i
l
L
1l
m
1i
i
l
i
l
L
1l
m
1i
i
l
L
1l
llijij
l
stg)tt(ydphzssz
pzatasαxSz
*
2/
)(
(1.25)
Subject to
j,dz
m
1i
ij
L
1l
m
1i
ij
l
(1.26)
i,dz
n
1j
ij
L
1l
n
j
ij
l
(1.27)
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i,j,dz ij
L
1l
ij
l
(1.28)
i,lwz
n
1j
i
l
ij
l
(1.29)
l,z10000z l
n
1j
m
1i
ij
l
(1.30)
j,z
L
1l
j
l
1 (1.31)
1stg)tt(zdphz
sszpzasatαz
L
1l
n
1j
j
l
j
l
m
1i
j
l
j
l*
j
l
L
l
n
1j
j
l
ij
L
1l
n
1j
m
1i
ij
l
ij
l
ij
l
L
1l
n
1j
m
1i
ij
l
L
1l
n
1j
m
1i
ij
l
ij
l
i
l
L
1l
m
1i
i
l
i
l
L
1l
m
1i
i
l
L
1l
ll
*2/
(1.32)
In order to analyze the effectiveness of the proposed models, a numerical example has been considered.
It is assume that a vendor has 7 locations set, with 2 productions forecast for 2 buyers. The deterministic
demand of unit products for buyers are (1700, 1400) and (1800, 1400), penalty cost of per unit in ($.) products
for buyers are (0.10, 0.60) and (0.25, 0.40) respectively. Further, Table.1 describes additional information
regarding the parameters of the MILFP and MIP models.
Finally, in order to estimate the effect of the sensitivity of production cost, fixed opening cost and raw
material price parameter we employ sensitivity on these costs of different location. Fig. 5 and 6, it is clear that
MILFP provides optimal locations of the vendor for buyer-1 are 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6, whereas, MIP provides the
optimal locations of the vendor for buyer-1 are 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. The optimal locations are achieved both MILFP
and MIP models of the vendor for buyer-2 is 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. Therefore, from the distribution of different
products by MILFP and MIP models, it is apparently recommended that vendor-7 is not remained optimal for
the first case.
Figure: 5 Allocations for buyer-1 by (MIP) and (MILFP) models
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Figure: 6 Allocations for buyer-2 by (MIP) and (MILFP) models
Fig.7 and 8 describe the average demand of different products achieved by MILFP and MIP models for
buyer-1. By both MILFP and MIP models, the highest demand of the product for buyer-1 is product 1 which is
followed by product 2 as shown in Fig.7 and 8. The MILFP and MIP models satisfy the optimal demand of
buyer-1 by the manufactures located at the location points 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6. MILFP model illustrates that vendor
located at locations 5 is profitable for all two products. MIP model illustrates that locations 1 and 5 are
profitable for product 1 and locations 2 and 4 are profitable for product 2. Further, both MILFP and MIP models
describe that vendor-7 is not anyhow optimum for buyer-1 for all two products.
Fig.9 and 10 depict the average demand of different products obtained by MILFP and MIP models for
buyer-2. By MILFP model the maximum demand for the product of buyer-2 is product 2 which is followed by
product 1 as shown in Fig.9 and MIP models, the maximum demand for the product of buyer-2 is product 1
which is followed by product 2 as shown in Fig.10. The MILFP and MIP models perform the optimal demand of
buyer-2 by the manufactures located at the location points 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. MILFP model illustrates that all
vendor located is not profitable and can not satisfy the optimal demand of all two products. MIP model
illustrates that location 6 is profitable for all two products. Further, both MILFP and MIP models explain that
vendor-1 and 7 is not anyway profitable for buyer-2 for all the products.
Fig.11, 12 and 13 describes the sensitive of the production, raw material and fixed opening cost on the
total ratio of return on investment obtained different cases by the MILFP and MIP models. The proportion of the
return and investment obtained by both MILFP and MIP models are not differing much. In addition, all cases
the profit achieved by MILFP model is slightly higher than that of by MIP model as shown in Fig.11, 12 and 13.
The sensitivity of the production, raw material and fixed opening cost demonstrates that all the cases the
increment of the production cost decrease the profit by both MILFP and MIP models since this additional cost
increases the investment as well as cost. The production cost changes the profit more than the raw material cost
and fixed opening cost of the product and raw material cost changes the profit more than the fixed opening cost
of the product.
12. Comparison and Supply Chain Optimization of Poultry Firm using Mixed Integer and Linear …
DOI: 10.9790/5728-11114054 www.iosrjournals.org 51 | Page
Figure: 7 Demand of different products at different locations for buyer-1 by MILFP
Figure: 8 Demand of different products at different locations for buyer-1 by MIP
Figure: 9 Demand of different products at different locations for buyer-2 by MILFP
13. Comparison and Supply Chain Optimization of Poultry Firm using Mixed Integer and Linear …
DOI: 10.9790/5728-11114054 www.iosrjournals.org 52 | Page
Figure: 10 Demand of different products at different locations for buyer-2 by MIP
Figure: 11 Comparison between return and investment obtained by MILFP and MIP models, which effect of the
sensitivity analysis of production cost on profit.
Figure: 12 Comparison between return and investment obtained by MILFP and MIP models, which effect of the
sensitivity analysis of raw material cost on profit.
14. Comparison and Supply Chain Optimization of Poultry Firm using Mixed Integer and Linear …
DOI: 10.9790/5728-11114054 www.iosrjournals.org 53 | Page
Figure: 13 Comparison between return and investment obtained by MILFP and MIP models, which effect of the
sensitivity analysis of fixed opening cost on profit.
V. Conclusion
In this study, an MILFP based model is developed for the integrated supply chain network and using
the suitable transformation the model is solved by AMPL. The formulated model simultaneously maximizes the
ratio of return on investment. Further, in order to demonstrate the significance of MILFP model, an MIP based
model is also formulated. Some of the significance findings can be summarized as follows:
Firstly, the illustrated numerical example apparently shows that both MILFP and MIP are provides
very similar distribution pattern for the integrated multi-product, multi-facility, and multi-buyer location
production supply chain network, which is worthy to the developed MILFP model. Secondly, the optimums
locations of the warehouse are obtained by both of the models are very similar and reject the same location. The
optimal demands for different products by the buyer are almost analogous by both MILFP and MIP models. The
differences of the ratio of the return on investment achieved by the both models are less than 0.72%. Moreover,
from the sensitivity analysis of the production cost and raw material cost, it is concluded that production cost
and raw material cost is one of the momentous factors to increase and decrease the profit of a vendor. Further,
the production cost and raw material cost has negative influence on the total profit. Therefore, MILFP model
could be one of the relevant approaches in a logistic model which seeks to find the optimum manufacturer as
well as optimum distribution with profit maximization and cost minimization.
Acknowledgement
I would like express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor professor Dr. Md. Mohammed Alam
Department of Mathematics, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, Gazipur, Bangladesh, for
stimulating my interest in optimization and for the fruitful discussions, co-supervisor Dr. Mohammed Forhad
Uddin, Associate professor, Department of Mathematics, Bangladesh University of Engineering and
Technology , Bangladesh, for supervising me during the field research throughout the progress of my work. I
am also expresses my sincere thanks to all the stakeholders of the study area for providing information regarding
this paper. Specially I am also grateful to Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, Gazipur,
Bangladesh, for financial support.
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