This document discusses options for recycling revenue from carbon pricing and considers the trade-offs between household fairness, business competitiveness, economic growth, emissions reductions, and public acceptability. It analyzes six options for revenue recycling: transfers to households, reducing income taxes, investing in infrastructure, clean technology, reducing government debt, and supporting industry. Through modeling different scenarios, it finds that revenue recycling can address challenges from carbon pricing while supporting broader economic and environmental goals, but the best approach depends on each province's unique context. It recommends that governments use revenue recycling to address fairness and competitiveness, clearly define objectives, use a portfolio of approaches, and adjust priorities over time.
Supporting Carbon Pricing: complementary policies that work with carbon pricingAnnette Dubreuil
Canada’s Ecofiscal Commission’s latest report, Supporting Carbon Pricing: How to identify policies that genuinely complement an economy-wide carbon price, provides governments with a framework to identify these policies. In particular the report provides three rationales for when non-pricing policies are justified: they fill a gap in carbon pricing policies (gap-fillers), they boost the signal of the carbon price (signal-boosters), or they generate significant co-benefits (benefit-expanders).
In this webinar Jason Dion will go through the findings and recommendations of the report, and answer questions.
This document discusses options for recycling revenue from carbon pricing and considers the trade-offs between household fairness, business competitiveness, economic growth, emissions reductions, and public acceptability. It analyzes six options for revenue recycling: transfers to households, reducing income taxes, investing in infrastructure, clean technology, reducing government debt, and supporting industry. Through modeling different scenarios, it finds that revenue recycling can address challenges from carbon pricing while supporting broader economic and environmental goals, but the best approach depends on each province's unique context. It recommends that governments use revenue recycling to address fairness and competitiveness, clearly define objectives, use a portfolio of approaches, and adjust priorities over time.
Supporting Carbon Pricing: complementary policies that work with carbon pricingAnnette Dubreuil
Canada’s Ecofiscal Commission’s latest report, Supporting Carbon Pricing: How to identify policies that genuinely complement an economy-wide carbon price, provides governments with a framework to identify these policies. In particular the report provides three rationales for when non-pricing policies are justified: they fill a gap in carbon pricing policies (gap-fillers), they boost the signal of the carbon price (signal-boosters), or they generate significant co-benefits (benefit-expanders).
In this webinar Jason Dion will go through the findings and recommendations of the report, and answer questions.
Presented by Nicolai Zarganis, Head of Division, Danish Energy Authority, denmark, at the IEA DSM Programme workshop in Copenhagen, Denmark on 19 April 2006.
Designing carbon pricing instruments for ambitious climate policy, Andrew Pra...OECD Environment
The document discusses designing carbon pricing instruments to support ambitious climate policy. It notes that while carbon pricing is efficient and raises revenue, political constraints have limited its implementation. These constraints include concerns about competitiveness, household energy bills, dependence on fossil fuels, and policy misalignments. The document outlines strategies to overcome these barriers, including international price convergence, targeting exemptions, and realigning incentives. It also discusses levels of international cooperation on carbon pricing, from agreeing on principles to fully linking emissions trading systems. The discussion raises questions about how to help overcome political constraints and facilitate coordination on carbon pricing policies.
Session 1 yamaguchi oecd regional trade agreements and the environmentOECD Environment
The document discusses (1) the evolution and rationale of including environmental provisions in regional trade agreements, (2) challenges in implementing and measuring the effectiveness of such provisions, and (3) ensuring policy coherence across different agreement chapters. It notes an upward trend in substantive environmental provisions but limited understanding of their impacts, calling for improved monitoring, evaluation, and data collection to better understand the effects of regional trade agreements on the environment.
International Coordination on Carbon Pricing, Daniel Nachtigall – OECDOECD Environment
The document discusses opportunities for improving international coordination on carbon pricing schemes. Coordination can bring economic, environmental, and political benefits by enabling higher climate ambition. Various levels of coordination are presented, from facilitating new carbon pricing schemes to linking emission trading systems or establishing a carbon market club. Deeper coordination faces barriers but overcoming them could increase price coherence and cost-effectiveness of mitigation efforts.
Determining primary energy factors for electricityLeonardo ENERGY
This document outlines a framework for determining primary energy factors (PEFs) for electricity. It discusses using attributional vs consequential assessments and identifies key steps: selecting the assessment approach, clarifying the indicator, establishing system limits and time frames. It also outlines principles for PEF calculations in both attributional and consequential assessments, including allocating energy consumption and identifying relevant regulatory measures and marginal changes. Finally, it discusses applications of the framework and principles in EU energy directives for buildings, efficiency and ecodesign/labelling. The framework is intended to establish a consistent approach for determining and applying PEFs and conversion factors in an EU regulatory context.
Mary Veronica Tovsak Pleterski's power-point presentationtankesmedjanfores
The document summarizes key aspects of the future of the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) in Phase 3 from 2013-2020 and beyond. It outlines that the ETS will have a predictable, linear cap on emissions that declines each year. It will also expand to cover more industrial sectors and greenhouse gases. Auctioning will be the default method to allocate allowances, and free allocation will phase out for most industrial sectors by 2027. A common auction platform and oversight measures will help ensure integrity and prevent market abuse. International credits will be restricted to increase incentives for more ambitious domestic emissions reductions. The long term vision is for the ETS and other carbon markets to incentivize more countries and sectors to adopt cap and trade
Webinar - The US energy savings potential and who pays for itLeonardo ENERGY
Several recent studies use bottom-up models to assess the potential for energy efficiency (or avoided emissions from greenhouse gases) and the costs of implementing such energy efficiency measure, representing these two dimensions in an energy efficiency supply curve. However, energy savings estimates are generally overly optimistic suggesting that the costs to achieve the energy efficiency potential are very low.
We revisit the energy efficiency supply curve approach, developing a model that accounts for key uncertainties and different perspectives on how energy efficiency potential can be tackled.
This model provides efficiency potential savings and associated costs for the US residential sector
Yvon Slingenberg, Head of Unit B1- Implementation of ETS, DG CLIMA, European ...European Journalism Centre
The EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) is the largest multi-country greenhouse gas emissions trading system in the world. It aims to reduce emissions cost-effectively. The EU ETS covers around 50% of EU emissions and has led to a 13.7% reduction in emissions from 2005-2009. Revisions to the EU ETS starting in 2013 include a stricter cap, increased auctioning of allowances, and benchmarks to determine free allocation. The EU ETS is intended to work with other EU climate and energy policies and serve as a building block for a robust international carbon market through linking with other cap-and-trade systems. Addressing surplus emissions credits is needed to support carbon prices.
The UK Carbon Reduction Commitment (CRC) scheme will require large organizations in the UK that are not already covered by other emissions regulations to monitor and report their total energy usage and emissions. Organizations must purchase allowances to cover their total emissions at the start of each compliance year. Over the course of the year, organizations will calculate, monitor, and report their emissions, and surrender sufficient allowances by the end of July. The CRC scheme is scheduled to begin in April 2010 with a three-year introductory phase.
European Carbon Emissions Trading Schemedenise_clock
The European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) is the largest carbon emissions trading scheme in the world. It began in 2005 and was implemented in two phases. Phase one was ineffective due to the carbon allowances given to firms being too high and cheap, resulting in increased emissions. Phase two, beginning in 2008, saw stricter limits on emissions and higher carbon prices, creating more incentive for firms to actually reduce emissions. The ETS aims to combat the negative externalities of greenhouse gas emissions and global warming through a cap-and-trade system.
Billy Pizer, Sanford School of Public Policy and Nicholas Institute for Envir...Sustainable Prosperity
This document summarizes the key differences between state cap-and-trade programs and a federal carbon pricing program. It notes that state programs like California's and RGGI generate billions in annual revenue from auctioning emissions allowances. However, a federal carbon price could reduce revenues for state programs by meeting part of the overall carbon price. The document also cautions that a carbon tax may only qualify as "fiscal reform" if paired with broader tax changes, otherwise it risks being seen as just another tax.
On 15 October 2019, Jonas Teusch (OECD Centre for Tax Policy and Administration) discussed the key findings from the OECD publication, Taxing Energy Use 2019, which presents new and original data on energy and carbon taxes in OECD and G20 countries, and in international aviation and maritime transport.
Global energy consumption rose strongly in 2018 along with energy-related CO2 emissions, reaching a new all-time high. This is disconcerting, as meeting the goals of the Paris Agreement will require deep cuts in emissions. Taxing polluting sources of energy is an effective way to curb emissions that harm the planet and human health. Where do countries stand in deploying energy and carbon taxes to reach environmental and climate goals? How can governments step up efforts?
This document discusses the business case for implementing a carbon price. It summarizes that unchecked climate change poses a massive threat to the global economy, with potential GDP losses of over 20% by 2100. It also notes that many large businesses are already taking climate action and implementing internal carbon pricing. The benefits of an economy-wide carbon price are outlined as reducing emissions to levels beyond the US Paris Agreement targets, promoting fair competition by accounting for the costs of fossil fuels, spurring innovation and job growth in clean energy sectors. Examples of successful carbon pricing programs in other jurisdictions like RGGI, California, and British Columbia are provided.
OECD Green Talks Webinar: Carbon Pricing Trends - Measuring the MomentumOECDtax
Decarbonisation keeps climate change in check and contributes to cleaner air and water. Carbon pricing is a cost-effective means of reducing CO2 emissions, but countries are still not using this tool to its full potential to curb climate change. xperts from the OECD Centre for Tax Policy and Administration presented the key findings from their report on Effective Carbon Rates, which measures pricing of CO2-emissions from energy use in 42 OECD and G20 countries, covering 80% of world emissions, and provided a first appreciation of countries’ progress since 2012.
Canada’s Ecofiscal Commission’s latest report, Supporting Carbon Pricing: How to identify policies that genuinely complement an economy-wide carbon price, provides governments with a framework to identify these policies. In particular the report provides three rationales for when non-pricing policies are justified: they fill a gap in carbon pricing policies (gap-fillers), they boost the signal of the carbon price (signal-boosters), or they generate significant co-benefits (benefit-expanders).
In this webinar Jason Dion will go through the findings and recommendations of the report, and answer questions.
The document discusses carbon emissions trading as an EU environmental policy to control climate change. It provides background on the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS), which uses a cap-and-trade model to incentivize reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. The ETS allocates emissions allowances that can be traded, with the goal of decarbonizing the economy over the long term. However, the system has faced criticisms over weaknesses like over-allocation of quotas and lack of certainty about future rules.
Presented by Nicolai Zarganis, Head of Division, Danish Energy Authority, denmark, at the IEA DSM Programme workshop in Copenhagen, Denmark on 19 April 2006.
Designing carbon pricing instruments for ambitious climate policy, Andrew Pra...OECD Environment
The document discusses designing carbon pricing instruments to support ambitious climate policy. It notes that while carbon pricing is efficient and raises revenue, political constraints have limited its implementation. These constraints include concerns about competitiveness, household energy bills, dependence on fossil fuels, and policy misalignments. The document outlines strategies to overcome these barriers, including international price convergence, targeting exemptions, and realigning incentives. It also discusses levels of international cooperation on carbon pricing, from agreeing on principles to fully linking emissions trading systems. The discussion raises questions about how to help overcome political constraints and facilitate coordination on carbon pricing policies.
Session 1 yamaguchi oecd regional trade agreements and the environmentOECD Environment
The document discusses (1) the evolution and rationale of including environmental provisions in regional trade agreements, (2) challenges in implementing and measuring the effectiveness of such provisions, and (3) ensuring policy coherence across different agreement chapters. It notes an upward trend in substantive environmental provisions but limited understanding of their impacts, calling for improved monitoring, evaluation, and data collection to better understand the effects of regional trade agreements on the environment.
International Coordination on Carbon Pricing, Daniel Nachtigall – OECDOECD Environment
The document discusses opportunities for improving international coordination on carbon pricing schemes. Coordination can bring economic, environmental, and political benefits by enabling higher climate ambition. Various levels of coordination are presented, from facilitating new carbon pricing schemes to linking emission trading systems or establishing a carbon market club. Deeper coordination faces barriers but overcoming them could increase price coherence and cost-effectiveness of mitigation efforts.
Determining primary energy factors for electricityLeonardo ENERGY
This document outlines a framework for determining primary energy factors (PEFs) for electricity. It discusses using attributional vs consequential assessments and identifies key steps: selecting the assessment approach, clarifying the indicator, establishing system limits and time frames. It also outlines principles for PEF calculations in both attributional and consequential assessments, including allocating energy consumption and identifying relevant regulatory measures and marginal changes. Finally, it discusses applications of the framework and principles in EU energy directives for buildings, efficiency and ecodesign/labelling. The framework is intended to establish a consistent approach for determining and applying PEFs and conversion factors in an EU regulatory context.
Mary Veronica Tovsak Pleterski's power-point presentationtankesmedjanfores
The document summarizes key aspects of the future of the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) in Phase 3 from 2013-2020 and beyond. It outlines that the ETS will have a predictable, linear cap on emissions that declines each year. It will also expand to cover more industrial sectors and greenhouse gases. Auctioning will be the default method to allocate allowances, and free allocation will phase out for most industrial sectors by 2027. A common auction platform and oversight measures will help ensure integrity and prevent market abuse. International credits will be restricted to increase incentives for more ambitious domestic emissions reductions. The long term vision is for the ETS and other carbon markets to incentivize more countries and sectors to adopt cap and trade
Webinar - The US energy savings potential and who pays for itLeonardo ENERGY
Several recent studies use bottom-up models to assess the potential for energy efficiency (or avoided emissions from greenhouse gases) and the costs of implementing such energy efficiency measure, representing these two dimensions in an energy efficiency supply curve. However, energy savings estimates are generally overly optimistic suggesting that the costs to achieve the energy efficiency potential are very low.
We revisit the energy efficiency supply curve approach, developing a model that accounts for key uncertainties and different perspectives on how energy efficiency potential can be tackled.
This model provides efficiency potential savings and associated costs for the US residential sector
Yvon Slingenberg, Head of Unit B1- Implementation of ETS, DG CLIMA, European ...European Journalism Centre
The EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) is the largest multi-country greenhouse gas emissions trading system in the world. It aims to reduce emissions cost-effectively. The EU ETS covers around 50% of EU emissions and has led to a 13.7% reduction in emissions from 2005-2009. Revisions to the EU ETS starting in 2013 include a stricter cap, increased auctioning of allowances, and benchmarks to determine free allocation. The EU ETS is intended to work with other EU climate and energy policies and serve as a building block for a robust international carbon market through linking with other cap-and-trade systems. Addressing surplus emissions credits is needed to support carbon prices.
The UK Carbon Reduction Commitment (CRC) scheme will require large organizations in the UK that are not already covered by other emissions regulations to monitor and report their total energy usage and emissions. Organizations must purchase allowances to cover their total emissions at the start of each compliance year. Over the course of the year, organizations will calculate, monitor, and report their emissions, and surrender sufficient allowances by the end of July. The CRC scheme is scheduled to begin in April 2010 with a three-year introductory phase.
European Carbon Emissions Trading Schemedenise_clock
The European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) is the largest carbon emissions trading scheme in the world. It began in 2005 and was implemented in two phases. Phase one was ineffective due to the carbon allowances given to firms being too high and cheap, resulting in increased emissions. Phase two, beginning in 2008, saw stricter limits on emissions and higher carbon prices, creating more incentive for firms to actually reduce emissions. The ETS aims to combat the negative externalities of greenhouse gas emissions and global warming through a cap-and-trade system.
Billy Pizer, Sanford School of Public Policy and Nicholas Institute for Envir...Sustainable Prosperity
This document summarizes the key differences between state cap-and-trade programs and a federal carbon pricing program. It notes that state programs like California's and RGGI generate billions in annual revenue from auctioning emissions allowances. However, a federal carbon price could reduce revenues for state programs by meeting part of the overall carbon price. The document also cautions that a carbon tax may only qualify as "fiscal reform" if paired with broader tax changes, otherwise it risks being seen as just another tax.
On 15 October 2019, Jonas Teusch (OECD Centre for Tax Policy and Administration) discussed the key findings from the OECD publication, Taxing Energy Use 2019, which presents new and original data on energy and carbon taxes in OECD and G20 countries, and in international aviation and maritime transport.
Global energy consumption rose strongly in 2018 along with energy-related CO2 emissions, reaching a new all-time high. This is disconcerting, as meeting the goals of the Paris Agreement will require deep cuts in emissions. Taxing polluting sources of energy is an effective way to curb emissions that harm the planet and human health. Where do countries stand in deploying energy and carbon taxes to reach environmental and climate goals? How can governments step up efforts?
This document discusses the business case for implementing a carbon price. It summarizes that unchecked climate change poses a massive threat to the global economy, with potential GDP losses of over 20% by 2100. It also notes that many large businesses are already taking climate action and implementing internal carbon pricing. The benefits of an economy-wide carbon price are outlined as reducing emissions to levels beyond the US Paris Agreement targets, promoting fair competition by accounting for the costs of fossil fuels, spurring innovation and job growth in clean energy sectors. Examples of successful carbon pricing programs in other jurisdictions like RGGI, California, and British Columbia are provided.
OECD Green Talks Webinar: Carbon Pricing Trends - Measuring the MomentumOECDtax
Decarbonisation keeps climate change in check and contributes to cleaner air and water. Carbon pricing is a cost-effective means of reducing CO2 emissions, but countries are still not using this tool to its full potential to curb climate change. xperts from the OECD Centre for Tax Policy and Administration presented the key findings from their report on Effective Carbon Rates, which measures pricing of CO2-emissions from energy use in 42 OECD and G20 countries, covering 80% of world emissions, and provided a first appreciation of countries’ progress since 2012.
Canada’s Ecofiscal Commission’s latest report, Supporting Carbon Pricing: How to identify policies that genuinely complement an economy-wide carbon price, provides governments with a framework to identify these policies. In particular the report provides three rationales for when non-pricing policies are justified: they fill a gap in carbon pricing policies (gap-fillers), they boost the signal of the carbon price (signal-boosters), or they generate significant co-benefits (benefit-expanders).
In this webinar Jason Dion will go through the findings and recommendations of the report, and answer questions.
The document discusses carbon emissions trading as an EU environmental policy to control climate change. It provides background on the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS), which uses a cap-and-trade model to incentivize reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. The ETS allocates emissions allowances that can be traded, with the goal of decarbonizing the economy over the long term. However, the system has faced criticisms over weaknesses like over-allocation of quotas and lack of certainty about future rules.
The document discusses tax policy and climate change, including inputs from the IMF and OECD to the G20 Finance Track. It notes that finance ministers discussed for the first time the role of tax in climate policy based on reports from April and October. Most CO2 emissions have an effective carbon rate of below $30-60 per ton. Carbon taxes and emissions trading systems result in explicit carbon prices, while other instruments result in implicit carbon prices, and differences between countries could lead to issues that require dialogue to balance climate, trade, and economic objectives.
Selection of Fuel by Using Analytical Hierarchy ProcessIJERA Editor
Selection of fuel is a very important and critical decision one has to make. Various criteria are to be considered while selecting a fuel. Some of important criteria are Fuel Economy, Availability of fuel, Pollution from vehicle, Maintenance of the vehicle. Selection of best fuel is a complex situation. It needs a multi-criteria analysis. Earlier, the solution to the problem were found by applying classical numerical methods which took into account only technical and economic merits of the various alternatives. By applying multi-criteria tools, it is possible to obtain more realistic results. This paper gives a systematic analysis for selection of fuel by using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). This is a multi-criteria decision making process. By using AHP we can select the fuel by comparing various factors in a mathematical model. This is a scientific method to find out the best fuel by making pairwise comparisons.
This document discusses carbon pricing mechanisms such as carbon taxes and emissions trading schemes that could be implemented in Indonesia to help achieve its emissions reduction targets. It provides an overview of Indonesia's NDC commitments and potential funding sources for emissions reductions. The key carbon pricing options for Indonesia are analyzed, including examples of how carbon taxes have been implemented in various countries. Overall, the document analyzes the potential for Indonesia to adopt carbon pricing policies to accelerate climate change mitigation efforts.
Karsten Neuhoff. Head of the Department of Climate Policy of the German Institute for Economic Research (DIW).
Autumn Seminar 2015. Climate change: Implications for technological developments and industrial competitiveness.
Jornada organizada por FUNSEAM y la Cátedra de Energía de Orkestra-Instituto Vasco de Competitividad con la colaboración de Fundación Repsol.
4 de Noviembre de 2015. CAMPUS REPSOL. Madrid, España
An option for carbon pricing post-2020. Karsten Neuhoff. Responsable del departamento de política climática del DIW Berlín. Presentación enmarcada dentro de la Jornada "Climate Change Implications for technological developments and industrial competitiveness", organizada por Funseam conjuntamente con la Cátedra Orkestra de Energía con la colaboración de la Fundación Repsol. Madrid 04/11/2015
This presentation by Nicole ROSENBOOM, Principal, Oxera Consulting LLP, was made during the discussion “Out-of-Market Efficiencies in Competition Enforcement” held at the 141st meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 6 December 2023. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/omee.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
OECD analysis of the economics of climate change mitigationtankesmedjanfores
Achieving ambitious climate change mitigation requires adopting a cost-effective global policy mix centered around carbon pricing that broadly covers gases, sectors, and countries. This involves setting up emissions trading systems in many countries, linking these systems directly or indirectly, and developing a well-functioning credit mechanism. While emissions trading systems differ in costs and effects across countries, linking leads to price convergence though not all sectors may benefit, and credits can lower costs but require ensuring environmental integrity. Success requires attention to harmonization and regulatory cooperation to avoid ineffective, costly policies from limited coverage or barriers to a global carbon market.
Presentation by The Climate Trust's Executive Director, Sean Penrith, at the Northwest Legislators Carbon Policy Forum. Presentation includes: the basics of cap, tax and dividend; real world performance; Oregon's choices; and implications for the region and compliance with the Clean Power Plan.
This document discusses carbon emissions trading in the EU and alternatives like a carbon tax. It covers:
1) The EU Emissions Trading Scheme which creates a market for carbon allowances in an effort to reduce emissions cost-effectively. However, the scheme has faced criticisms like over-allocation of quotas and price volatility.
2) A potential alternative of a carbon tax which would directly price carbon and provide incentives for emission reductions, but faces challenges in agreement and measuring emissions accurately.
3) Key considerations in evaluating different policy approaches include their effectiveness in changing behavior, encouraging innovation, reducing emissions at lowest cost, and achieving global participation. Putting an accurate price on carbon is necessary but not sufficient.
Canada intergovernmental working group on carbon pricing and competitiveness,...OECD Environment
This document summarizes the work of the Canada intergovernmental working group on carbon pricing and competitiveness. It discusses the pan-Canadian framework on clean growth and climate change agreed to in 2016, which committed governments to reviewing the overall approach to carbon pricing by 2022. The working group is focused on identifying metrics to track competitiveness impacts, risks of carbon leakage for emissions-intensive industries, and best practices from other jurisdictions to address these issues through sector benchmarks and incentives while raising carbon prices over time. Studies show there has been little clear evidence of carbon leakage to date, as carbon costs are usually small compared to other production costs faced by firms.
Gonzalo Sáenz de Miera. Director of Energy Prospective de Iberdrola.
Autumn Seminar 2015. Climate change: Implications for technological developments and industrial competitiveness.
Jornada organizada por FUNSEAM y la Cátedra de Energía de Orkestra-Instituto Vasco de Competitividad con la colaboración de Fundación Repsol.
4 de Noviembre de 2015. CAMPUS REPSOL. Madrid, España
Presentación enmarcada dentro de la Jornada "Climate Change Implications for technological developments and industrial competitiveness", organizada por Funseam conjuntamente con la Cátedra Orkestra de Energía con la colaboración de la Fundación Repsol. Madrid 04/11/2015
Green budgeting: what and why? - Carlos Munoz, MexicoOECD Governance
This presentation was made by Carlos Munoz Pina, Mexico, at the Paris Collaborative on Green Budgeting Experts Workshop held at the OECD, Paris, on 20 June 2018
The document discusses carbon emission trading systems, specifically carbon taxes and cap-and-trade programs. It provides details on how each system works and compares their economic and environmental impacts. Cap-and-trade sets a limit on total emissions and allows trading of permits, ensuring the cap is met. Carbon taxes directly price emissions. Both aim to correct the market failure of greenhouse gas externalities. The document examines real-world examples from various countries and concludes that cap-and-trade is more effective at achieving environmental goals while providing flexibility for individual firms.
This document discusses the challenges of transitioning to alternative energy sources and reducing fossil fuel emissions. It makes three key points:
1) Fossil fuel usage continues to rise significantly despite progress in alternative energy, and alternative energy is not growing fast enough to keep up with increasing energy demand.
2) There are physical limits to how quickly new energy technologies can be deployed at scale. Governments need long-term, stable policy frameworks to encourage changes to energy systems over time.
3) A carbon price policy can drive the implementation of emissions reductions projects over time, while complementary policies are needed to support new technologies like carbon capture and storage through research, demonstration projects, and preparation for deployment. However, additional policies
The document discusses the impacts of a CO2 tax on the Italian economy using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. It provides background on climate change and historical air pollution. It then outlines the CGE modeling approach, which involves constructing an algebraic representation of the economy to analyze how a CO2 tax could affect macroeconomic variables in Italy and influence its ability to achieve its Kyoto Protocol target.
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Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
2. Two Questions
1. What is a practical way to compare the
stringency of different provincial systems?
2. What is a practical way to coordinate different
provincial systems?
3. A Quick Aside on Costs
1. What are “marginal abatement costs”?
2. Why are MACs different across provinces?
3. How does carbon pricing work?
4. 1. Marginal versus total.
2. Different “blocks” of abatement.
3. Blocks within blocks.
4. Smooth curve as a simple approximation.
The “MAC” Curve
5. A carbon tax sets
the price directly
A cap-and-trade
system sets the
quantity directly
The two policies are more similar than different.
How does carbon pricing work?
6. Five Stringency Metrics
1. The quantity of emissions reduced.
2. The marginal price of carbon.
3. Average carbon costs.
4. Coverage-weighted carbon price.
5. Trade-adjusted carbon price.
7. 1. The quantity of emissions reduced
Practical Problems?
1. Emissions data collected with long lags.
2. Relevant reductions are relative to counterfactual modeling.
3. Equal emissions reductions might be arbitrary: different trends.
4. Equal emissions reductions involve different costs in different provinces.
8. 2. The marginal price of carbon
Practical Problems?
1. It is an indirect measure of the ultimate objective (emissions reductions).
2. A high price could apply only narrowly low stringency.
10. Practical Problems?
1. Estimates require modeling the MAC curve and also emissions reductions.
2. Low average costs may simply reflect “revenue recycling” choices, but the
marginal price is what drives emissions reductions.
12. Practical Problems?
1. It is also an indirect measure of the ultimate objective (emissions reductions).
2. Low price might reflect permits purchased from another jurisdiction.
13. 5. Trade-adjusted carbon price
Trade–adjusted carbon price =
Price × covered emissions + net imported permits
total GHG emissions
Key Advantage
1. Easy to measure. Price observed directly; coverage easy to estimate; permit
trade easy to observe.
17. Two Competing Objectives:
1. Lowest economic cost equate prices across
provincial systems
2. Practicality flexibility as to how provinces
achieve (roughly) comparable stringency
18. A Simple Idea
Equating the trade-adjusted carbon price across
provinces provides a reasonable balance of these
two objectives.
Each province would have three dimensions of
flexibility:
1. Marginal price
2. Policy coverage
3. Use of permits
20. The Bottom Line?
1. Comparing stringency of different systems is
complicated.
2. There is no right metric – they all have their pros
and cons.
3. There is a practical metric for coordination.