China ETS pilot phase implementation: introduction of Beijing ETS - Tong Qing, Tsinghua University
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OECD-CEFIM Focus group discussion on incentivising participation in voluntary phase of ETS scheme and impact of carbon tax on ETS, 4 March 2021
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China ETS pilot phase implementation: introduction of Beijing ETS - Tong Qing, Tsinghua University
- 1. China ETS pilot phase implementation: Introduction on Beijing Emission Trading Scheme Tong Qing Tsinghua University 佟 庆 佟 庆 佟 庆 佟 庆 佟 庆
- 2. Scope & Coverage • GHG type: only CO2 • Threshold: 10,000 tCO2 5,000 tCO2 • Sectors: - Power and heat supply - Manufacture & other industries - Service • Scale: - 490 900 key emission entities • MRV: local guidelines, online direct reporting system 40 52 sub-industries 佟 庆 佟 庆 佟 庆 佟 庆 佟 庆
- 3. Commodities • Emission allowances: ① Direct energy emissions (combustion & raw material use) ② Indirect emissions from electricity consumption ③ Direct process emissions • Offsets: ① China Certified Emission Reductions (CCERs) ② Local offset mechanisms - Cap setting (5%) for the use of offsets giving priority to self actions 佟 庆 佟 庆 佟 庆 佟 庆 佟 庆
- 4. Hybrid method of BETS cap setting Calibration of allocation parameters Supply and demand analysis Energy Conservation statistics and carbon emissions reporting Allowance allocation to enterprises: cake cutting Grandfathering & updating: Existing entities Benchmarking New entrants Sectorial caps: multi-objective forecast CAP = f(GDP, industrial structure, energy conservation, carbon intensity) Planning and binding targets Top down Bottom up 佟 庆 佟 庆 佟 庆 佟 庆 佟 庆
- 5. 3 Types of free allocation methodology • For existing enterprises and institutions –Based on historical amount (grandfathering) –Based on historical intensity (updating) • For new emissions –Benchmarking 佟 庆 佟 庆 佟 庆 佟 庆 佟 庆
- 6. Benchmarking Allocation • For new emissions - New legal persons - New facilities of existing participant enterprises N = Q * B N: allowances for the new emissions Q: activity level corresponding to the new emissions, production / output value / building area B: industrial benchmark representing low emission intensity 佟 庆 佟 庆 佟 庆 佟 庆 佟 庆
- 7. Feature 1 • Indirect emissions from electricity consumption are counted into emissions reporting and allowances – Beijing’s consumer responsibility: More than 67% of Beijing’s electricity consumption is imported from power plants located in other provinces under the dispatch by North China Power Grid. – The coverage of indirect emissions from electricity consumption may also help to prevent carbon leakage from Beijing to surrounding provinces by increase the electricity import. 佟 庆 佟 庆 佟 庆 佟 庆 佟 庆
- 8. Feature 2 - After a relatively long time of sectoral restructuring, the service sectors has dominant share in Beijing’s GDP (>80%) - End-use energy consumption by industry peaked in 2010 - It is very challenging that very few neither international experience nor data could be referred End-use energy consumption by industry 2197 2335 2059 1999 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2009年 2010年 2011年 2012年 • BETS takes account into the service sectors 104tce 佟 庆 佟 庆 佟 庆 佟 庆 佟 庆
- 9. Feature 3 • Precondition of BETS: control on emissions amount – Decision by The Standing Committee of Beijing Municipal People's Congress in Dec. 2013 – Sectoral caps & Emission Control Factors for existing enterprises (institutions) are deduced through local binding targets for sectoral energy conservation (top down) – To avoid over allocation, supply & demand analysis based on Beijing’s energy conservation statistics and carbon emissions reporting system is carried out to verify the allocation methodology (bottom up) 佟 庆 佟 庆 佟 庆 佟 庆 佟 庆
- 10. Feature 4 - 52 industrial categories - 92 benchmarks (Advanced Industrial CO2 Emissions Intensities) • Local benchmarks for new entrants 序号 行业 子类 先进值单位 先进值 备注 1 啤酒行业 kgCO2/ kL 162.56 2 纸制品制造 kgCO2/万元 88.39 3 饮料制造 kgCO2/万元 110.06 4 非金属矿物制品业 非金属矿物品 kgCO2/万元 46.97 非金属材料 kgCO2/万元 261.77 5 高校和工程技术研发 类 理工及综合类 kgCO2/m2 33.42 文史财经师范及政法 类 kgCO2/m2 33.32 高职及专业院校类 kgCO2/m2 24.38 工程技术类 kgCO2/m2 46.94 6 金属制品业 kgCO2/万元 101.87 7 汽车、铁路零部件及 配件制造业 kgCO2/万元 10.22 8 汽车行业 普通轿车 kgCO2/辆 410.91 高级轿车及运动型 kgCO2/辆 1094.02 不含生产发动机，发动机生产碳排放强 度先进值为整车生产的18.46％ 中、重型载货车 kgCO2/辆 881.18 多功能车 kgCO2/辆 410.53 9 零售业、政府办公机 构 政府办公机构 kgCO2/m2 42.28 百货零售业 kgCO2/m2 79.24 超市零售业 kgCO2/m2 60.70 10 热力行业 kgCO2/GJ 62.11 11 银行业 kgCO2/m2 52.60 12 住宿餐饮业 住宿业 kgCO2/m2 49.05 餐饮业 kgCO2/m2 285.50 13 电力行业 供热 kgCO2/GJ 59.78 供电E级 <=0.3 kgCO2/MWh 368.30 供电E级 >0.3 kgCO2/MWh 341.15 供电F级 <=0.3 kgCO2/MWh 345.49 供电F级 >0.3 kgCO2/MWh 312.37 14 其他服务业 房地产业及商务服务 业 kgCO2/m2 29.13 文化体育 kgCO2/m2 57.88 15 电气机械和器材、计 算机、通信和其他电 子设备制造业 光电子器件及其他电 子器件制造 kgCO2/万元 267.93 电子元器件及组件制 造 kgCO2/万元 319.20 其他电子电气产品 kgCO2/万元 182.49 16 大型医院类 kgCO2/m2 73.47 17 信息传输业 通信行业 kgCO2/万元 137.93 其他企业 kgCO2/m2 55.46 18 食品制造业 kgCO2/万元 73.35 19 中成药生产 kgCO2/万元 131.95 20 西药制造业 kgCO2/万元 109.22 21 化学原料和化学制品 制造业 kgCO2/万元 569.31 22 农副食品加工业 kgCO2/万元 116.21 23 物业管理类 kgCO2/万元 484.73 佟 庆 佟 庆 佟 庆 佟 庆 佟 庆
- 11. Market status Deadline of surrender ￥94/tCO2 US$15 /tCO2 Price (RMB) Volume (kt) 佟 庆 佟 庆 佟 庆 佟 庆 佟 庆
- 12. Perspectives • Every emissions trading scheme in the world would pass through the approach of "learning by doing“ • No matter its future trading market booms or not, the BETS is a useful exploration in the field of developing countries’ actions on climate change • BETS will provide practical experiences for the construction of uniformed emissions trading scheme in China (currently only covering the power sector) and even in the world 佟 庆 佟 庆 佟 庆 佟 庆 佟 庆