Earthworms are one of the very diverse organisms in the environment. The abundance of the earthworms relates to the different land use, human activity, biotic and abiotic factors on nature. The diversity and abundance of earthworms was studied in different habitats; broadleaved forest, chirpine forest, residential area and agriculture land with the aim to understand the variation in earthworm species in those habitats. Between the altitude 650-1450masl. a total of 20 major plots and 100 sub-plots was made to assess the earthworm diversity in selectedhabitat. Physio-chemical analysis of soil was done to know the diversity, abundance and density of earthworms. The result of study does find two orders, five families and seven species of earthworms. They were Amynthasalexandri, Metaphirehoulleti, Perionyx excavatus, Aporrectodeacalciginosa, Dichogastersp., Pontoscolexcorethrurus and Darwidasp. Broadleaved had the highest diversity with Shannon index of 2.04 and the lowest diversity was found in chirpine forest with Shannon index of 1.6. The highest richness was in the broadleaved forest with index of 0.827. Amynthasalexandri was present in all the habitats and it had the highest relative abundance of 28.12%, relative density of 32.80 per m2 and frequency of 25%. The lowest relative density, abundance and frequency was found in Darwida sp. The analysis of variance showed thatthe NPK content in the soil has effect on the density of earthworm along the altitude. In lower altitude at 650 masl. The density of earthworms was more with a high amount of NPK in soil and in higher altitude at 1450masl. the decrease in NPK showed low earthworm density. Pearson correlation showed a positive correlation with soil Physico-chemical parameters and an abundance of earthworms.
This study used radio telemetry to track 37 male wood thrush birds over two breeding seasons in coastal Virginia. The researchers then collected data on prey availability and habitat structure within the birds' home ranges. They developed models to examine how prey availability and habitat structure related to the birds' space use patterns within their home ranges. The best model included both prey and habitat variables. Areas of high wood thrush use were associated with greater biomass of spiders and worms, which correlated with higher soil moisture. Bird use also related positively to forest canopy height and snag basal area, and negatively to red oak count and pine basal area. Evaluation of the models found that habitat structure variables explained more variation in bird space use than prey availability alone. This
This document discusses the role of network structure in community stability. It first notes that previous research found that nested network structures confer stability, but that species contributing most to nestedness are also more likely to go extinct. The document then outlines a plan to empirically evaluate these expectations using stability measures and analyses of nestedness contributions. It reviews different study designs and findings on pollinator responses to land use change. The goal is to map nestedness and extinction patterns worldwide to better understand what drives extinction order and how this relates to network structure.
Wild pollinators enhance fruit set of crops regardless of honey bee abundance. A study of 41 crop systems worldwide found universally positive associations between fruit set and wild insect visits, demonstrating the agricultural value of wild pollinators. In contrast, fruit set increased significantly with honey bee visits in only 14% of systems. Overall, wild insects were more effective pollinators as fruit set increased more with rising wild insect visitation rates compared to honey bees. The diversity and abundance of wild pollinators have declined in many agricultural landscapes, but the impacts of these declines on crop yields depends on whether wild insects or managed honey bees are more important pollinators for specific crops.
1) The study investigated the impact of altitude on soil macroinvertebrate diversity in three sites along an altitudinal gradient in Xitou Experimental Forest, Taiwan.
2) The results showed an increase in macroinvertebrate species abundance from the lowest site at 1150m to the mid-elevation site at 1450m, but a decrease at the highest site of 1800m, likely due to differences in soil composition, temperature, and human disturbance across the sites.
3) Limitations of the study included an inability to identify species taxonomically, limited equipment for chemical soil analysis, small study area, and constraints of a one-day observation period.
Article - Vegetation ecology of the Nooitgedacht section of Loskop Dam Nature...Sellina Nkosi
This study classified and mapped the vegetation of the Nooitgedacht section of Loskop Dam Nature Reserve in South Africa. Eleven plant communities were identified through classification of 170 vegetation plots. These communities include wetlands, riverine woodlands, grasslands, and represent both open and closed woodland areas. Species diversity was highest in plant communities 5 and 6. A vegetation map was produced showing the distribution of the plant communities across the study area.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This study examined potential mechanisms for fern species coexistence in Catlins forests of New Zealand. The study analyzed differences in environmental traits between sites characterized by different dominant tree types (gymnosperm or angiosperm), and differences in functional traits between common fern species. Results showed soil temperature varied significantly between sites, with higher temperatures under gymnosperm trees. However, other environmental traits did not differ between sites. Significant differences were found for several functional traits (specific leaf area, specific root length, pinnae thickness, water use efficiency) between fern species. This supports the hypothesis that functional trait diversity, rather than environmental heterogeneity, is the prevailing mechanism allowing coexistence of fern species in these forests.
This study used radio telemetry to track 37 male wood thrush birds over two breeding seasons in coastal Virginia. The researchers then collected data on prey availability and habitat structure within the birds' home ranges. They developed models to examine how prey availability and habitat structure related to the birds' space use patterns within their home ranges. The best model included both prey and habitat variables. Areas of high wood thrush use were associated with greater biomass of spiders and worms, which correlated with higher soil moisture. Bird use also related positively to forest canopy height and snag basal area, and negatively to red oak count and pine basal area. Evaluation of the models found that habitat structure variables explained more variation in bird space use than prey availability alone. This
This document discusses the role of network structure in community stability. It first notes that previous research found that nested network structures confer stability, but that species contributing most to nestedness are also more likely to go extinct. The document then outlines a plan to empirically evaluate these expectations using stability measures and analyses of nestedness contributions. It reviews different study designs and findings on pollinator responses to land use change. The goal is to map nestedness and extinction patterns worldwide to better understand what drives extinction order and how this relates to network structure.
Wild pollinators enhance fruit set of crops regardless of honey bee abundance. A study of 41 crop systems worldwide found universally positive associations between fruit set and wild insect visits, demonstrating the agricultural value of wild pollinators. In contrast, fruit set increased significantly with honey bee visits in only 14% of systems. Overall, wild insects were more effective pollinators as fruit set increased more with rising wild insect visitation rates compared to honey bees. The diversity and abundance of wild pollinators have declined in many agricultural landscapes, but the impacts of these declines on crop yields depends on whether wild insects or managed honey bees are more important pollinators for specific crops.
1) The study investigated the impact of altitude on soil macroinvertebrate diversity in three sites along an altitudinal gradient in Xitou Experimental Forest, Taiwan.
2) The results showed an increase in macroinvertebrate species abundance from the lowest site at 1150m to the mid-elevation site at 1450m, but a decrease at the highest site of 1800m, likely due to differences in soil composition, temperature, and human disturbance across the sites.
3) Limitations of the study included an inability to identify species taxonomically, limited equipment for chemical soil analysis, small study area, and constraints of a one-day observation period.
Article - Vegetation ecology of the Nooitgedacht section of Loskop Dam Nature...Sellina Nkosi
This study classified and mapped the vegetation of the Nooitgedacht section of Loskop Dam Nature Reserve in South Africa. Eleven plant communities were identified through classification of 170 vegetation plots. These communities include wetlands, riverine woodlands, grasslands, and represent both open and closed woodland areas. Species diversity was highest in plant communities 5 and 6. A vegetation map was produced showing the distribution of the plant communities across the study area.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This study examined potential mechanisms for fern species coexistence in Catlins forests of New Zealand. The study analyzed differences in environmental traits between sites characterized by different dominant tree types (gymnosperm or angiosperm), and differences in functional traits between common fern species. Results showed soil temperature varied significantly between sites, with higher temperatures under gymnosperm trees. However, other environmental traits did not differ between sites. Significant differences were found for several functional traits (specific leaf area, specific root length, pinnae thickness, water use efficiency) between fern species. This supports the hypothesis that functional trait diversity, rather than environmental heterogeneity, is the prevailing mechanism allowing coexistence of fern species in these forests.
Influence of seasonality and eucalyptus plantation types on the abundance and...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the influence of seasonality and different types of Eucalyptus plantations on the abundance and diversity of litter insects in Rwanda. The study found that the order Hymenoptera was generally the most abundant across seasons. Abundance and diversity varied between plantation types and was generally higher in some Eucalyptus species compared to the native Entandrophragma excelsum. Diversity was highest in the dry season and declined in the rainy seasons, indicating heavy rain negatively impacts litter insects. The variability in insects is attributed to changing habitat conditions across seasons and plantation types.
This document analyzes dispersal syndromes of vertebrate-dispersed plants across 135 forest communities in Brazil's Atlantic forest. It finds that endozoochory (vertebrate dispersal) increases in wetter forests, while ornithochory (bird dispersal) is more common at higher altitudes. Mastozoochory (mammal dispersal) and smaller fruit size are associated with warmer forests. This analysis provides the first assessment of large-scale trends in dispersal modes across a tropical forest region, supporting hypotheses about the effects of moisture, elevation, and temperature on the relative importance of different dispersal agents.
Bacteria and Fungi Population of Surface Soils under Various Land Use Types i...BRNSS Publication Hub
This document summarizes a study on bacteria and fungi populations in surface soils under different land use types in Minna, Nigeria. Soil samples were taken from three depths (0-5cm, 5-10cm, 10-15cm) under fallow land, Gmelina plantation, and Teak plantation. Bacterial and fungal counts were highest in Gmelina soils and lowest in Teak soils, with the 0-5cm depth having the highest counts. Microbial populations correlated positively with organic content and negatively with pH. Gmelina vegetation generally produced the highest microbial populations, followed by fallow land and Teak plantation.
This document summarizes a study on the initial effects of afforestation with sitka spruce on ground beetle assemblages in Irish grasslands and peatlands. The study used data collected from pitfall traps set in unplanted sites and similar sites after afforestation. It found that afforestation initially causes a large drop in beetle species richness in improved grasslands. Rare species disappeared or declined in peatlands after planting. Wet grasslands were less negatively impacted than improved grasslands, though one rare species declined. Peatlands supported the rarest species, which were lost after afforestation. The study concludes afforestation efforts would be best focused on improved and wet grasslands to avoid negatively impacting
This document summarizes a scientific study that analyzed plant species abundance and diversity in a grassland ecosystem in Iligan City, Philippines. Quadrats and transect lines were used to sample vegetation and record data on species area curves, cover estimates, density, and diversity. Results showed species richness increased with area. One species, Species A, dominated the area based on cover and density estimates. The species richness was 4 and Simpson's Diversity Index value was 0.4025, indicating diverse plant species in the grassland.
This document summarizes a study that used plot sampling and transect sampling methods to analyze a grassland ecosystem. Quadrat and transect line techniques were used to determine species density, cover estimates, and a species-area curve. Results showed that more species were found as area examined increased, up to a point. Species A dominated all cover estimation methods and had the highest density, dominance, and importance value, indicating it was the keystone species. The diversity index value implied the species in the grassland were diverse. Plot and transect sampling methods provided data about this grassland community.
This research paper examines how plant species richness varies along a subtropical elevation gradient in eastern Nepal. The study analyzes species richness data from 1500 to 100 meters above sea level, divided into 15 100-meter elevation bands. Species were counted in standardized plots and assigned to different life forms, including trees, shrubs, climbers, herbs and ferns. Climate variables like potential evapotranspiration and mean annual rainfall were analyzed to explain variations in species richness of different life forms along the elevation gradient. The results found relationships between climate variables and species richness for woody life forms but not for herbaceous life forms. A water-energy dynamics model was found to explain 63-70% of the variation in species richness for
This study sought to determine if patterns of microbial diversity in canopy soil patches are consistent with patterns of diversity on islands as described by island biogeography theory. The researcher collected soil samples from the ground and canopy of trees in a Costa Rican cloud forest. Microbial morphospecies were identified and diversity metrics were calculated and compared between ground and canopy soil. Canopy soil had significantly lower species richness than ground soil, supporting the idea that canopy patches limit microbial diversity. However, other diversity patterns did not fully match island biogeography predictions, and ground-canopy microbial communities were more similar than expected. This suggests that movement between ground and canopy may not form as strong a barrier to microbial dispersal as the theory predicts.
Autecology of Impatients parviflora DC. in natural forest communitiesEdytaSierka
Chmura D., Sierka E., Orczewska A. (2007). Autecology of Impatients parviflora DC. in natural forest communities. Botanika - Stecina 11, 17-21., 2007
In three neighbouring regions situated in southern Poland, differing in land use, soils, and type of forest vegetation, autecological studies on one of the most invasive alien species of the country, small balsam Impatients parviflora, were conducted. The habitat requirements of I. parviflora were estimated in 139 permanent plots, randomly distributed in various forest communities and varying in the abundance of the examined species. The forest stands were located either in nature reserves (Kraków-Częstochowa Uppland, Silesian Upland) or in old growth forests (Głubczyce Plateau). The physical and chemical properties of soiils (soil reaction, mineral and granulometric composition of substratum), litter depth, slope, and aspect were gathered and showed on ecodiagrams. The study shows that small balsam is a species with a wide ecological amplitude, what probably contributes to its invasiveness and enables success in colonizing and persisting in forest ground vegetation.
Termite (isoptera) assemblages in rufiji district tanzaniaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on termite assemblages under different land uses in Rufiji District, Tanzania. The study investigated termite abundance, feeding groups, and species richness in cropland, grassland, and forest areas. Standardized transect sampling was used to collect termites from the different habitats. Termites were identified based on feeding preferences and allocated to feeding groups. Statistical analysis found no significant differences in feeding group distributions across habitats, though human activities were found to influence termite variations to some degree. The results provide baseline data on termite feeding groups that can inform future research in the district.
Seminário 4 egerton-warburton_et_al-2000-ecological_applications_mycorrhiza (2)Carlos Alberto Monteiro
This document summarizes a study that evaluated shifts in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal communities along an anthropogenic nitrogen deposition gradient in coastal sage scrub vegetation in southern California. The researchers found that increasing nitrogen input was associated with displacement of larger-spored AM fungi species by proliferation of small-spored Glomus species. There was also a reduction in AM species richness and diversity, as well as decreases in spore abundance, root infection, and changes in spore production timing in more nitrogen-enriched sites. A fertilization experiment yielded similar results, indicating that nitrogen input likely explains the relationship between pollution and shifts in the AM communities.
This document summarizes a scientific paper that studied methods of vegetation analysis in a grassland ecosystem using plot and transect sampling techniques. The study found that as the sampled area increases, the number of plant species also increases, following a species-area curve. One species, Species A, was found to dominate the area based on higher values for density, dominance, and frequency compared to other species. The diversity of species in the area was calculated to be moderately diverse using Simpson's and Shannon-Wiener indices. The study demonstrated how plot and transect sampling can be used to analyze factors like species richness, cover estimation, zonation, and density in a grassland ecosystem.
1) There was a positive relationship between local and regional plant species richness in tallgrass prairie, but this relationship varied with grazing, topography, and fire frequency.
2) Experimental removal of the dominant grass Andropogon scoparius resulted in a significant increase in local species richness compared to reference plots.
3) Overall species richness was higher in grazed areas compared to ungrazed areas, but grazing did not significantly affect the relationship between number of sites occupied and average abundance across the landscape.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This study measured soil penetration resistance (PR) and soil moisture in 10 citrus orchards in Vietnam with different ages over one year. The results showed that PR increased with the age of the raised beds and varied seasonally with changes in soil moisture. PR was more strongly correlated with volumetric water content than water potential (pF values). Bulk density of the subsoil layers increased significantly with the age of the raised beds, indicating greater compaction over time. The PR and soil moisture data provided insights into soil structure and compaction that could help minimize degradation in the orchards.
Base Line Data of Diversity of Family-Carabidae in pench Tiger Reserve (East)...dbpublications
Present study was conducted during the year 2012 - 2014 dealing with the exploration of beetle diversity from Pench Tiger Reserve (PTR), M. S. This is the first base line data created for PTR. Beetles were collected by routine methods, later identified up to species with standard key characters. Carabids are environmental indicators and their status affects ecological function. Twelve species of family –Carabidae are reported under nine genera belonging to seven sub- families. These sub-families are Licininae, Paussinae, Harpalinae, Scaritinae , Siagoninae, Anthiinae
and Panagaeinae and the species are Brachinus, Pheropsophus, Chlaenius, C. tricolor, C. velutinus, C. bioculatus, C. scapularis, Scarites, Eudema tomentosus, Siagona, Anthia sexguttata, and Pterostichus.
THE EFFECTS OF CLEARCUT SIZE ON THE BIRD COMMUNITY IN THE SECOND COLLEGE GRANTjoshmooney
Abstract. This study examines the effects of forest opening (clearcut) size on the surrounding forest-bird community with the objective of offering management suggestions for foresters who employ the clearcut method. I hypothesized that large and small clearcuts would have different effects on the forest-bird assemblage associated with each. I used the point-count method to assess bird abundance in clearcuts, on the edges, and 100 m into the forest from the edges of large and small clearcuts. I found that Neotropical migrant birds and forest-interior birds were the most affected by large clearcuts showing significantly lower abundance in forest areas 100 m from large clearcut edges than in forest areas 100 m from small clearcuts. Edge-open birds were more abundant in large clearcut openings and edges than in small clearcut openings and edges. Blue jays (an avian nest predator) were more abundant on the edges of large clearcuts than on the edges of small clearcuts. A recent study found that forest-interior bird abundance levels off after 100 m distance from small (0.4 ha) forest openings. This result combined with my findings suggest that small openings in the Second College Grant represent less of a disturbance to Neotropical migrants and forest-interior birds. Additionally, given higher abundances of an avian nest predator in large clearcuts, reproductive success could be much lower in areas associated with large clearcuts. Some species such as the White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis), however preferred large clearcuts suggesting that there are some benefits to overall bird abundance by including large clearcuts in a managed landscape.
Influence of Row Covers on Soil Loss & Plant Growth in White Cabbage Cultivation; Gardening Guidebook for Stuttgart, Germany ~ University of Hohenheim~ For more information, Please see websites below:
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Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
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Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
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City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
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Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
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- The study quantified predation along an urbanization gradient in Denmark using artificial caterpillars that could be identified by marks left by predators.
- In forest habitats, chewing insects exerted the greatest predation pressure (52.1%), while ants and mammals had lower rates. In suburban forests, mammals had the highest rate of predation (22.2%). In urban forests, ants and chewing insects had similar predation rates of 16.4%.
- Predation rates varied seasonally, with chewing insects increasing from spring to autumn in forests, mammals highest in summer in suburban forests, and ants highest in spring in urban forests. Overall, caterpillars were more likely to survive in urban and suburban areas compared
This document discusses the high sensitivity of Chinese red clay soils to drought. It analyzes the water retention properties of red clay soils from Hunan province, China and compares them to clay soils from other parts of the world. The results show that the amount of water available between water potentials of -330 and -15,000 hPa in the Chinese red clay soils is consistent with other clay soils worldwide. However, the proportion of poorly available water between -3,300 and -15,000 hPa is much higher in the Chinese red clay soils. This poor water availability is thought to be related to the history of the parent materials, which were continental sediments that may have experienced great hydric stress, leading to strongly consolidated soils
Termite Mounds’ Diversity and Distribution: A Study at Jnanabharathi, Bangalo...AI Publications
Termites work together to modify their surroundings, which in turn influences their behaviour, leading to the building of termite mounds. The study was designed to assess diversity of termite mounds present in the Bangalore University Campus, Bengaluru, India. Observations were made on the occurrence, abundance, evenness and richness of the termite mounds. Mounds were surveyed by field survey and photographic interpretation method during July 2021 to June 2022. Totally 119 mounds were found, out of which 18 are ground level mounds, 42 small mounds, 37 medium mounds and 22 tall mounds. To test its effectiveness and to know about the influence of the mounds on the ecological well-being, termite mounds were identified, compared and interpreted using google earth map and the results were statistically verified.
Influence of seasonality and eucalyptus plantation types on the abundance and...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the influence of seasonality and different types of Eucalyptus plantations on the abundance and diversity of litter insects in Rwanda. The study found that the order Hymenoptera was generally the most abundant across seasons. Abundance and diversity varied between plantation types and was generally higher in some Eucalyptus species compared to the native Entandrophragma excelsum. Diversity was highest in the dry season and declined in the rainy seasons, indicating heavy rain negatively impacts litter insects. The variability in insects is attributed to changing habitat conditions across seasons and plantation types.
This document analyzes dispersal syndromes of vertebrate-dispersed plants across 135 forest communities in Brazil's Atlantic forest. It finds that endozoochory (vertebrate dispersal) increases in wetter forests, while ornithochory (bird dispersal) is more common at higher altitudes. Mastozoochory (mammal dispersal) and smaller fruit size are associated with warmer forests. This analysis provides the first assessment of large-scale trends in dispersal modes across a tropical forest region, supporting hypotheses about the effects of moisture, elevation, and temperature on the relative importance of different dispersal agents.
Bacteria and Fungi Population of Surface Soils under Various Land Use Types i...BRNSS Publication Hub
This document summarizes a study on bacteria and fungi populations in surface soils under different land use types in Minna, Nigeria. Soil samples were taken from three depths (0-5cm, 5-10cm, 10-15cm) under fallow land, Gmelina plantation, and Teak plantation. Bacterial and fungal counts were highest in Gmelina soils and lowest in Teak soils, with the 0-5cm depth having the highest counts. Microbial populations correlated positively with organic content and negatively with pH. Gmelina vegetation generally produced the highest microbial populations, followed by fallow land and Teak plantation.
This document summarizes a study on the initial effects of afforestation with sitka spruce on ground beetle assemblages in Irish grasslands and peatlands. The study used data collected from pitfall traps set in unplanted sites and similar sites after afforestation. It found that afforestation initially causes a large drop in beetle species richness in improved grasslands. Rare species disappeared or declined in peatlands after planting. Wet grasslands were less negatively impacted than improved grasslands, though one rare species declined. Peatlands supported the rarest species, which were lost after afforestation. The study concludes afforestation efforts would be best focused on improved and wet grasslands to avoid negatively impacting
This document summarizes a scientific study that analyzed plant species abundance and diversity in a grassland ecosystem in Iligan City, Philippines. Quadrats and transect lines were used to sample vegetation and record data on species area curves, cover estimates, density, and diversity. Results showed species richness increased with area. One species, Species A, dominated the area based on cover and density estimates. The species richness was 4 and Simpson's Diversity Index value was 0.4025, indicating diverse plant species in the grassland.
This document summarizes a study that used plot sampling and transect sampling methods to analyze a grassland ecosystem. Quadrat and transect line techniques were used to determine species density, cover estimates, and a species-area curve. Results showed that more species were found as area examined increased, up to a point. Species A dominated all cover estimation methods and had the highest density, dominance, and importance value, indicating it was the keystone species. The diversity index value implied the species in the grassland were diverse. Plot and transect sampling methods provided data about this grassland community.
This research paper examines how plant species richness varies along a subtropical elevation gradient in eastern Nepal. The study analyzes species richness data from 1500 to 100 meters above sea level, divided into 15 100-meter elevation bands. Species were counted in standardized plots and assigned to different life forms, including trees, shrubs, climbers, herbs and ferns. Climate variables like potential evapotranspiration and mean annual rainfall were analyzed to explain variations in species richness of different life forms along the elevation gradient. The results found relationships between climate variables and species richness for woody life forms but not for herbaceous life forms. A water-energy dynamics model was found to explain 63-70% of the variation in species richness for
This study sought to determine if patterns of microbial diversity in canopy soil patches are consistent with patterns of diversity on islands as described by island biogeography theory. The researcher collected soil samples from the ground and canopy of trees in a Costa Rican cloud forest. Microbial morphospecies were identified and diversity metrics were calculated and compared between ground and canopy soil. Canopy soil had significantly lower species richness than ground soil, supporting the idea that canopy patches limit microbial diversity. However, other diversity patterns did not fully match island biogeography predictions, and ground-canopy microbial communities were more similar than expected. This suggests that movement between ground and canopy may not form as strong a barrier to microbial dispersal as the theory predicts.
Autecology of Impatients parviflora DC. in natural forest communitiesEdytaSierka
Chmura D., Sierka E., Orczewska A. (2007). Autecology of Impatients parviflora DC. in natural forest communities. Botanika - Stecina 11, 17-21., 2007
In three neighbouring regions situated in southern Poland, differing in land use, soils, and type of forest vegetation, autecological studies on one of the most invasive alien species of the country, small balsam Impatients parviflora, were conducted. The habitat requirements of I. parviflora were estimated in 139 permanent plots, randomly distributed in various forest communities and varying in the abundance of the examined species. The forest stands were located either in nature reserves (Kraków-Częstochowa Uppland, Silesian Upland) or in old growth forests (Głubczyce Plateau). The physical and chemical properties of soiils (soil reaction, mineral and granulometric composition of substratum), litter depth, slope, and aspect were gathered and showed on ecodiagrams. The study shows that small balsam is a species with a wide ecological amplitude, what probably contributes to its invasiveness and enables success in colonizing and persisting in forest ground vegetation.
Termite (isoptera) assemblages in rufiji district tanzaniaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on termite assemblages under different land uses in Rufiji District, Tanzania. The study investigated termite abundance, feeding groups, and species richness in cropland, grassland, and forest areas. Standardized transect sampling was used to collect termites from the different habitats. Termites were identified based on feeding preferences and allocated to feeding groups. Statistical analysis found no significant differences in feeding group distributions across habitats, though human activities were found to influence termite variations to some degree. The results provide baseline data on termite feeding groups that can inform future research in the district.
Seminário 4 egerton-warburton_et_al-2000-ecological_applications_mycorrhiza (2)Carlos Alberto Monteiro
This document summarizes a study that evaluated shifts in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal communities along an anthropogenic nitrogen deposition gradient in coastal sage scrub vegetation in southern California. The researchers found that increasing nitrogen input was associated with displacement of larger-spored AM fungi species by proliferation of small-spored Glomus species. There was also a reduction in AM species richness and diversity, as well as decreases in spore abundance, root infection, and changes in spore production timing in more nitrogen-enriched sites. A fertilization experiment yielded similar results, indicating that nitrogen input likely explains the relationship between pollution and shifts in the AM communities.
This document summarizes a scientific paper that studied methods of vegetation analysis in a grassland ecosystem using plot and transect sampling techniques. The study found that as the sampled area increases, the number of plant species also increases, following a species-area curve. One species, Species A, was found to dominate the area based on higher values for density, dominance, and frequency compared to other species. The diversity of species in the area was calculated to be moderately diverse using Simpson's and Shannon-Wiener indices. The study demonstrated how plot and transect sampling can be used to analyze factors like species richness, cover estimation, zonation, and density in a grassland ecosystem.
1) There was a positive relationship between local and regional plant species richness in tallgrass prairie, but this relationship varied with grazing, topography, and fire frequency.
2) Experimental removal of the dominant grass Andropogon scoparius resulted in a significant increase in local species richness compared to reference plots.
3) Overall species richness was higher in grazed areas compared to ungrazed areas, but grazing did not significantly affect the relationship between number of sites occupied and average abundance across the landscape.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This study measured soil penetration resistance (PR) and soil moisture in 10 citrus orchards in Vietnam with different ages over one year. The results showed that PR increased with the age of the raised beds and varied seasonally with changes in soil moisture. PR was more strongly correlated with volumetric water content than water potential (pF values). Bulk density of the subsoil layers increased significantly with the age of the raised beds, indicating greater compaction over time. The PR and soil moisture data provided insights into soil structure and compaction that could help minimize degradation in the orchards.
Base Line Data of Diversity of Family-Carabidae in pench Tiger Reserve (East)...dbpublications
Present study was conducted during the year 2012 - 2014 dealing with the exploration of beetle diversity from Pench Tiger Reserve (PTR), M. S. This is the first base line data created for PTR. Beetles were collected by routine methods, later identified up to species with standard key characters. Carabids are environmental indicators and their status affects ecological function. Twelve species of family –Carabidae are reported under nine genera belonging to seven sub- families. These sub-families are Licininae, Paussinae, Harpalinae, Scaritinae , Siagoninae, Anthiinae
and Panagaeinae and the species are Brachinus, Pheropsophus, Chlaenius, C. tricolor, C. velutinus, C. bioculatus, C. scapularis, Scarites, Eudema tomentosus, Siagona, Anthia sexguttata, and Pterostichus.
THE EFFECTS OF CLEARCUT SIZE ON THE BIRD COMMUNITY IN THE SECOND COLLEGE GRANTjoshmooney
Abstract. This study examines the effects of forest opening (clearcut) size on the surrounding forest-bird community with the objective of offering management suggestions for foresters who employ the clearcut method. I hypothesized that large and small clearcuts would have different effects on the forest-bird assemblage associated with each. I used the point-count method to assess bird abundance in clearcuts, on the edges, and 100 m into the forest from the edges of large and small clearcuts. I found that Neotropical migrant birds and forest-interior birds were the most affected by large clearcuts showing significantly lower abundance in forest areas 100 m from large clearcut edges than in forest areas 100 m from small clearcuts. Edge-open birds were more abundant in large clearcut openings and edges than in small clearcut openings and edges. Blue jays (an avian nest predator) were more abundant on the edges of large clearcuts than on the edges of small clearcuts. A recent study found that forest-interior bird abundance levels off after 100 m distance from small (0.4 ha) forest openings. This result combined with my findings suggest that small openings in the Second College Grant represent less of a disturbance to Neotropical migrants and forest-interior birds. Additionally, given higher abundances of an avian nest predator in large clearcuts, reproductive success could be much lower in areas associated with large clearcuts. Some species such as the White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis), however preferred large clearcuts suggesting that there are some benefits to overall bird abundance by including large clearcuts in a managed landscape.
Influence of Row Covers on Soil Loss & Plant Growth in White Cabbage Cultivation; Gardening Guidebook for Stuttgart, Germany ~ University of Hohenheim~ For more information, Please see websites below:
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Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
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Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
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Free School Gardening Art Posters =
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Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
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Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
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City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
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Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
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Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
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- The study quantified predation along an urbanization gradient in Denmark using artificial caterpillars that could be identified by marks left by predators.
- In forest habitats, chewing insects exerted the greatest predation pressure (52.1%), while ants and mammals had lower rates. In suburban forests, mammals had the highest rate of predation (22.2%). In urban forests, ants and chewing insects had similar predation rates of 16.4%.
- Predation rates varied seasonally, with chewing insects increasing from spring to autumn in forests, mammals highest in summer in suburban forests, and ants highest in spring in urban forests. Overall, caterpillars were more likely to survive in urban and suburban areas compared
This document discusses the high sensitivity of Chinese red clay soils to drought. It analyzes the water retention properties of red clay soils from Hunan province, China and compares them to clay soils from other parts of the world. The results show that the amount of water available between water potentials of -330 and -15,000 hPa in the Chinese red clay soils is consistent with other clay soils worldwide. However, the proportion of poorly available water between -3,300 and -15,000 hPa is much higher in the Chinese red clay soils. This poor water availability is thought to be related to the history of the parent materials, which were continental sediments that may have experienced great hydric stress, leading to strongly consolidated soils
Termite Mounds’ Diversity and Distribution: A Study at Jnanabharathi, Bangalo...AI Publications
Termites work together to modify their surroundings, which in turn influences their behaviour, leading to the building of termite mounds. The study was designed to assess diversity of termite mounds present in the Bangalore University Campus, Bengaluru, India. Observations were made on the occurrence, abundance, evenness and richness of the termite mounds. Mounds were surveyed by field survey and photographic interpretation method during July 2021 to June 2022. Totally 119 mounds were found, out of which 18 are ground level mounds, 42 small mounds, 37 medium mounds and 22 tall mounds. To test its effectiveness and to know about the influence of the mounds on the ecological well-being, termite mounds were identified, compared and interpreted using google earth map and the results were statistically verified.
Fertility Levels of Soils under Selected Tree Vegetations for Efficient Agro-...AI Publications
In many parts of Nigeria, large areas of lands are dominated by tree crop vegetations for timber production and for fruits with land users not knowing the fertility status of soils in these vegetations. Continual evaluation of soil properties of these tree vegetations has become pertinent for agricultural sustainability. This study therefore was carried out to evaluate the fertility levels of soils under selected tree vegetations at National Horticultural Research Institute Okigwe, Imo State, Nigeria. Five tree vegetations that were over 20 years of establishment were selected namely: oil bean (Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth), African breadfruit (Treculia africana), mango (Mangnifera indica), Ogbonu (Irvingia gabonensis) and orange (citrus spp). In each of these tree vegetations, four soil samples were collected at uniform depths (0 – 20, 20 – 40 and 40 – 60 cm) at different locations using soil auger. The samples were analyzed using standard laboratory procedures. Data collected were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance. Results obtained showed that despite the ages of these vegetations, the soils were acidic, low in macronutrient and basic cation concentrations when compared to FAO standard. The highest exchangeable bases and organic matter (1.78%) was recorded on bread fruit vegetation. Therefore, there is need to increase the fertility status of these soils in these tree crop vegetations by adopting measures that will boost organic matter content of the soil irrespective of the duration of the vegetation and this will help in agro forestry and alley cropping.
Identification of Species of genus Zootecus on the basis of morphologySafi Ur Rehman Qamar
This study identified 3 species of land snails belonging to the genus Zootecus found in soils in Faisalabad, Pakistan. A total of 100 snail specimens were collected from various areas and identified based on morphological characteristics. The 3 identified species were Zootecus insularis, Zootecus chion, and Zootecus agrensis. Detailed descriptions of each species' shell morphology were provided. This was the first study to systematically identify Zootecus species in Pakistan.
This document summarizes a study on biodiversity change along a gradient of human impact within the Ferlo Biosphere Reserve in northern Senegal. The study analyzed woody vegetation across 110 plots in the core area, buffer zone, and transition area. A total of 49 species across 16 families were identified. Species abundance and diversity indices revealed that the buffer zone and transition area, which experience greater human activity, had higher diversity and stand organization than the core area. The four most abundant species comprised 68% of total individuals. The study found biodiversity varied along the human impact gradient within the reserve.
Seasonal changes on termite foraging behaviour under different habitats in ru...Alexander Decker
1. The study examined the effect of wet and dry seasons on termite foraging behavior and abundance in cropland, forest, and grassland habitats in Rufiji District, Tanzania over one year.
2. Termite abundance was significantly different between the three habitats, with the highest abundance found in croplands. However, termite species richness was not significantly different between habitats.
3. Termite abundance was higher during the wet season than the dry season across all habitat types due to increased food and moisture availability. Species richness was also generally higher in the wet season.
Agronomic performance and nutrient composition of andropogon tectorum as infl...Alexander Decker
This study examined the effects of interplanting Lablab purpureus legume at different inter-row spacings (0m, 2.5m, 5m, and 7.5m) on the agronomic performance and nutrient composition of Andropogon tectorum grass during the minor wet season in Nigeria. The highest plant height, biomass, crude protein, and mineral contents of A. tectorum were observed with 2.5m inter-row spacing of L. purpureus, while the control (0m spacing) generally had the lowest values. Closer spacing of the legume resulted in greater nitrogen fixation and transfer to the grass, improving its growth and nutrient levels. Overall,
Diversity and abundance of terrestrial mammals in the northern periphery of ...Innspub Net
The Tanoé-Ehy Marsh Forest (TEMF), an unprotected forest that is about to be turn into a voluntary nature reserve is a forest block in south-eastern Côte d’Ivoire known as being of great importance for the conservation of biodiversity. But in the rainy season, that forest is largely over flooded and terrestrial mammals are likely to move to the periphery and make them vulnerable to anthropogenic threats. Our objectives are to determine the diversity, the relative abundance of terrestrial mammals and their spatial distribution in the northern periphery of the TEMF during the rainy season. We collected data by conducting recce surveys after interviews with local people. In total, we obtained 33 species among which ten primates’ species were identified. According to the recce survey, the African Civet (Civettictis civetta) and the Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) are the most common and abundant species in the study area with 12.7% and 12.0% of relative abundance respectively. In addition, six of the listed species are on the IUCN Red List, including Piliocolobus waldronae, a critically endangered species, Cercocebus lunulatus and Cercopithecus roloway endangered species, Colobus vellerosus, Phataginus tetradactyla and Phataginus tricuspis, three vulnerable species. Thus, the consideration of the periphery for the sustainable management of the TEMF is proving to be an imperative.
The Role of Soil Organisms and Functions in different Coconut based Multiple ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract—Sampling was done in wet and intermediate zones represented by the Walpita and Makandura research centers, respectively. Eleven land use systems were considered for the study; coconut mono culture (CM), bare land (BL) and coconut multiple cropping. Under coconut multiple cropping, nine different intercrops were selected separately for each zones. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates (n = 3). The experiment was conducted under mature baring coconut (>20 years) plantation. Soil Macrofauna was sampled using one transect with three replicates at each land use type using quadrate size (30×30cm) from 0-30 cm depth and visible organisms were handpicked and preserved in 75% alcohol. Dilute plate technique and Spread plate technique was used to determine the soil micro organisms’ density. Those techniques were used to cultivate the fungi and bacteria under 〖10〗^(-2) and 〖10〗^(-5) dilution level respectively.
Research identified 12 classes (Crusteacea, Oligochaeta, Hirudinea, Gastropoda, Acarina, Araneida, Scopionida, Chilapoda, Diplopoda, Amphibia, Reptelia) and 14 orders (Hemiptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Thysanura, Hymenoptera, Lepidotera, Orthoptera, Blattaria, Mantodea, Phasmida, Dermaptera, Isoptera, Siphonaptera, Thysanoptera) of soil organisms. Class insecta shows the high diversity with 14 orders. Colony forming unit (CFU) value of bacteria was higher than that of the fungi value. Findings of intermediate and wet zones’ studies suggested that coconut multiple cropping systems may have high diversity, abundance and functional role of soil organisms. Both zones studies suggested that coconut multiple cropping systems may increase soil moisture factor, respiration rate, biomass carbon content, organic carbon percentage, total nitrogen content, organic matter content and C:N ratio in 0-30cm depth other than the coconut monoculture systems. Overall data of two different zones indicated a significant positive correlation of soil organism diversity, abundance and their functional role with cropping systems. Those data can be used as a reliable basic bio indicator for payments for ecosystem services (PES). It supports to valorize the economic value of the ecological services returned by soil organisms.
Influence of Different Soil Management Practices On Soil Properties and Its I...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on the influence of different land management practices (forest land, golf course, continuous cropping) on soil properties in southeastern Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from the different land use systems and analyzed. Results showed higher levels of exchangeable bases, organic matter, total nitrogen, and available phosphorus in the top 0-20cm soil layer compared to deeper layers, and forest land generally had higher values than the other land uses. Bulk density decreased and total porosity increased with continuous cropping compared to forest land and golf course. Overall, continuous cultivation was found to deplete soil nutrients and reduce soil productivity more than the other land management practices studied.
This study examined how mammalian decomposition contributes nutrients to soil and how insect activity affects decomposition rates and nutrient levels. Soil and rat cadavers were collected from different environments and placed in containers, with some exposed to insects and others limited. Soil pH, nitrates, and phosphates were tested over 21 days. Results showed insect exposure sped decomposition, initially lowering nutrient levels but increasing them later. While carcass sites showed no significant difference in vegetation from reference sites, insect activity appears to accelerate nutrient entry into soil and modulation of pH levels during decomposition.
Valorization of shea caterpillar droppings (Cirina butyrospermi Vuillet) in t...Innspub Net
Works on park lands show that shea tree is a widespread species in the fields in Burkina Faso. There are caterpillars which are rich in proteins and throw out important quantity of dejection on the soil surface. The aim of this study was to determine the amount of droppings produced by caterpillars and their chemical quality in Koumbia area. The amount of dejection was determined on small plots and expressed as amount of dry matter (DM). Chemical analyzes have focused on the major elements (C, N, P and K). Our results show an average production of 19.34 kg for an average area of 68.47 m2 under a shea tree. We also observe that the production of caterpillar droppings is a function of the shea trees density and fluctuate between 440 and 3 775 kg ha-1. The data of chemical analyzes show that caterpillar droppings have high content of carbon (477.7 g kg-1) and nitrogen (10.8 g kg-1) and low content of phosphorus (0.3 g kg-1) and potassium (0.9 g kg-1). The amounts of C and N that caterpillar droppings are likely to bring, show that they can cover between 56 and 484 % of annual loss of soil C and fully compensate exports N of major crops (cotton, maize, sorghum) of the study area. The valorization of caterpillar droppings is therefore a way of ecological management of soil fertility of shea parks. However, the C/N (44) of caterpillar droppings suggests further agronomic investigations.
The effect of flooded mine subsidence on thrips and forest biodiversity in th...EdytaSierka
Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica, 2008
At the end of the prosperity of the coal mining industry in Upper Silesia in Poland, new habitats were created in disturbed areas which, in the case of flooded mine subsidence, led to the formation of a type of ecological niche not encountered before. In the present work the authors describe the diversity of oak-hornbeam forest in the areas of flooded mine subsidence and the thrips communities connected with them. In 2006 and 2007, the thrips fauna of subsidence areas was sampled in biotopes directly associated with depressions (waterside, contact zones between aquatic and terrestrial-forest biotopes). In both ecosystems a total of 118 plant species and 56 thrips species were found. Disturbance of land resulting in flooded mine subsidence contributes to increased species diversity of both plants and thrips. Other kinds of disturbance such as traffic routes and its direct and indirect impact cause reduce numbers of plants and thrips species.
This study examined the impact of microhabitats on soil invertebrate communities in a 7.7 hectare woodland on the Isle of Wight. Samples from 11 microhabitats including logs, moss, paths, and stumps showed microhabitat-specific species assemblages, with dead wood habitats hosting distinct leaf litter communities. The study also found that samples from the plantation area of the woodland had less diverse invertebrate communities than those from the deciduous area, demonstrating the local impact of land-use change on soil biodiversity. Future work aims to build a global database of studies comparing sites with different land uses to estimate average effects of human impacts on soil communities.
Mapping and Monitoring Spatial-Temporal Cover Change of Prosopis Species Colo...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: This study integrates Gis and remote sensing to detect, quantify and monitor the rate at which Prosopis species colonization has been taking place since its introduction. Multi-date Landsat 30m resolution imageries covering a period of 25 years were classified into four classes i.e. Prosopis species dominated canopy, mixed woodland, grass land and bush land and finally bare land and agricultural fields. Change detection analysis was performed using 10% threshold to identify and quantify areas where change or No change has occurred. The results indicate that the area under bare land and agricultural fields decreased at a rate of 18.22% per year from 29% in 1985 to 3% in 1990. Between 2005 and 2010 it decreased from 9% in 2005 to 5% in 2010 at a rate of 8.94% per year. Prosopis species colonization has been increasing since 1985 where it was at 0% increasing to 51% in 1990 at a rate of 58.18% per year. Between 2005 and 2010 it decreased from 56% in 2005 to stand at 44% in 2010 at a rate of 4.34% per year. The study found out that there is no threat of desertification in the study area as a result of Prosopis species colonizing the landscape. More studies to be done to identify sustainable method of controlling Prosopis species colonization to avoid more loss of agricultural land and grazing fields.
Abstract— This study was conducted in Gunugo watershed at Wolayitta zone to assess the amount of some soil chemical properties affected by traditional agroforestry practices and along different elevation gradients. The dominant agroforestry practices (homegarden, parkland and woodlot), and three elevation gradients (upper, middle and lower) were used to collect soil samples. One composite sample was taken from each sampling point from each soil depths, under three agroforestry practices and three elevation gradient with three replications to have a total of 54 soil samples at 20 x 20 m plot. Then the selected soil chemical properties among agroforestry practices and along elevation gradient was determined at p<0.05. The EC, pH and CEC of the top soil was significantly higher on homegarden than parkland and woodlot while EC, pH and total nitrogen of the sub soil were significantly higher on homegarden than parkland and woodlot. Further, only the top soil EC and CEC were significantly higher on lower elevation than upper and middle elevation and there was no significant difference in sub soil chemical parameters among elevation levels. In relation to this, most of the soil chemical properties show as the study area is being degraded. Therefore, are recommended for sustainable soil chemical property management. Hence, homegarden is suggested as a better agroforestry practice for rehabilitation of the area in a sustainable manner through enhanced accumulation of total nitrogen, good EC and CEC at all elevation gradients.
- The study compared bird diversity between an area that will be inundated for a reservoir project (Inundated Area) and a proposed compensation area (Compensation Area) in Costa Rica.
- While total bird abundance and number of species did not differ significantly between areas, species richness was significantly higher in the Inundated Area based on rarefaction analysis.
- Due to the higher species richness found in the more mature forest of the Inundated Area, the authors recommend expanding the Compensation Area to better account for differences in biodiversity and habitat quality between the two areas.
Analyses of Community Attributes of Meiofauna Under A Pollution Regime in the...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Meiofauna community attributes of the lower Bonny estuary was investigated under a pollution regime. This is germane because of the strategic importance of meiofauna in the food chain and the sustenance of any aquatic ecosystem. Five stations representing diverse land based activities such as refuse dump site, fuel depot, fishing-landing areas, residential housing and a station located upstream (control) were chosen for investigation. The meiofauna samples were collected from sediments in three replicate spots per station per sampling months at low tide. Sediment samples were stirred through (63-212nm) meshes to separate meiofauna and organic debris. Meiofauna samples were processed by first washing Meiofauna through a sieve of fine mesh size made of silk material, in order to wash off formation and excess silt or mud. Meiofauna samples were sorted out and identified using standard keys. Result from field studies indicate that meiofauna population abundance and diversity varied slightly between stations and seasons. There was however, no established trend. Meiofauna were generally more abundant in the rainy season than in the dry season. In general, pollution indicator meiofaunal taxa were more in all stations except the control station; the increasing impact of pollutants in the river led to a rise in the relative abundance of r-strategist genera like Chromadora. We conclude that the application of meiofaunal indices can be a useful tool for assessing the environmental quality of estuarine ecosystems.
Ingoldian Fungi in Kigga Falls, Chikmagalur District, KarnatakaIOSR Journals
Fungi are the ubiquitous organism.The exist in diverse forms in a range of habitats, arboreal,
freshwater, marine, subterranean and terrestrial. In fresh water we concentrated only Ingoldian fungi. The
selected study sites of foam samples and decaying debris were collected in the same study area and kept for
screening and incubation respectively. The conidia developing on decayingdebris were screened using
microscope. The collected foam samples were revealed Ingoldian fungi. In this contribution of occurrence and
abundance of Ingoldian fungi were enumerated. A total of 24 species were isolated twelve genera were
identified.
Diversity and distribution of butterflies in the open and close canopy forest...Innspub Net
Butterflies were sampled in Cadaclan, San Fernando La Union Botanical Garden (LUBG) of North Luzon to provide information on species-level diversity trend and distribution of butterflies on the open and close canopy portion of the dipterocarp forest from 2012-2014 using field transect method Species accumulation curve shows that additional sampling is needed for the possible turnover of species. Butterfly abundance was higher in open canopy forest with a mean individual of 8.14 per 10 meters out of the 814 total individuals. The close canopy forest had only 4.57 mean individuals for the total of 457. Species level diversity was higher in open canopy forest (H’ = 1.957) compared with the closed canopy forest (H’ = 1.933). These results suggest that butterflies prefer open canopy forest or clearing for their plights. Butterfly spatial distribution was uneven in the dipterocarp forest of LUBG with only 6 species of aggregate assemblages and 98 species with random distribution. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-1-january-2015-jbes/
Similar to Comparative study on Population of Earthworms in Different Habitat Types along altitude in Tsholingkhar gewog, Tsirang district, Bhutan (20)
The Statutory Interpretation of Renewable Energy Based on Syllogism of Britis...AI Publications
The current production for energy consumption generates harmful impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment causing instability to sustainable development goals. The constitutional reforms of British Government serve to be an important means of resolving any encountered incompatibilities to political environment. This study aims to evaluate green economy using developed equation for renewable energy towards political polarization of corporate governance. The Kano Model Assessment is used to measure the equivalency of 1970 Patents Act to UK Intellectual Property tabulating the criteria for the fulfillment of sustainable development goals in respect to the environment, artificial intelligence, and dynamic dichotomy of administrative agencies and presidential restriction, as statutory interpretation development to renewable energy. The constitutional forms of British government satisfy the sustainable development goals needed to fight climate change, advocate healthy ecosystem, promote leadership of magnates, and delegate responsibilities towards green economy. The presidential partisanship must be observed to delineate parties of concerns and execute the government prescriptions in equivalence to the dichotomous relationship of technology and the environment in fulfilling the rights and privileges of all citizens. Hence, the political elites can execute corporate governance towards sustainable development of renewable energy promoting environmental parks and zero emission target of carbon dioxide discharges. The economic theory developed in statutory interpretation for renewable energy serves as a tool to reduce detrimental impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment, mitigate climate change, and produce artefacts of bioenergy and artificial intelligence promoting sustainable development. It is suggested to explore other vulnerabilities of artificial intelligence to prosper economic success.
Enhancement of Aqueous Solubility of Piroxicam Using Solvent Deposition SystemAI Publications
Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is characterized by low solubility-high permeability. The present study was designed to improve the dissolution rate of piroxicam at the physiological pH's through its increased solubility by using solvent deposition system.
Analysis of Value Chain of Cow Milk: The Case of Itang Special Woreda, Gambel...AI Publications
Ethiopia has a long and rich history of dairy farming, which was mostly carried out by small and marginal farmers who raised cattle, camels, goats, and sheep, among other species, for milk. Finding the Itang Special Woreda cow milk value chain is the study's main goal. In order to gather primary data, 204 smallholder dairy farmer households were randomly selected, and the market concentration ratio was calculated using 20 traders. Descriptive statistics, econometric models, and rank analysis were used to achieve the above specified goals. Out of all the participants in the milk value chain, producers, cafés, hotels, and dairy cooperatives had the largest gross marketing margins, accounting for 100% of the consumer price in channels I and II, 55% in channels III and V, and 25.5% in channels V. The number of children under five, the number of milking cows owned, the amount of money from non-dairy sources, the frequency of extension service contacts, the amount of milk produced each day, and the availability of market information were found to have an impact on smallholders' involvement in the milk market. Numerous obstacles also limited the amount of milk produced and marketed. The poll claims that general health issues, sickness, predators, and a lack of veterinary care are plaguing farmers. In order to address the issue of milk perishability, the researchers recommended the host community and organization to construct an agro milk processor, renovate the dairy cooperative in the study region, and restructure the current conventional marketing to lower the transaction and cost of milk marketing.
Minds and Machines: Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Investment Decisions ...AI Publications
In the evolving landscape of financial decision-making, this study delves into the intricate relationships among Emotional Intelligence (EI), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Investment Decisions (ID). By scrutinizing the direct influence of human emotional intelligence on investment choices and elucidating the mediating role of AI in this process, our research seeks to unravel the complex interplay between minds and machines. Through empirical analysis, we reveal that EI not only directly impacts ID but also exerts its influence indirectly through AI-mediated pathways. The findings underscore the pivotal role of emotional awareness in investor decision-making, augmented by the technological capabilities of AI. It suggests that most investors are influenced by the identified emotional intelligence when making investment decisions. Furthermore, AI substantially impacts investors' decision-making process when it comes to investing; nevertheless, AI partially mediates the relationship between emotional intelligence and investment decisions. This nuanced understanding provides valuable insights for financial practitioners, policymakers, and researchers, emphasizing the need for holistic strategies that integrate emotional and technological dimensions in navigating the intricacies of modern investment landscapes. As the synergy between human intuition and artificial intelligence becomes increasingly integral to financial decision-making, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on the symbiotic relationship between minds and machines in investments.0
Bronchopulmonary cancers are common cancers with a poor prognosis. It is the leading cause of death by cancer in Algeria and in the world. Behind this unfavorable prognosis hides numerous disparities according to age, sex, and exposure to risk factors, ranking 4th among incident cancers and developing countries including Algeria, all sexes combined. It ranks 2nd cancers in men and 3rd among women. Whatever the age observed, the incidence of this cancer is higher in men than in women, however the gap is narrowing to the detriment of the latter. The results of scientific research agree to relate trends in incidence and mortality rates to tobacco consumption, including passive smoking. Furthermore, other risk factors are mentioned such as exposure to asbestos in the workplace or to radon for the general population, or even genetic predisposition. However, the weight of these etiological and/or predisposing factors is in no way comparable to that of tobacco in the genesis of lung cancer and the resulting mortality. We provide a literature review in our article on the descriptive and analytical epidemiology of lung cancer.
Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thaila...AI Publications
The objective of this paper is to present Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thailand agriculture and enhancing farmer productivity. In view of the demand for organic fertilizers, efforts should also be made to enhance and to develop more effective of compost, bio-fertilizer, and bio-pesticides currently used by farmers. Likewise, emphasis should also be laid on the cultivation of legumes and other crops that can enhance the fertility of the soil, as practiced by farmers in many developing countries to fertilize their lands. On the other hand, most of the farmers who practice this farm system found that they are adopting a number of SLMs and interested in joining the meeting or training to gain more and more knowledge.
Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Tha...AI Publications
The objective os this study is to present Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Thailand and Vietnam with SLM practices. Farmer’s adoption and investment in SLM is a key for controlling land degradation, enhancing the well-being of society, and ensuring the optimal use of land resources for the benefit of present and future generations (World Bank, 2006; FAO, 2018). And agriculture remains an essential element of lives of many farmers in term of the strong cultural and symbolic values that attach current working generation to do and to spend time for it but not intern of income generating.
Growth, Yield and Economic Advantage of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Varieties in R...AI Publications
Haphazard and low soil fertility, low yielding verities and poor agronomic practices are among the major factors constraining onion production in the central rift valley of Ethiopia. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted in East Showa Zone of Adami Tulu Jido Combolcha district in central rift valley areas at ziway from October 2021 to April 2022 to identify appropriate rate of NPSB fertilizer and planting pattern of onion varieties. The experiment was laid out in split plot design of factorial arrangement in three replications. The main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates and varieties (red coach and red king) significantly (p<0.01) influenced plant height, leaf length, leaf diameter, leaf number and fresh leaf weight, shoot dry matter per plant, and harvest index. Total dry biomass, bulb diameter, neck diameter, average fresh bulb weight, bulb dry matter, marketable bulb yield, and total bulb yield were significantly (p<0.01) influenced only by the main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates. In addition, unmarketable bulb yield was statistically significantly affected (p≥0.05) by the blended fertilizer rates and planting pattern. Moreover, days to 90% maturity of onion was affected by the main factor of NPSB fertilizer rate, variety and planting pattern. The non-fertilized plants in the control treatment were inferior in all parameters except unmarketable bulb yield and harvest index. Significantly higher marketable bulb yield (41 t ha-1) and total bulb yield (41.33 t ha-1) was recorded from 300 kg ha-1 NPSB blended fertilizer rate applied. Double row planting method and hybrid red coach onion variety had also gave higher growth and yields. The study revealed that the highest net benefit of Birr, 878,894 with lest cost of Birr 148,006 by the combinations of 150 kg blended NPSB ha-1 with double row planting method (40cm*20cm*7cm) and red coach variety which can be recommendable for higher marketable bulb yield and economic return of hybrid onion for small scale farmers in the study area. Also, for resource full producers (investors), highest net benefit of Birr 1,205,372 with higher cost (159,628 Birr) by application of 300 kg NPSB ha-1 is recommended as a second option. However, the research should be replicated both in season and areas to more verify the recommendations.
Evaluation of In-vitro neuroprotective effect of Ethanolic extract of Canariu...AI Publications
The ethanolic extract of canarium solomonense leaves (ecsl) was studied for its neuroprotective activity. The neuroprotective activity of ECSL was found to have a significant impact on neuronal cell death triggered by hydrogen peroxide (MTT assay) in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Scopolamine, a muscarinic receptor blocker, is frequently used to induce cognitive impairment in laboratory animals. Injections of scopolamine influence multiple cognitive functions, including motor function, short-term memory, and attention. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, memory enhancing activity in scopolamine-induced amnesic rats was evaluated. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, ECSL was found to have a substantial effect on the memory of scopolamine- induced amnesic rats. Our experimental data indicated that ECSL can reverse scopolamine induced amnesia and assist with memory issues.
The goal of neuroprotection is to shield neurons against damage, whether that damage is caused by environmental factors, pathogens, or neurodegenerative illnesses. Inhibiting protein-based deposit buildup, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, as well as rectifying abnormalities of neurotransmitters like dopamine and acetylcholine, are some of the ways in which medicinal herbs have neuroprotective effects [1-3]. This review will focus on the ways in which medicinal herbs may protect neurons.
A phytochemical and pharmacological review on canarium solomonenseAI Publications
The genus Canarium L. consists of 75 species of aromatic trees which are found in the rainforests of tropical Asia, Africa and the Pacific. The medicinal uses, botany, chemical constituents and pharmacological activities are now reviewed. Various compounds are tabulated according to their classes their structures are given. Traditionally canarium solomonense have been used to treat a broad array of illnesses. Pharmacological actions for canarium solomonense as discussed in this review include antibacterial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antitumor activity.
Influences of Digital Marketing in the Buying Decisions of College Students i...AI Publications
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Breast hamartoma is a rare, well-circumscribed, benign lesion made up of a variable quantity of glandular, adipose and fibrous tissue. This is a lesion that can affect women at any age from puberty. With the increasingly frequent use of imaging methods such as mammography and ultrasound as well as breast biopsy, cases of hamartoma diagnosed are increasing. The diagnosis of these lesions is made by mammography. The histological and radiological aspects are variable and depend on its adipose tissue content. The identification of these lesions is important in order to avoid surgical excisions. We report radio-clinical and pathological records of breast hamartoma.
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In the current digital landscape, cybercriminals continually evolve their techniques to execute successful attacks on businesses, thus posing a great challenge to information technology (IT) professionals. While traditional cybersecurity approaches like layered defense and reactive security have helped IT professionals cope with traditional threats, they are ineffective in dealing with evolving cyberattacks. This paper focuses on the need for a proactive cybersecurity culture among IT professionals to enable them combat evolving threats. The paper emphasis that building a proactive security approach and culture can help among IT professionals anticipate, identify, and mitigate latent threats prior to them exploiting existing vulnerabilities. This paper also points out that as IT professionals use reactive security when dealing with traditional attacks, they can use it collaboratively with proactive security to effectively protect their networks, data, and systems and avoid heavy costs of dealing with cyberattack’s aftermaths and business recovery.
The Impacts of Viral Hepatitis on Liver Enzymes and BilrubinAI Publications
Viral hepatitis is an infection that causes liver inflammation and damage. Several different viruses cause hepatitis, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. The hepatitis A and E viruses typically cause acute infections. The hepatitis B, C, and D viruses can cause acute and chronic infections. Hepatitis A causes only acute infection and typically gets better without treatment after a few weeks. The hepatitis A virus spreads through contact with an infected person’s stool. Protection by getting the hepatitis A vaccine. Hepatitis E is typically an acute infection that gets better without treatment after several weeks. Some types of hepatitis E virus are spread by drinking water contaminated by an infected person’s stool. Other types are spread by eating undercooked pork or wild game. Hepatitis B can cause acute or chronic infection. Recommendation for screening for hepatitis B in pregnant women or in those with a high chance of being infected. Protection from hepatitis B by getting the hepatitis B vaccine. Hepatitis C can cause acute or chronic infection. Doctors usually recommend one-time screening of all adults ages 18 to 79 for hepatitis C. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent liver damage. The hepatitis D virus is unusual because it can only infect those who have a hepatitis B virus infection. A coinfection occurs when both hepatitis D and hepatitis B infections at the same time. A superinfection occurs already have chronic hepatitis B and then become infected with hepatitis D. The aim of this study is to find the effect of each type of viral hepatitis on the bilirubin (TB , DSB) , and liver enzymes; AST, ALT, ALP,GGT among viral hepatitis patients. 200 patients were selected from the viral hepatitis units in the central public health laboratory in Baghdad city, all the chosen cases were confirmed as a positive samples , they are classified into four equal group each with fifty individual and with a single serological viral hepatitis type either; anti-HAV( IgM ) , HBs Ag , anti-HCV ,or anti-HEV(IgM ). All patients were tested for; serum bilirubin ( TB ,D.SB ) , AST , ALT , ALP , GGT. Another fifty quite healthy and normal person was selected as a control group for comparison. . Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBVAST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver cell damage than AST, It is relatively specific for hepatocyte necrosis with a marked elevations in viral hepatitis. Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBV.AST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver
Determinants of Women Empowerment in Bishoftu Town; Oromia Regional State of ...AI Publications
The purpose of this study was to determine the status of women's empowerment and its determinants using women's asset endowment and decision-making potential as indicators. To determine representative sample size, this study used a two-stage sampling technique, and 122 sample respondents were selected at random. To analyze the data in this study, descriptive statistics and a probit model were used. The average women's empowerment index was 0.41, indicating a relatively lower status of women's empowerment in the study area. According to the study's findings, only 40.9% of women were empowered, while the remaining 59.1% were not. The probit model results show that women's access to the media, women's income, and their husbands' education status have a significant and positive impact on the status of women's empowerment, while the family size of households has a negative impact. As a result, it is important to enhance women's access to the media and income, promote family planning and contraception, and improve men's educational status in order to improve the status of women's empowerment.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Download the Latest OSHA 10 Answers PDF : oyetrade.comNarendra Jayas
Latest OSHA 10 Test Question and Answers PDF for Construction and General Industry Exam.
Download the full set of 390 MCQ type question and answers - https://www.oyetrade.com/OSHA-10-Answers-2021.php
To Help OSHA 10 trainees to pass their pre-test and post-test we have prepared set of 390 question and answers called OSHA 10 Answers in downloadable PDF format. The OSHA 10 Answers question bank is prepared by our in-house highly experienced safety professionals and trainers. The OSHA 10 Answers document consists of 390 MCQ type question and answers updated for year 2024 exams.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
The modification of an existing product or the formulation of a new product to fill a newly identified market niche or customer need are both examples of product development. This study generally developed and conducted the formulation of aramang baked products enriched with malunggay conducted by the researchers. Specifically, it answered the acceptability level in terms of taste, texture, flavor, odor, and color also the overall acceptability of enriched aramang baked products. The study used the frequency distribution for evaluators to determine the acceptability of enriched aramang baked products enriched with malunggay. As per sensory evaluation conducted by the researchers, it was proven that aramang baked products enriched with malunggay was acceptable in terms of Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color, and Texture. Based on the results of sensory evaluation of enriched aramang baked products proven that three (3) treatments were all highly acceptable in terms of variable Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color and Textures conducted by the researchers.
Monitor indicators of genetic diversity from space using Earth Observation dataSpatial Genetics
Genetic diversity within and among populations is essential for species persistence. While targets and indicators for genetic diversity are captured in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, assessing genetic diversity across many species at national and regional scales remains challenging. Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) need accessible tools for reliable and efficient monitoring at relevant scales. Here, we describe how Earth Observation satellites (EO) make essential contributions to enable, accelerate, and improve genetic diversity monitoring and preservation. Specifically, we introduce a workflow integrating EO into existing genetic diversity monitoring strategies and present a set of examples where EO data is or can be integrated to improve assessment, monitoring, and conservation. We describe how available EO data can be integrated in innovative ways to support calculation of the genetic diversity indicators of the GBF monitoring framework and to inform management and monitoring decisions, especially in areas with limited research infrastructure or access. We also describe novel, integrative approaches to improve the indicators that can be implemented with the coming generation of EO data, and new capabilities that will provide unprecedented detail to characterize the changes to Earth’s surface and their implications for biodiversity, on a global scale.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
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abundance. Also, to analyze the variation between the
soil nutrients and earthworm density along the altitude.
II.
III. METHODS AND MATERIALS
Study area
The study on the diversity of earthworm was carried out
in Tsholingkhar gewog of Tsirang district which is
located in the southern part of Bhutan. The district is
located at 26°49’ to 27°11’ latitude and 90°00’ to 90° 20’
longitude. The altitude is between 300 meters to 4200
meters above sea level (MoAF, 2017). The dzongkhag
has forest coverage of 87.50%. The forest is dominated
by broadleaf with very few areas with chirpine and mixed
conifer. The annual rainfall ranges from 1000mm to
3000mm per year. The agriculture land-use types are
kamzhing and chhuzhing. The forest and agriculture land
have sandy loamy, black soil and clay loamy soil with
some red soil (MoAF, 2017).
Fig.1: Map showing study area
Sampling method
The study was done in four different habitats 1)
Broadleaved forest 2) Chirpine forest 3) Residential area
and 4) Agriculture land along 650-1450masl.The
difference between the altitudes was kept 200m. In each
altitude, 4 different major plots were allocated in four
habitats. The plot size for the major plot was 10*10m2
and in each major plot, 5 subplots was randomly selected.
The size of the subplot was 1*1m2
and a minimum
distance of 1.5m was kept from one subplot to another. In
total 100 subplotswere studied within 20 major plots
between altitude 650-1450masl.
A combination of passive and behavioral techniques
was used to collect earthworms (Bouche, 1969). Passive
involves hand sorting of earthworms from the soil, litter
and other habitats (Bouche, 1969). Behavioral captures
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earthworms after they move out of the soil (Lee, 1985).
In each quadrate depth of 10cm was dug to find
earthworms (Dickey andKladivko, 1989).
In total 20 soil samples were collected from each
habitat for soil analysis. Soil moisture was calculated
using the Gravimetric method (ZiadatandTaimeh, 2013).
Soil organic matter and organic carbon by loss of the
ignition method. The power of hydrogen was measured
calibrating with the buffer solution of known pH. Soil
Phosphorus was calculated using Olsen’s method. Soil
Nitrogen was calculated using Kjeldahl method and
Potassium with Flame photo-metric method (Karltunet
al., 2013).
Data analysis
The data collected from the field was compiled in excel.
The species diversity of earthworms in different habitat
was calculated with various indices. The Shannon
diversity, Pielou evenness Margalef richness, Berger
Parker dominance was calculated (Ludwiget al., 1988;
Morris et al., 2014).
Equation 1: Shanon-Wiener Diversity Index
H′= -Σpi ln pi, [where pi is the relative abundance of the
species (pi = ni/N; ni stands for the number of individual
species and N stands for the total number of individual
earthworms.)]
Equation 2: Margalef richness
M = (S-1) / ln N, [where S: Total number of species; N:
Total number of individuals.]
Equation 3: Pielou evenness
H/lnS, (S: number of species in a community; H:
Shannon index.)
Equation 4: Berger Parker dominance
d=Nmax/N, (Nmax: number of individuals in the most
abundant species; N: Total number of individuals in a
sample.)
Also, the Relative abundance, Density, Relative
frequency and Relative density was calculated with the
various formula (Ghavzanet al., 2006; Miléoet al., 2016).
1. Relative abundance = Abundance of individuals
of a species/ Total abundance of all species *
100.
2. Abundance= Total number of individuals of a
species in all quadrates/ Total number of
quadrates in which the species occurred.
3. Relative frequency= Number of quadrates in
which species occurred/ Total number of
quadrate occupied by all species * 100.
4. Density = Total number of individuals of
species/ Total number of quadrates used in
sampling.
5. Relative density= Total number of individuals of
species/ Sum of all individuals of all species
*100.
The correlation was analyzed between soil physio-
chemical characters and abundance of earthworms. One-
way analysis of variance performed between NPK and
density of earthworms along altitude. Bray-Curtis cluster
analysis was performed to find habitat similarity of
earthworm with soil physio-chemical parameters.The
earthworm identification was done looking at the
morphological and anatomical characteristics (Gates,
1972;Julka, 1988; Sims and Gerard, 1985;Stephenson,
1923)and the species confirmation was sought from
earthworm taxonomists.
Materials
GPS was used to record altitude and coordinates, plastic
bag, test tubes and stationery to record field data.
IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Earthworm composition in different habitat
A total of 375 earthworms was found in various study
habitat with 198 juveniles and 177 mature earthworms.
The seven different species of earthworms (Table1) was
found in different habitat belonging to two order and five
families.In order, Haplotaxida, Amynthasalexandri,
Metaphirehoulleti and Perionyx excavates species was
found in family Megascolecidae.
Aporrectodeacalciginosa in family Lumbricidae.
Dichogastersp. in family Octochaetdae and
Pontoscolexcorethrurus in family Glossoscolecidae. In
order Moniligastrida, Darwidasp. was the only species
found in family Moniligastridae.
Table 1: Earthworm species found in different habitat
Order Family Earthworm species CP BP AP RP
Haplotaxida Megascolecidae Amynthasalexandri + + + +
Haplotaxida Megascolecidae Metaphirehoulleti + + + ―
Haplotaxida Megascolecidae Perionyx excavatus ― ― + +
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Haplotaxida Lumbricidae Aporrectodeacalciginosa ― + ― ―
Haplotaxida Octochaetdae Dichogastersp. ― + — —
Haplotaxida Glossoscolecidae Pontoscolexcorethrurus ― + — +
Moniligastrida Moniligastridae Darwidasp. ― ― ― +
(―)Absent, (+)Present, CP:Chirpine, BP:Broadleaved, AP:Agriculture, RP:Resident
Variation in indices among different habitat
The number and type of species found in different habitat
showed variation in diversity, evenness, richness and
dominance of earthworm species (Figure 2).Shannon
diversity (H) was highest in broadleaved forest (H=2.04)
since it was foundthat the broadleaved habitat had the
good ratio of soil physico-chemical parameters and more
species of earthworms. Lowest diversity in chirpine forest
(H=1.6) was due to low amount of soil physico-chemical
parameters and only two species was found in chirpine
habitat. The agriculture and residential area had diversity
index 1.79 and 1.97 respectively with four species of
earthworm in residential habitat and three species of
earthworm in agriculture habitat.
Fig.2: Indices comparison for different habitats
On an average Poulie evenness was high in all the
habitats. Where Broadleaved and residential had index of
1.04 and 1.01 respectively. Agriculture habitat had
evenness of 0.91 and chirpine habitat had 0.82. All the
habitat showed a narrow species count making the
species evenness high in all the habitat. The species
diversity and richness will be high in those habitats where
the amount of soil physico-chemical parameters such as
soil moisture, organic carbon and organic matter are high
which favors the earthworm to live in the environment
(Lee, 1985; Makin et al., 2014).
The broadleaved forest had the highest Margalef
richness of 0.827 with five different species due to
sufficient amount of feed for earthworms and it is natural
forest with high litter content. Similarly,Tripathi and
Bhardwaj (2004) reported higher diversity in a stable
ecosystem than an unstable ecosystem having low litter
contents. The chirpine forest had the lowest species
richness of 0.243 with two species present in the habitat.
The residential area showed the richness of 0.635
with four species of earthworms and agriculture habitat
richness was 0.463 with three species. Since this habitat
are constantly added with organic manure and watered by
farmers to increase the crop productivity that attracted
earthworms to live in the area. The earthworms are
diverse in areas with more intensive land management
than less intensive management (Bullock et al., 2008;
Najarand Khan, 2011).
Berger Parker dominance was highest in Agriculture
land with value 0.573 followed by chirpine forest with
value 0.525. In the residential area dominance value was
0.442 and in broadleaved forest dominance value was
0.317 (Figure 2). The dominance was high in chirpine
forest because only two species was found in the habitat
and low dominance was found in the broadleaved forest
as there was five species having average individual count.
A maximum of two to five species of earthworms found
in particular site where the earthworm studies were
carried out (Edward and Bohlen, 1996; Fragoso and
Lavelle, 1992; Lee, 1985; Najarand Khan, 2011).
Population structure of individual earthworm species in
habitats
Among all the earthworm species Amynthasalexandri
showed the highest relative abundance with 21.82%
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(Figure 3) with a total count of 123 individuals in 38
quadrates. It had the highest relative density of 32.80%
andfrequency of 25% as it was found in all the habitats
(Table 2). The study showed that the Amynthasalexandri
can resist to change in environment conditions as the
species was found in changing soil physico-chemical
parameters in various habitat. Also, other studies
showedAmynthasalexandri can adapt and live in various
kinds of environments. The species can be found in
managed land and undisturbed land. The species can
adapt in places with low temperature and moisture
respectively (Bhadauriaand Ramakrishnan, 1991;
Bhadauriaet al., 2000).
Perionyx excavates also showed high relative
abundance (17.92%) with a relative density of 24.80%
and had a relative frequency of 23.03% with 93
individuals in 35 quadrates on agriculture and residential
habitat. The lowest relative abundance was shown by
Darwidasp. with 8.99% and relative density of 2.13% and
relative frequency 3.95% in six quadrates with 8
individuals present only in a residential area.
Both the species Perionyx excavates and
Darwidasp. was found in residential habitat where there
was enormous number of degradable wastes thrown by
farmers. The species Perionyx excavates was found in
some of the agriculture plots with low count where there
was manure. The earthworm species are attracted in a
man-made environment with presence of suitable
temperature, moisture and feed for the earthworm
(Bhadauriaand Ramakrishnan, 1991; Makin et al. 2014).
Fig.3: Individual earthworm species RA (Relative Abundance), RD (Relative Density) and RF (Relative Frequency)
In chirpine, broadleaved and agriculture habitat,
Metaphirehoulleti had individual count of 79 in 27
quadrates making the relative abundance 19.73%, relative
density 21.07% and frequency of 17.76%. In 15 quadrates
Aporrectodeacalciginosa has individual count of 26 with
relative abundance 11.69%, relative density 6.93% and
relative frequency of 9.87% only in the broadleaved forest.
It showed that the species prefer to live in different habitat
base on the species-specific characteristics and the feed it
gets from the habitat. Fragoso et al.,(1999) also reported
that structural composition in earthwormvaries depending
on the type of agro-ecosystem in which the species are
living and the nutrition they get from the habitat.
Diochogaster sp. had individual count of 13 in nine
quadrates with its presence only in broadleaved habitat. It
showed low relative abundance of 9.74%, relative density
of 3.47% and relative frequency with 5.92%.
Pontoscolexcorethrurus also showed low relative
abundance 10.11%,the relative density of 8.80%and
relative frequency of14.47% in 22 quadrates with 33
individuals. It was present only in broadleaved and
residential habitat and observed the species adapt to
different habitat base on the living and feeding
characteristics. Earthworms do not migrate or changes the
habitat unless the habitat in not disturbed and feeds are
sufficient for the earthworms(Najar, and Khan, 2011;
Satchell, 1983; Singh, 1997; Tripathi and Bhardwaj,
2004).
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Table 2: Habitat preference of individual earthworm species
Species RA(% ) RD(% ) RF(% ) Species count Sp. in quadrate
Amynthas alexandri 21.82 32.8 25 123 38
Perionyx excavatus 17.92 24.8 23.03 93 35
Metaphire houlleti 19.73 21.07 17.76 79 27
Aporrectodea calciginosa 11.69 6.93 9.87 26 15
Pontoscolex corethrurus 10.11 8.8 14.47 33 22
Dichogaster sp. 9.74 3.47 5.92 13 9
Darwida sp. 8.99 2.13 3.95 8 6
Relationship between earthworm density and soil nutrient
along altitude
The one-way ANOVA showed that the NPK content in
the soil was related to change in earthworm density at
different altitudes. A significant difference was found
with NPK and the density of earthworms F(4, 15) =
20.946, p = .001 at various altitudes (Table 3). The mean
density of earthworm (Figure 4) at 650 m asl. was high
(29.41 ± 4.31) since metabolic activity in the soil was
found high, a faster rate of decomposition and higher
nutrient content in the soil. Letting the earthworm density
increase with nutrient availability. The mean density at
1450 masl. was low (12.38 ± 3.08) as the trees were
scattered with little litters on ground making it hard for
earthworms to survive with low nutrients and it makes a
possibility for getting low density of earthworms in high
altitude.
The nitrogen content in the soil of 1450m asl. was
low (2.97 ± 1.78) comparing to the altitude at 650m asl.
(5.87 ± 2.25). It was found that the density of earthworm
increases with increase in nitrogen content in the soil
mainly in lower altitude due to warmer and good texture
soil addnitrogen to soil. And during ingestion the nitrogen
are taken by the earthworms. The microbial activity
decreases in high altitude preventing decomposition of
litters and averting nutrients to the soil (McNown &
Sullivan, 2013). Other studies also found low nitrogen in
high elevation and dependence of earthworm with
nitrogen for growth and survival (Curry, 2004; Huber et
al., 2007; Kale, 1998; Mubeen and Hatti, 2018; Tripathi
and Bhardwaj, 2004).
Similarly, mean and standard deviation showed low
phosphorus content in 1450 m asl. (27.40 ± 12.00) and
high in 650 m asl. (64.15 ± 35.63). The potassium content
was high in 650 m asl. (64.15 ± 35.63) and low in high
altitude 1450 m asl. (15.14 ± 6.41). Potassium and
phosphorus are influenced by density of earthworm for
the plants (Ramanujamand Jha, 2011). The high altitude
has harsh climate conditions such as frost and earthworm
density decrease with altitude (Hopp and Linder, 1947;
Rożenet al., 2013). Recycling of litter and supply of
nutrients to soil affected by low temperature and soil
moisture condition comparing to lower altitude
(Drollingeret al., 2017; Holtmeier, 2009; Körnerand
Paulsen, 2004). The intense change in soil nutrient supply
from low to high altitude coincides with changes in
vegetation composition and growth parameters
(Schickhoffet al., 2016).
The earthworm abundance has a positive correlation with
the soil components (Table 4). The earthworm abundance
highly depends on the amount of soil moisture. Earthworm
abundance was high where the moisture content was high
r(18) = .806, p = .001 and R2
= 0.649 (Figure 5). The
residential and broadleaf habitat had the highest moisture
content 1.69 ± 0.07 and 1.68 ± 0.10 respectively with high
abundance of earthworms since litters retain the moisture
in soil and watering in plants increases moisture in
residental area The lowest earthworm abundance was
found in chirpine forest with moisture content 1.24 ± 0.06
and the agriculture habitat showed moisture content of
1.26 ± 0.11. Dewi and Senge (2015) stated that
earthworms highly depend on moisture as their respiration
rate depends on gas diffusion through body wall. Low soil
moisture cause moisture stress and earthworms have to
stay hydrated for survival and fecundity (Najar and Khan,
2011; Smetaket al., 2007). Positive correlation was found
between earthworm abundance and soil moisture
(Bhadauriaet al., 2000; Schmidt and Curry, 2001).
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Fig.4: Relationship between NPK and density of earthworms in different altitude
Earthworm abundance in correspondence with soil components
Table 3: Mean density of earthworm and soil nutrient in different altitude
Altitude Mean ± SD F P
D(no/m
2
) 650 29.41 ± 4.31
850 24.48 ± 3.37
1050 18.53 ± 1.46 20.95 0.01
1250 14.75 ± 2.29
1450 12.38 ± 3.08
N 650 5.87 ± 2.25
850 5.48 ± 2.08
1050 4.60 ± 1.96 5.24 0.023
1250 4.00 ± 1.82
1450 2.97 ± 1.78
P 650 64.15 ± 35.63
850 59.20 ± 33.61
1050 44.95 ± 26.20 9.91 0.048
1250 31.80 ± 14.43
1450 27.40 ± 12.00
K 650 24.28 ± 7.66
850 21.68 ± 7.21
1050 18.55 ± 7.37 14.11 0.027
1250 17.71 ± 6.92
1450 15.14 ± 6.41
P <.05; D:Density, N:Nitrogen, P:Phosphorus, K:Potassium, SD:Standard Devation
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Table 4: Correlation with abundance and soil component
Variables 1 2 3 4
1 Abundance
2 Moisturre .806**
3 OM .490* .626**
4 CNratio .489* .625** 1.000**
5 pH .507* .466* 0.381 0.382
* p< .05. ** p< .01
The earthworm also depends on soil organic matter
r(18) = .490, p = .028, R2
= 0.240. The organic matter was
high in residential (1.15 ± 0.12) and broadleaf habitat
(1.28 ± 0.50) with high numbers of earthworms.The
different tree species litter fall in broadleaved habitat and
farmers throwing biodegradable waste and adding
manure in residential plots can be the possibility for
higher abundance of earthworms in the two habitats.The
agriculture habitat had organic matter 0.95 ± 0.41 and the
lowest organic matter was in chirpine 0.60 ± 0.16 with
lower abundance. The low abundance of earthworms in
agriculture habitat and chirpine was due low amount of
organic matter. The earthworms were found abundantly
inhigh organic matters. It prefers to live in soil with rich
organic matters (Brown et al., 2003; Mubeen and Hatti,
2018; Scullion and Malik, 2000). Tripathi and Bhardwaj
(2004) also reported a positive correlation between
earthworm abundance with soil organic matter.
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
Fig.5: Relationship between earthworm abundance and soil components
The correlation (Table 4) showed that the
earthworms significantly depend on C/N ratior(18) =
.489, p = .029, R2
= 0.239. Earthworm’s abundance was
high in the broadleaved forests with mean C/N of 3.11 ±
1.22 and low in chirpine forest (1.45 ± 1.45). The
residential and agriculture habitat had a mean C/N ratio
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of 2.79 ± 0.28 and 2.30 ± 0.99 respectively. Earthworm
act as carbon sink decreasing carbon content in soil and
increasing nitrogen to soil for themselves and plants.
(Airaet al.,2006; Hauetal., 2005; McLeanand Parkinson,
2000). The earthworm abundance was affected by carbon
content in the soil (Kale, 1998) with a decrease in carbon
there was an increase in nitrogen in the soil. The carbon
has important role in earthworms and shows positive
correlation (Decaënset al.,2003;
RamanujamandJha,2011).
The soil pH showed positive correlation with
earthworm abundance r(18) = .507, p = .022, R2
= 0.257.
The mean pH was neutral in the residential area (7.06 ±
0.48), broadleaved forest (6.78 ± 0.43) and in agriculture
habitat (6.86 ± 0.64). The chirpine forest showed slightly
acidic soil (6.02 ± 0.31). The earthworm’s prefer neutral
pH for their growth and development. The earthworms
prefer pH of 6.0-7.0 and above pH 7.0 the earthworm
abundance and diversity are reduced. Earthworms are not
found where the pH exceeds 9.0 as it is unfavorable for
earthworms (Reynolds, 1994 and Sathianarayananand
Khan, 2006). Also,RamanujamandJha(2011) found a
positive correlation between earthworm’s abundance and
soil pH.
V. CONCLUSION
The earthworms are beneficial in the human-managed
land and in the natural forest was revealed by the present
study. The seven different species found in different
habitats showed the earthworms have the habit of living
in specific habitats until the habitat provides sufficient
nutrition to it. The high relative density, frequency and
abundance of Amynthasalexandri and its presence in all
the habitat showed some earthworms are not habitat-
specific. They can adapt to all kinds of environments.The
study discovered that the habitat having less impact on
soil can have a greater diversity of earthworms. It was
foundgreater diversity and richness in the broadleaved
forests. Density of earthworm depend on NPK. The
nutrients and density of earthworms are found more in
lower altitude than in higher altitudes. But more studies
are required in larger areas, different habitat in different
places to get better diversity of earthworms. Distribution
patterns of different species are needed to know more on
the benefits of earthworms in organic farming of the
country to enhance crop productivity and income to
farmers compared to what the present study found in
small areas.
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