This document discusses weed management in transplanted paddy fields. It identifies common weed species found in rice fields such as grasses, sedges, and broad-leaved weeds. The critical period for weed control is the first 2-8 weeks after transplanting. Integrated weed management practices that combine cultural, manual, mechanical, and chemical control methods are recommended. Specific herbicides and their application timings are provided for weed control in rice nurseries and transplanted fields. The document also discusses best management practices and highlights the importance of preventing weed growth through clean cultivation.
This document discusses weed interference and competition in crops. It defines key terms like interference, competition, critical period of weed competition, and weed shift. It explains that competition is the struggle for limited resources like water, nutrients, light and space between crops and weeds. The critical period is when maximum competition occurs. Environmental, crop and weed factors influence competition. Weed shifts occur when management does not control the entire weed community. Rotating herbicides and using proper rates and timing can help prevent shifts in weed populations.
The document discusses various cropping systems in India and approaches for evaluating their efficiency. It provides background on cropping systems, including definitions and types like intercropping, mixed cropping, and sequential cropping. It also lists some major cropping systems in India and discusses conventional indices used to evaluate systems based on factors like land equivalent ratio and crop equivalent yield. Recent approaches discussed for evaluation include system productivity, profitability, relative production efficiency, land use efficiency, and energy efficiency. Tables provide examples of data analyzing different cropping systems using these metrics.
There are several different sowing methods for planting seeds, each with advantages and disadvantages. The main methods discussed are broadcasting, drilling or line sowing, dibbling, transplanting, and putting seeds behind the plough. Broadcasting involves scattering seeds over a prepared field by hand, while drilling places seeds in rows using an implement. Dibbling positions seeds individually using a dibbler. Transplanting involves growing seedlings in a nursery and then transplanting them. Putting seeds behind the plough drops seeds into furrows made by a plough. Factors like the type of crop, soil moisture, and costs determine which sowing method is best.
This document discusses weed management in wheat crops. It provides background on the origin and history of wheat, noting it first grew in the Middle East around 11,000 years ago and was cultivated widely by 4,000 BC. Weeds can cause up to 35% crop loss globally and 3% loss specifically in wheat. They affect wheat quality and compete for water and nutrients. The document outlines cultural, mechanical, and chemical weed control methods for wheat fields, including using weed-free seed, crop rotation, tillage, and herbicides. It also describes common wheat weeds in the region and recommended herbicide applications and timings.
1. The document discusses weather-based crop insurance and describes various risks faced by farmers like droughts and floods. It also discusses different formal and informal risk management strategies.
2. Formal insurance programs are described, including a weather index insurance product offered by ICICI Lombard and BASIX to insure farmers against deficient rainfall. The program divides the monsoon season into growth phases and provides payouts if rainfall is below a trigger level.
3. Challenges in developing weather index insurance are also outlined, such as basis risk. But the product is seen as well-suited for catastrophe risks with simple design and low costs.
This document discusses weed management in transplanted paddy fields. It identifies common weed species found in rice fields such as grasses, sedges, and broad-leaved weeds. The critical period for weed control is the first 2-8 weeks after transplanting. Integrated weed management practices that combine cultural, manual, mechanical, and chemical control methods are recommended. Specific herbicides and their application timings are provided for weed control in rice nurseries and transplanted fields. The document also discusses best management practices and highlights the importance of preventing weed growth through clean cultivation.
This document discusses weed interference and competition in crops. It defines key terms like interference, competition, critical period of weed competition, and weed shift. It explains that competition is the struggle for limited resources like water, nutrients, light and space between crops and weeds. The critical period is when maximum competition occurs. Environmental, crop and weed factors influence competition. Weed shifts occur when management does not control the entire weed community. Rotating herbicides and using proper rates and timing can help prevent shifts in weed populations.
The document discusses various cropping systems in India and approaches for evaluating their efficiency. It provides background on cropping systems, including definitions and types like intercropping, mixed cropping, and sequential cropping. It also lists some major cropping systems in India and discusses conventional indices used to evaluate systems based on factors like land equivalent ratio and crop equivalent yield. Recent approaches discussed for evaluation include system productivity, profitability, relative production efficiency, land use efficiency, and energy efficiency. Tables provide examples of data analyzing different cropping systems using these metrics.
There are several different sowing methods for planting seeds, each with advantages and disadvantages. The main methods discussed are broadcasting, drilling or line sowing, dibbling, transplanting, and putting seeds behind the plough. Broadcasting involves scattering seeds over a prepared field by hand, while drilling places seeds in rows using an implement. Dibbling positions seeds individually using a dibbler. Transplanting involves growing seedlings in a nursery and then transplanting them. Putting seeds behind the plough drops seeds into furrows made by a plough. Factors like the type of crop, soil moisture, and costs determine which sowing method is best.
This document discusses weed management in wheat crops. It provides background on the origin and history of wheat, noting it first grew in the Middle East around 11,000 years ago and was cultivated widely by 4,000 BC. Weeds can cause up to 35% crop loss globally and 3% loss specifically in wheat. They affect wheat quality and compete for water and nutrients. The document outlines cultural, mechanical, and chemical weed control methods for wheat fields, including using weed-free seed, crop rotation, tillage, and herbicides. It also describes common wheat weeds in the region and recommended herbicide applications and timings.
1. The document discusses weather-based crop insurance and describes various risks faced by farmers like droughts and floods. It also discusses different formal and informal risk management strategies.
2. Formal insurance programs are described, including a weather index insurance product offered by ICICI Lombard and BASIX to insure farmers against deficient rainfall. The program divides the monsoon season into growth phases and provides payouts if rainfall is below a trigger level.
3. Challenges in developing weather index insurance are also outlined, such as basis risk. But the product is seen as well-suited for catastrophe risks with simple design and low costs.
This document discusses soil test crop response (STCR) studies. STCR studies determine the quantitative relationship between soil test values, crop yields, and fertilizer rates. The objectives are to study crop yield responses to soil nutrients, derive yield targeting equations, evaluate soil test methods, and determine how organic matter affects fertilizer needs. Targeted yield approaches estimate nutrient requirements for a given yield goal. STCR provides relationships between soil tests, crop yields, and allows precision in fertilizer doses based on soil conditions. Methods include gradient and test crop experiments. Yield targeting equations are meant for specific soil and climate conditions. STCR can help with precision agriculture by creating nutrient maps loaded into variable-rate fertilizer spreaders.
biological weed control ,what is bio-control of weed ,how biological control of weed works ,advantage of biological weed control ,methods and agents of biological weed control
Efficient crops and cropping systems in dry land agricultureSurendra Parvataneni
This document discusses efficient crops and cropping systems for dryland agriculture in India. It begins with an introduction to dryland farming and terminology. The main constraints in dryland farming are inadequate and erratic rainfall. Crop selection depends on length of growing period, genetic crop characteristics, and soil moisture availability. Common crops recommended are sorghum, pulses, groundnuts, and cotton. Cropping systems that can be used include mono-cropping, intercropping, relay cropping, and sequence cropping depending on rainfall and soil moisture storage capacity. Different regions of India are suitable for different cropping systems based on these factors.
This document discusses concepts and principles of intercropping and mixed cropping systems. Intercropping involves growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same land in a definite row pattern, while mixed cropping does not have a definite row arrangement. Principles for both systems include choosing crops with complementary growth habits and rooting depths to minimize competition. Relative yield total (RYT) and land equivalent ratio (LER) are described as ways to measure yield advantages of intercropping systems, with values above 1 indicating intercropping is more efficient than sole cropping. Factors influencing the success of both systems are also discussed.
Weeds can propagate and disperse through various means. They propagate sexually through seed production or asexually through vegetative structures like rhizomes, stolons, tubers, etc. Seeds and vegetative structures are then dispersed by different agents like wind, water, animals, man, and manure. This allows weeds to spread over long distances and colonize new habitats. Common dispersal mechanisms include seeds or fruits with feathers, pappus, wings, etc. that aid wind dispersal, barbs and hooks that catch on animal fur for transport, and mimicry of crop plants that results in accidental human dispersal during farming activities.
this slide includes recent approaches to evaluate cropping system.
It includes system profitability,relative production efficiency,land use efficienct(LUE),Calculation of LUE,energy efficiency,specific energy,Rotational intensity,Cropping intensity,Multiple cropping index(MCI),Land equivalent ratio (LER),Relative yields total (RYT),Crop equivalent yields (CEY),Relative Spread Index
GIS and Remote Sensing in Diagnosis and Management of Problem Soil with audio...KaminiKumari13
GIS and Remote Sensing in Diagnosis and Management of Problem Soil for agriculture, soil science, agronomy, forestry, land management and planning with audio by Dr. Kamini Roy
Weeds can be classified in several ways, including by life span, ecological affinities, soil type, place of occurrence, origin, morphology, nature of stem, and specificity. Annual weeds complete their life cycle in one year or season, biennials in two years, and perennials live for more than two years. Weeds are also classified as wetland, garden land, or dryland based on ecological needs, and as indigenous or exotic based on origin. Additional classifications include by plant morphology, such as grasses, sedges, or broad-leaved, and by stem structure as woody, semi-woody, or herbaceous. Weeds are further distinguished by whether they are poison
Herbicide residues can persist in soil and injure crops planted in subsequent seasons. The rate of herbicide breakdown depends on factors like the chemical properties of the herbicide, soil microbes, moisture, temperature, and tillage practices. Farmers can minimize carryover risks by selecting herbicides with short half-lives, applying the minimum effective rate, timing applications early in the season, and using crop rotations and soil additives. Determining residual herbicide levels involves field bioassays, chemical analysis of soil samples, or commercial plant bioassays.
Crop models can be used to estimate crop yield and its variability under different climate scenarios, account for nitrogen use efficiency, and help inform agricultural management decisions. The document discusses different types of crop models and provides examples of some models that have been successfully used in agrometeorology, including for rice, wheat, maize, sugarcane, and potato crops. It also outlines some limitations and advantages of using crop models.
Fertilizer management in vegetable cropsansar 1310
Fertilizer management is an important aspect of vegetable production. The selection of a suitable fertilizer and its quantity depends on soil nutrient levels, crop requirements, season, spacing, and irrigation. Different vegetable crops have different fertilizer needs - leaf vegetables require more nitrogen, fruit vegetables need a balanced ratio of nitrogen and potash with more phosphorus, and root vegetables need more potash and moderate nitrogen with a ratio of N:P:K of 1:2:2. Fertilizers should be applied at times of maximum plant uptake, such as just before planting or during peak growth, and can be applied through basal application methods like broadcasting or banding, or through top dressing methods like side dressing or ring placement.
1. The document discusses herbicide residue management. It provides background on herbicide residues, factors that affect residue persistence, and testing methods.
2. Key practices for managing herbicide residues include cultural techniques like crop rotation and tillage to dilute residues. Applying lower herbicide doses, using combinations or split applications can reduce residue levels.
3. Research findings show herbicide half-lives vary in soil. Studies on residue levels in soil and plant parts at harvest found levels below maximum residue limits for some herbicides when applied at recommended doses.
This document provides guidelines for safely mixing herbicides before application. It advises to only mix the recommended amounts to avoid crop injury, follow the label instructions, and use a specific order of adding ingredients. The W-A-L-E-S method is recommended: wettable powders, then adjuvants, liquid products, emulsifiable concentrates, and surfactants. Improper mixing can cause reduced effectiveness, clogging, phytotoxicity, excessive residues or runoff. Applicators should always wear proper protective equipment and follow all label precautions when mixing herbicides.
Weed competition is a major limiting factor for the productivity of crops. Weed control is one of the main concerns in organic farming. Weed depletes nutrient, water and light their by reducing crops yields drastically. The chemical intervention is not permitted for weed control purpose in organic farming system. Apprehension regarding the consequence of managing weeds without the use of herbicides is a major factor limiting the adoption of organic farming by conventional growers. As wide spread application of herbicides has led to concern about contamination of environment, residues problems in soil and water, toxicity to animals and appearance to resistant weeds. The elements to consider in controlling weed problems are only the non chemical methods of weed control. These include physical /mechanical, cultural and biological methods of weed control.
Precision farming uses technology like GPS, GIS, remote sensing, and variable rate application to optimize crop production by accounting for spatial and temporal variability within fields. It involves accessing variability through soil sampling and mapping, then managing that variability using tools like variable rate technology, site-specific planting, and nutrient management. This contrasts with traditional farming which treats entire fields uniformly without consideration for variability. The goal of precision farming is to improve crop yields and quality while reducing costs, waste, and environmental impact.
This document discusses weed management. It defines weeds and describes how they negatively impact crop production by competing for water, nutrients, light, and space. It also discusses weed propagation through seeds and vegetative reproduction. Various classification systems for weeds are described based on life span, ecology, soil type, and place of occurrence. The document outlines the impacts of weeds including reduced crop yields and quality. Methods of weed control include mechanical (hoeing), cultural, and chemical controls. Cultural controls involve practices like field preparation, crop rotation, and intercropping. The document provides an overview of weed management strategies.
Insect-pest management in Organic Agriculture - Options and ChallengesMonika Sharma
This document discusses insect pest management options for organic agriculture. It begins by defining organic agriculture and its principles. The main challenges for insect pest management in organic systems are discussed. The document then provides details on various avoidance, environment management and direct treatment options for insect pest control in organic agriculture. Key options discussed include crop rotation, field sanitation, intercropping, host plant resistance, and trap cropping. Examples of each option are also provided.
The document discusses the principles of vegetable seed production. It covers genetic principles like variety deterioration, natural crossing, and maintaining genetic purity during seed production. It also discusses agronomic principles such as selection of the production region, isolation of seed crops, land preparation, variety selection, seed treatment, sowing time and method, irrigation, harvesting, drying and storage. Following appropriate seed production techniques can help farmers produce quality seeds for their own use or sale to generate income and boost overall vegetable production.
This document discusses the key components and characteristics of soil. It explains that soil is alive, composed of minerals, organic matter, air and water. The mineral portion includes sand, silt and clay, which differ in size and affect the soil's ability to retain nutrients and water. Organic matter provides food for soil organisms. The document outlines the various microorganisms that inhabit soil and their roles in breaking down organic matter and making nutrients available to plants. It also discusses how soil texture, pH, and nutrient levels can be tested to understand a soil's properties and needs for supporting plant growth.
This document discusses soil test crop response (STCR) studies. STCR studies determine the quantitative relationship between soil test values, crop yields, and fertilizer rates. The objectives are to study crop yield responses to soil nutrients, derive yield targeting equations, evaluate soil test methods, and determine how organic matter affects fertilizer needs. Targeted yield approaches estimate nutrient requirements for a given yield goal. STCR provides relationships between soil tests, crop yields, and allows precision in fertilizer doses based on soil conditions. Methods include gradient and test crop experiments. Yield targeting equations are meant for specific soil and climate conditions. STCR can help with precision agriculture by creating nutrient maps loaded into variable-rate fertilizer spreaders.
biological weed control ,what is bio-control of weed ,how biological control of weed works ,advantage of biological weed control ,methods and agents of biological weed control
Efficient crops and cropping systems in dry land agricultureSurendra Parvataneni
This document discusses efficient crops and cropping systems for dryland agriculture in India. It begins with an introduction to dryland farming and terminology. The main constraints in dryland farming are inadequate and erratic rainfall. Crop selection depends on length of growing period, genetic crop characteristics, and soil moisture availability. Common crops recommended are sorghum, pulses, groundnuts, and cotton. Cropping systems that can be used include mono-cropping, intercropping, relay cropping, and sequence cropping depending on rainfall and soil moisture storage capacity. Different regions of India are suitable for different cropping systems based on these factors.
This document discusses concepts and principles of intercropping and mixed cropping systems. Intercropping involves growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same land in a definite row pattern, while mixed cropping does not have a definite row arrangement. Principles for both systems include choosing crops with complementary growth habits and rooting depths to minimize competition. Relative yield total (RYT) and land equivalent ratio (LER) are described as ways to measure yield advantages of intercropping systems, with values above 1 indicating intercropping is more efficient than sole cropping. Factors influencing the success of both systems are also discussed.
Weeds can propagate and disperse through various means. They propagate sexually through seed production or asexually through vegetative structures like rhizomes, stolons, tubers, etc. Seeds and vegetative structures are then dispersed by different agents like wind, water, animals, man, and manure. This allows weeds to spread over long distances and colonize new habitats. Common dispersal mechanisms include seeds or fruits with feathers, pappus, wings, etc. that aid wind dispersal, barbs and hooks that catch on animal fur for transport, and mimicry of crop plants that results in accidental human dispersal during farming activities.
this slide includes recent approaches to evaluate cropping system.
It includes system profitability,relative production efficiency,land use efficienct(LUE),Calculation of LUE,energy efficiency,specific energy,Rotational intensity,Cropping intensity,Multiple cropping index(MCI),Land equivalent ratio (LER),Relative yields total (RYT),Crop equivalent yields (CEY),Relative Spread Index
GIS and Remote Sensing in Diagnosis and Management of Problem Soil with audio...KaminiKumari13
GIS and Remote Sensing in Diagnosis and Management of Problem Soil for agriculture, soil science, agronomy, forestry, land management and planning with audio by Dr. Kamini Roy
Weeds can be classified in several ways, including by life span, ecological affinities, soil type, place of occurrence, origin, morphology, nature of stem, and specificity. Annual weeds complete their life cycle in one year or season, biennials in two years, and perennials live for more than two years. Weeds are also classified as wetland, garden land, or dryland based on ecological needs, and as indigenous or exotic based on origin. Additional classifications include by plant morphology, such as grasses, sedges, or broad-leaved, and by stem structure as woody, semi-woody, or herbaceous. Weeds are further distinguished by whether they are poison
Herbicide residues can persist in soil and injure crops planted in subsequent seasons. The rate of herbicide breakdown depends on factors like the chemical properties of the herbicide, soil microbes, moisture, temperature, and tillage practices. Farmers can minimize carryover risks by selecting herbicides with short half-lives, applying the minimum effective rate, timing applications early in the season, and using crop rotations and soil additives. Determining residual herbicide levels involves field bioassays, chemical analysis of soil samples, or commercial plant bioassays.
Crop models can be used to estimate crop yield and its variability under different climate scenarios, account for nitrogen use efficiency, and help inform agricultural management decisions. The document discusses different types of crop models and provides examples of some models that have been successfully used in agrometeorology, including for rice, wheat, maize, sugarcane, and potato crops. It also outlines some limitations and advantages of using crop models.
Fertilizer management in vegetable cropsansar 1310
Fertilizer management is an important aspect of vegetable production. The selection of a suitable fertilizer and its quantity depends on soil nutrient levels, crop requirements, season, spacing, and irrigation. Different vegetable crops have different fertilizer needs - leaf vegetables require more nitrogen, fruit vegetables need a balanced ratio of nitrogen and potash with more phosphorus, and root vegetables need more potash and moderate nitrogen with a ratio of N:P:K of 1:2:2. Fertilizers should be applied at times of maximum plant uptake, such as just before planting or during peak growth, and can be applied through basal application methods like broadcasting or banding, or through top dressing methods like side dressing or ring placement.
1. The document discusses herbicide residue management. It provides background on herbicide residues, factors that affect residue persistence, and testing methods.
2. Key practices for managing herbicide residues include cultural techniques like crop rotation and tillage to dilute residues. Applying lower herbicide doses, using combinations or split applications can reduce residue levels.
3. Research findings show herbicide half-lives vary in soil. Studies on residue levels in soil and plant parts at harvest found levels below maximum residue limits for some herbicides when applied at recommended doses.
This document provides guidelines for safely mixing herbicides before application. It advises to only mix the recommended amounts to avoid crop injury, follow the label instructions, and use a specific order of adding ingredients. The W-A-L-E-S method is recommended: wettable powders, then adjuvants, liquid products, emulsifiable concentrates, and surfactants. Improper mixing can cause reduced effectiveness, clogging, phytotoxicity, excessive residues or runoff. Applicators should always wear proper protective equipment and follow all label precautions when mixing herbicides.
Weed competition is a major limiting factor for the productivity of crops. Weed control is one of the main concerns in organic farming. Weed depletes nutrient, water and light their by reducing crops yields drastically. The chemical intervention is not permitted for weed control purpose in organic farming system. Apprehension regarding the consequence of managing weeds without the use of herbicides is a major factor limiting the adoption of organic farming by conventional growers. As wide spread application of herbicides has led to concern about contamination of environment, residues problems in soil and water, toxicity to animals and appearance to resistant weeds. The elements to consider in controlling weed problems are only the non chemical methods of weed control. These include physical /mechanical, cultural and biological methods of weed control.
Precision farming uses technology like GPS, GIS, remote sensing, and variable rate application to optimize crop production by accounting for spatial and temporal variability within fields. It involves accessing variability through soil sampling and mapping, then managing that variability using tools like variable rate technology, site-specific planting, and nutrient management. This contrasts with traditional farming which treats entire fields uniformly without consideration for variability. The goal of precision farming is to improve crop yields and quality while reducing costs, waste, and environmental impact.
This document discusses weed management. It defines weeds and describes how they negatively impact crop production by competing for water, nutrients, light, and space. It also discusses weed propagation through seeds and vegetative reproduction. Various classification systems for weeds are described based on life span, ecology, soil type, and place of occurrence. The document outlines the impacts of weeds including reduced crop yields and quality. Methods of weed control include mechanical (hoeing), cultural, and chemical controls. Cultural controls involve practices like field preparation, crop rotation, and intercropping. The document provides an overview of weed management strategies.
Insect-pest management in Organic Agriculture - Options and ChallengesMonika Sharma
This document discusses insect pest management options for organic agriculture. It begins by defining organic agriculture and its principles. The main challenges for insect pest management in organic systems are discussed. The document then provides details on various avoidance, environment management and direct treatment options for insect pest control in organic agriculture. Key options discussed include crop rotation, field sanitation, intercropping, host plant resistance, and trap cropping. Examples of each option are also provided.
The document discusses the principles of vegetable seed production. It covers genetic principles like variety deterioration, natural crossing, and maintaining genetic purity during seed production. It also discusses agronomic principles such as selection of the production region, isolation of seed crops, land preparation, variety selection, seed treatment, sowing time and method, irrigation, harvesting, drying and storage. Following appropriate seed production techniques can help farmers produce quality seeds for their own use or sale to generate income and boost overall vegetable production.
This document discusses the key components and characteristics of soil. It explains that soil is alive, composed of minerals, organic matter, air and water. The mineral portion includes sand, silt and clay, which differ in size and affect the soil's ability to retain nutrients and water. Organic matter provides food for soil organisms. The document outlines the various microorganisms that inhabit soil and their roles in breaking down organic matter and making nutrients available to plants. It also discusses how soil texture, pH, and nutrient levels can be tested to understand a soil's properties and needs for supporting plant growth.
This document announces a plant sale and art show being held from April 7-17, 2016 in Dunwoody, Georgia. It will include a large selection of organically grown vegetables, annuals, perennials, herbs and tomatoes for sale at low prices, as well as an art sale featuring local artists with works priced under $75. The event is a annual community event held at Brook Run Park.
Rod Pittman of The Veggie Patch uses organic and permaculture practices to grow crops year-round. He maintains beneficial soil microorganisms through composting and compost tea. His compost recipe layers leaves, grass, and wood chips, heating to 165 degrees to cultivate bacteria and fungi. Compost and compost tea nourish soil microbes, improving soil structure and nutrient availability for continuous planting without tilling. Through microbe management, Pittman grows vegetables, herbs and fruits indoors and out in all seasons with minimal external inputs.
This document provides information and recommendations for growing fruit trees and bushes in Atlanta. It discusses the benefits of fruit trees, recommends several fruits that grow well locally including blueberries, elderberries, feijoas, jujubes, serviceberries, and pawpaws. It emphasizes building healthy soil using fruit tree guilds that include plants with different roles like attractors, repellers, and nitrogen fixers. The document also discusses the importance of beneficial fungi in the soil food web for supporting tree growth.
The document provides information on watering and fertilizing garden plants. It discusses how much water plants need per week (1-1.5 inches), optimal watering techniques like using a hose or sprinkler in the morning, and issues that can arise from over or under watering. The document also details the components of fertilizer like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and trace minerals. It provides examples of organic fertilizers and calculations for determining how much fertilizer to apply based on recommendations. Signs of nutrient deficiencies and excess nitrogen are also summarized.
This document provides information about the Brook Run Plant Sale & Art Show occurring from April 7-9 and 19-23, 2017 in Dunwoody, Georgia. The event will include a large plant sale with thousands of organically grown vegetable, herb, annual, perennial and pepper plants for $1 or more. An art sale will also be held with local artists exhibiting works priced under $75. The sale and show will take place at Brook Run Park across from the skate park.
Guide and Charts On Planting Companion Vegetables and Herbs, and Fruit Tree C...Farida43h
This document provides information on planting companion vegetables and herbs, and fruit tree companion planting. It discusses how certain plants benefit each other when planted together by attracting beneficial insects, fixing nitrogen, repelling pests, and other mechanisms. Charts are included showing which plants are compatible or incompatible companions. Research showing companion planting can increase food production by 250% is also mentioned. Overall, the document outlines the principles and benefits of companion planting for organic gardening.
Companion Planting - Master Gardeners, University of Rhode IslandKailis35k
This document discusses the benefits of companion planting, where certain plants are grown together because they enhance each other's growth and/or help control pests. Specifically:
- The "Three Sisters" system of the Native Americans - corn, beans, and squash - works because the corn supports the beans, the beans fix nitrogen for both, and the squash shades the soil to suppress weeds.
- Other examples given are marigolds to control nematodes, garlic/onions/herbs to repel insects from other plants, and attracting beneficial insects that prey on pests by planting flowers like dill and carrots.
- Research in South Africa found that intercropping sorghum with leg
Companion Planting Practices and Organic Vegetable Gardening - Sarasota Count...Fairlee3z
This document discusses companion planting in organic vegetable gardens. It defines companion planting as establishing two or more plant species in close proximity so they benefit each other. Mechanisms for higher yields include pest control, nutrient uptake, and physical interactions. The document provides examples of companion planting combinations and practices like trap cropping and using plants that repel pests. It emphasizes the importance of experimenting with different spatial arrangements and management factors to achieve the desired benefits.
Companion Planting - URI Master GardenersKailis35k
Companion planting involves growing different plant species together in order to benefit from their interactions. Certain plants grown together can help deter pests, fix nitrogen in the soil, attract beneficial insects, and enhance soil and environmental conditions. Some key points from the document:
- Plants influence soil chemistry, microorganisms, and compete with other plants for space. Some secrete chemicals that benefit or harm neighboring plants.
- Historically, Native Americans developed the "Three Sisters" system of planting corn, beans, and squash together that provided mutual benefits.
- Home gardeners have rediscovered companion planting as it does not require specialized equipment.
- Cover crops can fix nitrogen, deter weeds, and
This document discusses companion planting for vegetable patches. It explains that diversity is important and lists some key principles of companion planting, including using plants with different root depths and nutrient needs to reduce competition. It provides examples of natural growth stimulants and suppressants. It also discusses how some plants can attract beneficial insects or provide nutrients to others. The document recommends books on companion planting and intercropping for more information.
Companion Planting - Rhode Island UniversityKailis35k
Plants interact with each other and their environment in complex ways. Companion planting involves strategically combining plants that enhance each other's growth and reduce pest damage. For example, the "Three Sisters" system of growing corn, beans, and squash together originated with Native Americans. The corn provides structure for beans to climb, beans fix nitrogen to benefit both plants, and squash acts as groundcover. Home gardeners are rediscovering these beneficial plant relationships. Research in South Africa found intercropping sorghum with legumes in zai pits increased food production by 250%.
Companion planting involves growing multiple crops in close proximity that provide benefits to each other such as pest control, pollination or nutrient exchange. It has been used for centuries in gardens and agriculture as an environmentally friendly technique. Some key benefits of companion planting include attracting beneficial insects for pest control, fixing nitrogen in the soil, providing shelter from wind and pest disruption through diversifying crop placement. Examples given are planting marigolds with crops to deter pests, and the traditional "Three Sisters" method of growing corn, beans and squash together. Recent studies also show companion planting to be an effective method for disrupting pest host-finding and increasing yields.
Boost your Garden Yields with Companion Planting TechnologiesKailis35k
Boost your Garden Yields with Companion Planting Technologies. Increase your garden's production by 250 percent or more.
Includes a downloadable Companion Planting Chart. Many Links to books, web sites and much more
This document discusses the benefits of companion planting, specifically the traditional Native American "Three Sisters" method of planting corn, beans, and squash together. It explains how the plants interact symbiotically: corn provides structure for beans to climb, beans fix nitrogen in the soil, and squash leaves cover the ground to suppress weeds and retain moisture. Companion planting is shown to increase yields, attract beneficial insects, decrease pests and disease, and establish healthier plant relationships compared to monocropping. The document also mentions how some groups planted additional plants like sunflowers or Cleome serrulata to further boost the system.
This document provides information on companion planting and intercropping systems. It discusses the traditional Native American "Three Sisters" system of growing corn, beans, and squash together. It explains how the plants support each other and increase yields. The document also discusses polyculture systems, where many different plants are grown together to increase biodiversity and productivity. It provides examples of companion planting from Africa and South America that have increased food production. Links are included to resources on companion planting books and guides.
This document provides information on companion planting and polyculture gardening techniques. It discusses the traditional Native American "Three Sisters" companion planting of corn, beans, and squash. It explains how these three plants benefit each other. The document then discusses other benefits of companion planting such as attracting beneficial insects, decreasing disease and pests, and increasing yields. It describes polyculture gardening, which involves planting many different crops together to increase biodiversity. Examples of successful companion planting and polyculture projects in Africa and South America are also discussed.
Companion Planting - Biodiversity; by Sustainable Farming FundKailis35k
The document discusses the principles and benefits of companion planting, also known as intercropping. It describes how growing two or more crop species together can provide benefits like reducing pests and diseases, improving resource utilization, and increasing yields. Specific examples of beneficial plant combinations are provided, such as broccoli planted with mustard or cabbage planted with tomatoes. The document also discusses factors to consider in intercrop design and provides applicability of examples to different growing conditions.
Companion Planting - Cornell Cooperative Extension of SuffolkBakas16w
Plants interact with each other and their environment in complex ways. Certain combinations of plants, known as companion planting, can benefit each other through enhanced growing conditions, pest reduction, and nutrient exchange. Native Americans developed the Three Sisters system of corn, beans, and squash which supported each other. While some companion planting claims lack scientific evidence, observation of effective combinations in gardens can provide insights into productive plant relationships.
Companion Planting Made Easy - Organic GardeningFairlee3z
This document provides an introduction and overview of companion planting. It discusses how companion planting works by creating diversity in the garden and using plant combinations that attract beneficial insects, repel pest insects, enrich the soil, or act as trap crops. The document then provides tips for getting started with companion planting and growing a companion garden. It concludes with a plant-by-plant guide that provides allies, enemies, and growing guidelines for various plants commonly used in companion planting, such as asparagus, basil, beans, and beets.
Companion Planting Made Easy - High Plains Food BankFairlee3z
This document provides an introduction to companion planting, explaining how it works and how to get started. Companion planting involves combining certain plants together for benefits like improving soil, repelling pests, attracting beneficial insects, or acting as a decoy for pests. Diversity is important to avoid monocultures that are vulnerable to pests. Some plants fix nitrogen, others repel insects, and some attract beneficial insects that prey on pests. The document recommends starting with combinations that have proven effective and provides a plant-by-plant guide to get started with companion planting.
Companion Planting Eco Gardening Factsheet - Cornell University, New YorkKailis35k
Companion planting involves growing different crops together that benefit each other in some way. The document discusses several examples of companion planting relationships between plants that can improve soil fertility, attract beneficial insects, repel pests, and enhance growing conditions. Some key points are:
- Legumes like alfalfa and clover enrich soil with nitrogen captured from the air.
- Intercropping corn, beans, and squash - the "Three Sisters" system developed by Native Americans - provides mutual benefits like the beans using the corn for support and fixing nitrogen.
- Certain plants like marigolds are effective for controlling soil pests like nematodes when interplanted with other crops.
- Herbs and flowers scattered
Urban Harvest is a Houston non-profit that seeks to develop the local food movement through community gardens and education. Founded in 1994 by Bob Randall using permaculture principles, its goal is to teach Houstonians to grow their own food. Permaculture focuses on maximizing outputs while minimizing inputs through techniques like vertical gardening, succession planting, and attracting beneficial insects. The document provides guidance on site selection, soil building, crop spacing, and organic pest control methods to help gardens thrive in small urban spaces.
The document discusses various companion planting techniques, including trap cropping, symbiotic nitrogen fixation, biochemical pest suppression, physical spatial interactions, nurse cropping, and providing beneficial habitats. It then provides details on the companion planting benefits of several common plants such as alfalfa, amaranth, anise, asparagus, and artemisias.
Vegetable Gardens: Grow Food, Save Water - City of Aurorasodj49v
Here are the basic tools needed for a vegetable garden:
- Spade - For digging, turning soil, making planting holes
- Bow rake - For leveling soil and removing debris
- Hose - For watering plants
- Trowel - For precise planting and weeding in small spaces
- Gloves - To protect your hands while working in the soil
Having these basic tools will allow you to prepare your garden beds, plant seeds and seedlings, water your plants, and perform general maintenance and weeding. Additional tools like a garden hose timer, cultivator, pruning shears may be useful but aren't entirely necessary. The most important thing is getting started with a small selection of versatile
Companion planting involves growing two or more plant species in close proximity to provide cultural benefits like pest control or higher yields. While traditionally based on observation, scientific research has validated mechanisms like trap cropping, nitrogen fixation, biochemical pest suppression, and providing habitat for beneficial insects. A companion planting chart lists traditional associations and incompatibilities for common garden crops. Intercropping systems range from mixed to strip planting arrangements.
This document provides information and tips for fall vegetable gardening. It discusses the best time of year for a fall garden due to milder temperatures and fewer pests. It recommends preparing the soil by removing old plants, turning the soil, and adding organic matter. Key vegetables to plant include brassicas like cabbage and kale, leafy greens, root crops, and cover crops. The document provides planting and care instructions for specific vegetables and discusses pests, feeding the garden, mulching, and protecting plants from freezing.
This document provides an agenda and summary of an urban double crop project testing the growth of cool season vegetables in an area planted with warm season grass. The project was led by UGA researchers and master gardeners. It tested growing butterhead lettuce, Swiss chard, and broccoli in a Bermuda lawn using lawn pots and holes, and compared yields to a traditional garden bed. Results were monitored weekly and harvested produce was donated. The project will continue monitoring lawn recovery through next spring to evaluate using lawn areas for additional vegetable production.
This document lists various perennial vegetables and flowers that can be planted together in a garden, including artichokes, arugula, broccoli, cabbage, collards, kale, lettuce, mint, mustard greens, peppers, rosemary, sorrel, spinach, Swiss chard, as well as flowers like balloon flowers, columbine, dahlias, ferns, forsythia, foxglove, lilies, hellebores, hollyhocks, hostas, irises, orchids, passion flower vines, rudbeckia, snapdragons, spider plants, and sweet william.
Incognito mode allows private browsing by not saving browsing history, cookies, site data or records of what was searched for. The document discusses why using incognito mode is important for privacy by not leaving digital footprints, provides tips for strong unique passwords instead of weak reused ones, and recommends using non-tracking search engines like DuckDuckGo to help maintain privacy while browsing online.
This document provides information on raising tomatoes, including determining whether to use seeds or starter plants, variety selection, planting, care, and common problems. Key points covered include:
- Seeds are cheaper but require more effort, while starter plants are easier but can be planted later. Determinate varieties produce one harvest, while indeterminate produce throughout the season.
- Heirloom varieties can be replanted but are less resistant to disease, while hybrids may yield better and be more consistent but cannot be replanted.
- Proper planting includes using seed starting mix, providing the right environment for germination, and hardening off seedlings before transplanting outdoors.
- Ongoing
The Dunwoody Community Garden and Dunwoody Fine Arts Association will hold their annual Brook Run Plant Sale & Art Show from April 7-17, featuring a large selection of organically grown vegetables, herbs, flowers, and peppers for sale at low prices, as well as local art for sale under $75 in the greenhouse barn April 8-10.
The modification of an existing product or the formulation of a new product to fill a newly identified market niche or customer need are both examples of product development. This study generally developed and conducted the formulation of aramang baked products enriched with malunggay conducted by the researchers. Specifically, it answered the acceptability level in terms of taste, texture, flavor, odor, and color also the overall acceptability of enriched aramang baked products. The study used the frequency distribution for evaluators to determine the acceptability of enriched aramang baked products enriched with malunggay. As per sensory evaluation conducted by the researchers, it was proven that aramang baked products enriched with malunggay was acceptable in terms of Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color, and Texture. Based on the results of sensory evaluation of enriched aramang baked products proven that three (3) treatments were all highly acceptable in terms of variable Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color and Textures conducted by the researchers.
Monitor indicators of genetic diversity from space using Earth Observation dataSpatial Genetics
Genetic diversity within and among populations is essential for species persistence. While targets and indicators for genetic diversity are captured in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, assessing genetic diversity across many species at national and regional scales remains challenging. Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) need accessible tools for reliable and efficient monitoring at relevant scales. Here, we describe how Earth Observation satellites (EO) make essential contributions to enable, accelerate, and improve genetic diversity monitoring and preservation. Specifically, we introduce a workflow integrating EO into existing genetic diversity monitoring strategies and present a set of examples where EO data is or can be integrated to improve assessment, monitoring, and conservation. We describe how available EO data can be integrated in innovative ways to support calculation of the genetic diversity indicators of the GBF monitoring framework and to inform management and monitoring decisions, especially in areas with limited research infrastructure or access. We also describe novel, integrative approaches to improve the indicators that can be implemented with the coming generation of EO data, and new capabilities that will provide unprecedented detail to characterize the changes to Earth’s surface and their implications for biodiversity, on a global scale.
Download the Latest OSHA 10 Answers PDF : oyetrade.comNarendra Jayas
Latest OSHA 10 Test Question and Answers PDF for Construction and General Industry Exam.
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To Help OSHA 10 trainees to pass their pre-test and post-test we have prepared set of 390 question and answers called OSHA 10 Answers in downloadable PDF format. The OSHA 10 Answers question bank is prepared by our in-house highly experienced safety professionals and trainers. The OSHA 10 Answers document consists of 390 MCQ type question and answers updated for year 2024 exams.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
3. Good Neighbor Gardening
Garden Maintenance
− Weeding
− Harvesting
− Correct watering
Shade
− Watch your plants shadows
Watch your Feet
Communicate
What not to plant (will be covered later)
4. What is companion Planting
It’s the establishment of two or more plant
species in close proximity so that some
cultural benefit that results in higher yields
is derived.
Groups of plants which grow well together
are called "companions."
5. Why Companion Planting
Naturalists have known about the
interactions among plants for
thousands of years:
– For example, about 2,000 years ago
the Roman agriculturalist, Varro,
declared "Large walnut trees close
by, make the border of the farm
sterile."
Some pest control potential is based on
insecticides derived from plants
6. Why Companion Cont.
The concept provides strategies that increase
the biodiversity of garden agroecosystems by
mimicking the non-negative examples of
biodiversity of natural ecosystems.
Some plants exude chemicals from roots or
aerial parts that suppress or repel insects and
protect neighboring plants. See hand out
7. Companion Planting Practices
“Physical Spatial Interactions”
− sun-loving plants may share space with lower
growing, shade-tolerant species, resulting in
higher total yields from the land.
“Symbiotic nitrogen fixation”
− legumes have the ability to fix atmospheric
nitrogenfor their own use and or the benefit
of neighbouring plants via symbiotic
relationship with Rhizobium bacteria
8. Companion Planting Practices cont.
“Beneficial Habitats”
− provide a desirable environment for beneficial
insects and other arthropods especially those
predatory and parasitic species which help to
keep pest populations in check.
Herb Companion Planting for Repelling Pests
− When selecting your companion plants you will
need to consider more than which pests are
deterred, e.g., what effect the proximity of
strong herbs may have on the flavour of your
vegetables
10. Crop Rotation
Planting different types of plants in a
particular space from one year to the next
Rotate to crops of different families
− Planting squash where cucumbers
were is not an optimum crop rotation
because they are in the same families
Plant legumes ahead of heavy feeders
− Rotating beans with cabbage would
work well, cabbage is a heavy feeder
and beans are a legume
14. Cover Crops
Planted to build and or protect soil
Clover adds nitrogen as well as protection from
erosion
Rye protects from erosion and may reduce
nematodes and disease as it is a different family
from vegetables.