A rectangular tuneable ultra-wideband (UWB) microstrip patch (MP) antenna based on a single sheet of graphene (SSG) is designed in this study. The antenna band can be tuned by applying a DC voltage bias perpendicular to the SSG at various values via adjusting the input impedance. The antenna has been analyzed by computer simulation technology (CST) microwave studio (MWS) software using an FR4 substrate of thickness 1.6 mm with a dielectric permittivity 휀푟= 4.4 and loss tangent tan = 0.02 fed by a 50 Ω microstrip line frequency. The design is compact since the antenna consists mostly of copper and the SSG. Graphene’s low weight, high flexibility, and strength make it more attractive than other semiconductor materials. Then, the study investigates the effects of applying the electrical characteristics of graphene to the antenna’s length, which varies with the ON and OFF states. This UWB MP antenna is also designed with notch characteristics so that it can reject undesired interference signals. Subsequently, this compact UWB MP antenna with tuneable resonance frequency is suitable for most wireless communication applications. The simulation results work in the 3.1 to 10 GHz range, as required for UWB technology.
Microstrip Rectangular Monopole Antennas with Defected Ground for UWB Applica...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the design of new compact antennas for ultra wide band applications. Each antenna consists of a rectangular patch fed by 50Ω microstrip transmission line and the ground element is a defected ground structure (DGS). The aim of this study is to improve the bandwidth of these antennas by using DGS and the modification geometry of rectangular structure, which gives new compact antennas for UWB applications. The input impedance bandwidth of the antennas with S11<-10dB is more than 10GHz, from 3GHz to more than 14 GHz. The proposed antennas are investigated and optimized by using CST microwave studio, they are validated by using another electromagnetic solver Ansoft HFSS. The measured parameters present good agreement with simulation. The final antenna structures offer excellent performances for UWB system.
Gain enhancement of microstrip patch antenna using artificial magnetic conductorjournalBEEI
The paper presents an artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) structure to enhance the gain of the double microstrip patch antenna. By placing this kind of metamaterial in between the two Rogers RT5880 substrates, the antenna achieved lots of improvement especially in terms of size miniaturization, bandwidth, return loss, gain and efficiency. The antenna is intended to operate at 16 GHz where the prospect fifth generation (5G) spectrum might be located. Integration of AMC structure into the proposed antenna helps to improve nearly 16.3% of gain and almost 23.6% of size reduction.
Novel fractal antenna for UWB applications using the coplanar waveguide feed ...IJECEIAES
In this study an original Coplanar Waveguide (CPW) antenna has been achieved into simulation and manufacturing in order to be an important candidate for the Ultra-wideband applications. The area of the proposed structure is 34mm x 43mm operating in the frequency range 3.1 GHz – 10.6 GHz released as UWB by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). To perform the design of the proposed CPW antenna two electromagnetic solvers has been adopted which are CST of Microwave Studio and ADS of Agilent. The radiating patch has been chosen circular with fractal geometry based on circular slots with different sizes. The dielectric substrate is an Epoxy FR4 with a Relative permittivity 4.4, a thickness 1.6 and a loss tangent 0.025. To valid the functionality of the antenna two parameters has been computed which are the coefficient of reflection and the radiation pattern and confirmed into measurement by using the Network Analyser and the anechoic chamber.
A low cost fractal CPW fed antenna for UWB applications with a circular radia...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study a validated antenna into simulation and through measurement has been described and analyzed. The coplanar waveguide (CPW) technique has been chosen to feed the radiating patch while the two ground planes have been partially designed in the top side of the substrate. The fractal geometry, applied to the circular radiator, has been obtained by merging the circular and rectangular shapes. The fiberglass FR-4, with a single side of 35μm copper thickness, has been used to achieve the antenna material with a permittivity of 4.4, a thickness of 1.6 mm, a loss tangent of 0.025 and an overall dimension of 34x43 mm2. The proposed CPW fractal antenna has been configured to operate in the frequency range 3.1-10.6 GHz published by the federal communications commission (FCC) as an ultra-wide band (UWB). To calculate the return loss, the gain, the current density and the radiation pattern of the simulated antenna, two electromagnetic solvers have been involved which are the CST microwave studio and ADS. The series of measurement have been performed by using the network analyzer and the anechoic chamber in order to confirm the computed antenna.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF 2D-EBG UNDER MONOPOLE ANTENNAjantjournal
The artificial properties in two dimensional electromagnetic structures (2D-EBGs), such as PMC and Band Reject Region are investigated for a proposed structure of square shaped mushroom. The radiation characteristics of monopole antenna over this 2D-EBG is tested by considering two cases. During first case monopole antenna is made to operate within band rejection region. Second case monopole antenna made operate outside the band rejection range. The obtained results during first case is showing enhancement in operating band width and smoother radiation pattern. In second case the effect is null and
2D-EBG resembles like conventional plane reflector. The simulated results are presented.
Microstrip Rectangular Monopole Antennas with Defected Ground for UWB Applica...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the design of new compact antennas for ultra wide band applications. Each antenna consists of a rectangular patch fed by 50Ω microstrip transmission line and the ground element is a defected ground structure (DGS). The aim of this study is to improve the bandwidth of these antennas by using DGS and the modification geometry of rectangular structure, which gives new compact antennas for UWB applications. The input impedance bandwidth of the antennas with S11<-10dB is more than 10GHz, from 3GHz to more than 14 GHz. The proposed antennas are investigated and optimized by using CST microwave studio, they are validated by using another electromagnetic solver Ansoft HFSS. The measured parameters present good agreement with simulation. The final antenna structures offer excellent performances for UWB system.
Gain enhancement of microstrip patch antenna using artificial magnetic conductorjournalBEEI
The paper presents an artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) structure to enhance the gain of the double microstrip patch antenna. By placing this kind of metamaterial in between the two Rogers RT5880 substrates, the antenna achieved lots of improvement especially in terms of size miniaturization, bandwidth, return loss, gain and efficiency. The antenna is intended to operate at 16 GHz where the prospect fifth generation (5G) spectrum might be located. Integration of AMC structure into the proposed antenna helps to improve nearly 16.3% of gain and almost 23.6% of size reduction.
Novel fractal antenna for UWB applications using the coplanar waveguide feed ...IJECEIAES
In this study an original Coplanar Waveguide (CPW) antenna has been achieved into simulation and manufacturing in order to be an important candidate for the Ultra-wideband applications. The area of the proposed structure is 34mm x 43mm operating in the frequency range 3.1 GHz – 10.6 GHz released as UWB by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). To perform the design of the proposed CPW antenna two electromagnetic solvers has been adopted which are CST of Microwave Studio and ADS of Agilent. The radiating patch has been chosen circular with fractal geometry based on circular slots with different sizes. The dielectric substrate is an Epoxy FR4 with a Relative permittivity 4.4, a thickness 1.6 and a loss tangent 0.025. To valid the functionality of the antenna two parameters has been computed which are the coefficient of reflection and the radiation pattern and confirmed into measurement by using the Network Analyser and the anechoic chamber.
A low cost fractal CPW fed antenna for UWB applications with a circular radia...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study a validated antenna into simulation and through measurement has been described and analyzed. The coplanar waveguide (CPW) technique has been chosen to feed the radiating patch while the two ground planes have been partially designed in the top side of the substrate. The fractal geometry, applied to the circular radiator, has been obtained by merging the circular and rectangular shapes. The fiberglass FR-4, with a single side of 35μm copper thickness, has been used to achieve the antenna material with a permittivity of 4.4, a thickness of 1.6 mm, a loss tangent of 0.025 and an overall dimension of 34x43 mm2. The proposed CPW fractal antenna has been configured to operate in the frequency range 3.1-10.6 GHz published by the federal communications commission (FCC) as an ultra-wide band (UWB). To calculate the return loss, the gain, the current density and the radiation pattern of the simulated antenna, two electromagnetic solvers have been involved which are the CST microwave studio and ADS. The series of measurement have been performed by using the network analyzer and the anechoic chamber in order to confirm the computed antenna.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF 2D-EBG UNDER MONOPOLE ANTENNAjantjournal
The artificial properties in two dimensional electromagnetic structures (2D-EBGs), such as PMC and Band Reject Region are investigated for a proposed structure of square shaped mushroom. The radiation characteristics of monopole antenna over this 2D-EBG is tested by considering two cases. During first case monopole antenna is made to operate within band rejection region. Second case monopole antenna made operate outside the band rejection range. The obtained results during first case is showing enhancement in operating band width and smoother radiation pattern. In second case the effect is null and
2D-EBG resembles like conventional plane reflector. The simulated results are presented.
A four-element UWB MIMO antenna using SRRs for application in satellite commu...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a method for designing a new ultra wide band (UWB) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with two and four elements. First we presented an ultra-wide band antenna we studied these performances. Then, we studied the application of metamaterials to the design of MIMO antennas for miniaturization and the performance of antennas, in order to guarantee the proper functioning of the MIMO system with a much reduced separation distance between the radiating elements (λ/12), where the coupling can be very weak. The application of these circular double ring SRRs materials on the front plan of the antenna has contributed to the increasing of the antenna performance is studied in terms of S-Parameters, efficiency, diversity gain (DG), radiation properties and envelop correlation coefficient (ECC). It offers advantages such as the reduction of weight and congestion that is beneficial for their integration into satellite communications systems.
MICROSTRIP ANTENNA PATTERN RECONFIGURATION USING ON-CHIP PARASITIC ELEMENTS jantjournal
In this paper, a design of pattern reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna and its simulation using CSTMW simulator is presented. The designed antenna is also fabricated and tested. The design consists of microstrip patch printed on FR-4 substrate with a coaxial line feeding on the back of the antenna which is the active element. Two on-chip parasitic elements (OCPE) also are printed on FR-4 substrate, each of
which connected through a via hole to the ground. The proposed design has the advantage of movable
parasitic chip elements with the same motherboard to control the reconfigurable pattern direction as well as operating frequency. It is also have the advantages of parasitic elements rotation to fit reception/transmission required steering angle. The results obtained show that the steering angle of the
main beam in the H-plane depends upon the dimension of the parasitic element substrate as well as the type of the patch antenna. The presented antenna is suitable for different application, including Wifi and WiMax systems.
Designing large-scale antenna array using sub-arrayjournalBEEI
Antenna array of large scale have been examined for different applications including 5G technology. To get better data rate or a reliable link substantial number of antenna arrays have been utilized to provide high multiplexing gains as well as array gains with high directivity. In this paper a simple but efficient implementation technique of using sub-arrays for the improvement of large-sized uniform arrays. By repeating a small sub-array multiple times large arrays can be designed. This implication of utilizing small array simplifies the design of a larger array which allows the designer to concentrate on the smaller sub-array before assembling larger arrays. So, by investigating the sub arrays the performance and radiation characteristics of large arrays can be anticipated. The array-factor for a planar sub-array of 2x2 (4 elements) is analyzed using Mat-lab software and then a large array is formed by placing the 2x2 sub-array indifferent configurations in a rectangular arrangements up to 8x8 planar array. And then the results are validated with CST (Computer simulation technology) simulation results.In this way the array-factors, directivities, HPBWs, and side lobes of the constructed large arrays are analyzed and associated with the small sub-array.
Reconfigurable ultra wideband to narrowband antenna for cognitive radio appli...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Frequency reconfigurable antennas are very attractive for many wireless applications.They offer many advantages such as simplicity and compactness. In this electronicpaper, we propose a reconfigurable antenna operating in the S and C bands. Theproposed antenna uses a BAP65-02 RF diode to switch between the ultra widebandfrom 2.92 to 6.19 GHz to the narrowband from 2.92 to 3.93 GHz. The ultra widebandis obtained by a partial rectangular ground plane with a symmetrical rectangular slotand the narrowband is obtained by adding a parasitic element electrically connectedto the ground plane by the PIN diode when it is positively biased. This patch antennaoperates in the Federal Communications Commission band (FCC) and can be used forbiomedical applications such as radiometry imaging. The numerical simulation resultsbased on the finite element method and the finite integral method show a very goodagreement between them.
Compact Rectangular Slot Microstrip Antenna with Band-Notched Characteristics...jmicro
n this paper, we present an offset microstrip-fed ultraw
ideband antenna with band notch
characteristics.The antenna structure consists of rectangular r
adiating patch and ground plane with
rectangular shaped slot, which increases impedance bandwidth upto 1
17.73%(2.9-11.2GHz).A new
modified U slot is etched in the radiating patch to create band-
notched properties in the WiMAX (3.3-
3.7GHz) and C-band satellite communication (3.7-4.15GHz).Further
more, parametric studies have been
conducted using EM simulation software CADFEKO suite(7.0) and
optimized with stable radiation pattern
which satisfied UWB requirement for VSWR<2.A prototype of ante
nna is fabricated on 1.6mm thick FR-4
substrate with dielectric constant of 4.4 and loss tangent of 0.02
.The designed antenna exhibits
bidirectional and omni directional radiation patterns along E and
H-plane with stable gain and efficiency
over entire operating band except notch frequency band. Simulated res
ults are in good agreement with the
measured results of the proposed antenna which makes it a good
candidate for UWB application.
Circularly polarized antenna array based on hybrid couplers for 5G devicesjournalBEEI
This paper depicts a wideband circularly polarized (CP) antenna for 5G devices. The antenna array has a 3D structure including four simple printed dipole elements with directional radiations, high gain, and high efficiency. It achieves a CP by using the sequential rotation (SR) feeding based on 90°-3dB hybrid couplers in the proposed feeding network. The antenna array bandwidth is wide, 26.7%, with an operating frequency band from 3.35 GHz to 4.35 GHz. The antenna achieves a high peak gain of 10.73 dBi and high efficiency of 93.75%. Besides, the antenna gain is stable over the operating bandwidth (BW). At the centre operating frequency of 3.75 GHz, the angle of circular polarization is 51°. The antenna is designed and fabricated on the Rogers 4003 C substrate. The measured S11 is well matching with the simulation results. With the above characteristics, the proposed antenna can be a suitable candidate for 5G devices.
Design of wide band slotted microstrip patch antenna with defective ground st...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a microstrip patch antenna (MSPA) in the Ku band for satellite applications. The antenna is small in size with dimensions of about 40 mm×48 mm×1.59 mm and is fed with a coaxial cable of 50 Ω impedance. The proposed antenna has a wide bandwidth of 3.03 GHz ranging from 12.8 GHz to 15.8 GHz. To realize the characteristics of wideband the techniques of defective ground structure (DGS) and etching slots on the radiating element are adopted. The antenna is modeled on the FR4 substrate. A basic circular patch is selected for the design of a dual-frequency operation and in the next step DGS is introduced into the basic antenna and enhanced bandwidth is achieved at both the frequencies. To attain wider bandwidth two slots are etched on the radiating element of which one is a square ring slot and the second one is a circular ring slot. The novelty of the proposed antenna is a miniaturized design and unique response within the Ku band region which is applicable for wireless UWB applications with VSWR <2 and an average gain of 3.6 dB.
Frequency Reconfiguration Mechanism of a PIN Diode on a Reconfigurable Antenn...IJECEIAES
Microstrip patch antennas are increasingly gaining popularity for usage in portable wireless system applications due to their light weight, low profile structure, low cost of production and robust nature. The patch is generally made of a conducting material such as copper or gold and can take any possible shapes, but rectangular shapes are generally used to simplify analysis and performance prediction. Microstrip patch antenna radiates due to the fringing fields between the patch edge and ground plane. In this work, a frequency reconfigurable antenna with a BAR63-02V Positive-IntrinsicNegative (PIN) diode is designed, simulated and fabricated. The antenna operates at 2.686GHz for Long-Term Evolution (LTE2500) and 5.164GHz for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) applications. In the OFF state, the antenna operates at 5.302GHz, which is also suitable for WLAN application. The proposed antenna is fabricated on a FR-4 substrate with a relative dielectric constant, ε r of 4.5, thickness, h of 1.6mm and loss tangent, tan δ of 0.019. The fabrication process is carried out at the Advanced Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Design Laboratory in UTHM.
Designing of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna for C-Band ApplicationIJMER
Microstrip patch antenna becoming very popular day by day because of its ease of analysis, fabrication, low cast, light weight easy to feed and their attractive radiation characteristics. In this paper we proposed the designed of rectangular microstrip patch antenna to operate at frequency range 5-6 GHz. The simulation is carried out using high frequency simulation structure (HFSS) program.
The antenna is based on the modified epoxy substrate with dielectric constant of approximate 4.4. After simulation rectangular microstrip antenna performs characteristics such as VSWR & return loss smith chart
A dual-frequency microstrip patch antennas has been presented and used for 802.11WLAN
applications. The antennas had been designed, simulated and parametrically studied in CST Microwave
studio. By introducing u-slot, dual-band operation with its operating mode centered at frequency 2.4GHz,
3.65GHz and 5.2GHz had been obtained. The gain and directivity had been improved by adjusting the
parameters of the antennas. The gain of the proposed designs was 6.019dBi, 4.04dBi and 6.22dBi and
directivity was 6.02dBi, 4.05dBi and 6.22dBi at resonant frequencies 2.4GHz, 3.6GHz and 5.2GHz
respectively. The patch antennas had been proposed to be used in portable devices that require
miniaturized constituent parts.
Simulation and optimization of tuneable microstrip patch antenna for fifth-ge...IJECEIAES
Microstrip patch antennas (MPAs) are known largely for their versatility in terms of feasible geometries, making them applicable in many distinct circumstances. In this paper, a graphene-based tuneable single/array rectangular microstrip patch antenna (MPA) utilizing an inset feed technique designed to function in multiple frequency bands are used in a fifth-generation (5G) wireless communications system. The tuneable antenna is used to eliminate the difficulties caused by the narrow bandwidths typically associated with MPAs. The graphene material has a reconfigurable surface conductivity that can be adjusted to function at the required value, thus allowing the required resonance frequency to be selected. The simulated tuneable antenna comprises a copper radiating patch with four graphene strips used for tuning purposes and is designed to cover a wide frequency band. The proposed antenna can be tuned directly by applying a direct current (DC) voltage to the graphene strips, resulting in a variation in the surface impedance of the graphene strips and leading to shifts in the resonance frequency.
Simulation and optimization of a tuneable rectangular microstrip patch antenn...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, a tuneable rectangular microstrip patch antenna (MPA) is simulated and optimized to operate in four frequency bands of the next generation of wireless communication systems. The proposed design incorporates a copper radiating patch with four implanted graphene strips for tuning purposes. The reconfigurable surface impedance of graphene can easily be altered by applying a DC voltage bias directly to the graphene strips, allowing the operating frequency of the antenna to be tuned as desired. The capability of the applied voltage to tune the operating frequency band of the proposed antenna is studied via computer simulation technology (CST) microwave studio (MWS). Frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) are introduced in order to improve the radiation parameters of the antenna. The operating frequency band of the tuneable rectangular MPA increases directly as the applied DC voltage bias is increased. Based on the simulation results, a tuneable rectangular MPA placed between two FSSs is proposed for fifth-generation applications.
A four-element UWB MIMO antenna using SRRs for application in satellite commu...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a method for designing a new ultra wide band (UWB) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with two and four elements. First we presented an ultra-wide band antenna we studied these performances. Then, we studied the application of metamaterials to the design of MIMO antennas for miniaturization and the performance of antennas, in order to guarantee the proper functioning of the MIMO system with a much reduced separation distance between the radiating elements (λ/12), where the coupling can be very weak. The application of these circular double ring SRRs materials on the front plan of the antenna has contributed to the increasing of the antenna performance is studied in terms of S-Parameters, efficiency, diversity gain (DG), radiation properties and envelop correlation coefficient (ECC). It offers advantages such as the reduction of weight and congestion that is beneficial for their integration into satellite communications systems.
MICROSTRIP ANTENNA PATTERN RECONFIGURATION USING ON-CHIP PARASITIC ELEMENTS jantjournal
In this paper, a design of pattern reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna and its simulation using CSTMW simulator is presented. The designed antenna is also fabricated and tested. The design consists of microstrip patch printed on FR-4 substrate with a coaxial line feeding on the back of the antenna which is the active element. Two on-chip parasitic elements (OCPE) also are printed on FR-4 substrate, each of
which connected through a via hole to the ground. The proposed design has the advantage of movable
parasitic chip elements with the same motherboard to control the reconfigurable pattern direction as well as operating frequency. It is also have the advantages of parasitic elements rotation to fit reception/transmission required steering angle. The results obtained show that the steering angle of the
main beam in the H-plane depends upon the dimension of the parasitic element substrate as well as the type of the patch antenna. The presented antenna is suitable for different application, including Wifi and WiMax systems.
Designing large-scale antenna array using sub-arrayjournalBEEI
Antenna array of large scale have been examined for different applications including 5G technology. To get better data rate or a reliable link substantial number of antenna arrays have been utilized to provide high multiplexing gains as well as array gains with high directivity. In this paper a simple but efficient implementation technique of using sub-arrays for the improvement of large-sized uniform arrays. By repeating a small sub-array multiple times large arrays can be designed. This implication of utilizing small array simplifies the design of a larger array which allows the designer to concentrate on the smaller sub-array before assembling larger arrays. So, by investigating the sub arrays the performance and radiation characteristics of large arrays can be anticipated. The array-factor for a planar sub-array of 2x2 (4 elements) is analyzed using Mat-lab software and then a large array is formed by placing the 2x2 sub-array indifferent configurations in a rectangular arrangements up to 8x8 planar array. And then the results are validated with CST (Computer simulation technology) simulation results.In this way the array-factors, directivities, HPBWs, and side lobes of the constructed large arrays are analyzed and associated with the small sub-array.
Reconfigurable ultra wideband to narrowband antenna for cognitive radio appli...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Frequency reconfigurable antennas are very attractive for many wireless applications.They offer many advantages such as simplicity and compactness. In this electronicpaper, we propose a reconfigurable antenna operating in the S and C bands. Theproposed antenna uses a BAP65-02 RF diode to switch between the ultra widebandfrom 2.92 to 6.19 GHz to the narrowband from 2.92 to 3.93 GHz. The ultra widebandis obtained by a partial rectangular ground plane with a symmetrical rectangular slotand the narrowband is obtained by adding a parasitic element electrically connectedto the ground plane by the PIN diode when it is positively biased. This patch antennaoperates in the Federal Communications Commission band (FCC) and can be used forbiomedical applications such as radiometry imaging. The numerical simulation resultsbased on the finite element method and the finite integral method show a very goodagreement between them.
Compact Rectangular Slot Microstrip Antenna with Band-Notched Characteristics...jmicro
n this paper, we present an offset microstrip-fed ultraw
ideband antenna with band notch
characteristics.The antenna structure consists of rectangular r
adiating patch and ground plane with
rectangular shaped slot, which increases impedance bandwidth upto 1
17.73%(2.9-11.2GHz).A new
modified U slot is etched in the radiating patch to create band-
notched properties in the WiMAX (3.3-
3.7GHz) and C-band satellite communication (3.7-4.15GHz).Further
more, parametric studies have been
conducted using EM simulation software CADFEKO suite(7.0) and
optimized with stable radiation pattern
which satisfied UWB requirement for VSWR<2.A prototype of ante
nna is fabricated on 1.6mm thick FR-4
substrate with dielectric constant of 4.4 and loss tangent of 0.02
.The designed antenna exhibits
bidirectional and omni directional radiation patterns along E and
H-plane with stable gain and efficiency
over entire operating band except notch frequency band. Simulated res
ults are in good agreement with the
measured results of the proposed antenna which makes it a good
candidate for UWB application.
Circularly polarized antenna array based on hybrid couplers for 5G devicesjournalBEEI
This paper depicts a wideband circularly polarized (CP) antenna for 5G devices. The antenna array has a 3D structure including four simple printed dipole elements with directional radiations, high gain, and high efficiency. It achieves a CP by using the sequential rotation (SR) feeding based on 90°-3dB hybrid couplers in the proposed feeding network. The antenna array bandwidth is wide, 26.7%, with an operating frequency band from 3.35 GHz to 4.35 GHz. The antenna achieves a high peak gain of 10.73 dBi and high efficiency of 93.75%. Besides, the antenna gain is stable over the operating bandwidth (BW). At the centre operating frequency of 3.75 GHz, the angle of circular polarization is 51°. The antenna is designed and fabricated on the Rogers 4003 C substrate. The measured S11 is well matching with the simulation results. With the above characteristics, the proposed antenna can be a suitable candidate for 5G devices.
Design of wide band slotted microstrip patch antenna with defective ground st...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a microstrip patch antenna (MSPA) in the Ku band for satellite applications. The antenna is small in size with dimensions of about 40 mm×48 mm×1.59 mm and is fed with a coaxial cable of 50 Ω impedance. The proposed antenna has a wide bandwidth of 3.03 GHz ranging from 12.8 GHz to 15.8 GHz. To realize the characteristics of wideband the techniques of defective ground structure (DGS) and etching slots on the radiating element are adopted. The antenna is modeled on the FR4 substrate. A basic circular patch is selected for the design of a dual-frequency operation and in the next step DGS is introduced into the basic antenna and enhanced bandwidth is achieved at both the frequencies. To attain wider bandwidth two slots are etched on the radiating element of which one is a square ring slot and the second one is a circular ring slot. The novelty of the proposed antenna is a miniaturized design and unique response within the Ku band region which is applicable for wireless UWB applications with VSWR <2 and an average gain of 3.6 dB.
Frequency Reconfiguration Mechanism of a PIN Diode on a Reconfigurable Antenn...IJECEIAES
Microstrip patch antennas are increasingly gaining popularity for usage in portable wireless system applications due to their light weight, low profile structure, low cost of production and robust nature. The patch is generally made of a conducting material such as copper or gold and can take any possible shapes, but rectangular shapes are generally used to simplify analysis and performance prediction. Microstrip patch antenna radiates due to the fringing fields between the patch edge and ground plane. In this work, a frequency reconfigurable antenna with a BAR63-02V Positive-IntrinsicNegative (PIN) diode is designed, simulated and fabricated. The antenna operates at 2.686GHz for Long-Term Evolution (LTE2500) and 5.164GHz for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) applications. In the OFF state, the antenna operates at 5.302GHz, which is also suitable for WLAN application. The proposed antenna is fabricated on a FR-4 substrate with a relative dielectric constant, ε r of 4.5, thickness, h of 1.6mm and loss tangent, tan δ of 0.019. The fabrication process is carried out at the Advanced Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Design Laboratory in UTHM.
Designing of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna for C-Band ApplicationIJMER
Microstrip patch antenna becoming very popular day by day because of its ease of analysis, fabrication, low cast, light weight easy to feed and their attractive radiation characteristics. In this paper we proposed the designed of rectangular microstrip patch antenna to operate at frequency range 5-6 GHz. The simulation is carried out using high frequency simulation structure (HFSS) program.
The antenna is based on the modified epoxy substrate with dielectric constant of approximate 4.4. After simulation rectangular microstrip antenna performs characteristics such as VSWR & return loss smith chart
A dual-frequency microstrip patch antennas has been presented and used for 802.11WLAN
applications. The antennas had been designed, simulated and parametrically studied in CST Microwave
studio. By introducing u-slot, dual-band operation with its operating mode centered at frequency 2.4GHz,
3.65GHz and 5.2GHz had been obtained. The gain and directivity had been improved by adjusting the
parameters of the antennas. The gain of the proposed designs was 6.019dBi, 4.04dBi and 6.22dBi and
directivity was 6.02dBi, 4.05dBi and 6.22dBi at resonant frequencies 2.4GHz, 3.6GHz and 5.2GHz
respectively. The patch antennas had been proposed to be used in portable devices that require
miniaturized constituent parts.
Simulation and optimization of tuneable microstrip patch antenna for fifth-ge...IJECEIAES
Microstrip patch antennas (MPAs) are known largely for their versatility in terms of feasible geometries, making them applicable in many distinct circumstances. In this paper, a graphene-based tuneable single/array rectangular microstrip patch antenna (MPA) utilizing an inset feed technique designed to function in multiple frequency bands are used in a fifth-generation (5G) wireless communications system. The tuneable antenna is used to eliminate the difficulties caused by the narrow bandwidths typically associated with MPAs. The graphene material has a reconfigurable surface conductivity that can be adjusted to function at the required value, thus allowing the required resonance frequency to be selected. The simulated tuneable antenna comprises a copper radiating patch with four graphene strips used for tuning purposes and is designed to cover a wide frequency band. The proposed antenna can be tuned directly by applying a direct current (DC) voltage to the graphene strips, resulting in a variation in the surface impedance of the graphene strips and leading to shifts in the resonance frequency.
Simulation and optimization of a tuneable rectangular microstrip patch antenn...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, a tuneable rectangular microstrip patch antenna (MPA) is simulated and optimized to operate in four frequency bands of the next generation of wireless communication systems. The proposed design incorporates a copper radiating patch with four implanted graphene strips for tuning purposes. The reconfigurable surface impedance of graphene can easily be altered by applying a DC voltage bias directly to the graphene strips, allowing the operating frequency of the antenna to be tuned as desired. The capability of the applied voltage to tune the operating frequency band of the proposed antenna is studied via computer simulation technology (CST) microwave studio (MWS). Frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) are introduced in order to improve the radiation parameters of the antenna. The operating frequency band of the tuneable rectangular MPA increases directly as the applied DC voltage bias is increased. Based on the simulation results, a tuneable rectangular MPA placed between two FSSs is proposed for fifth-generation applications.
A Compact Dual Band Elliptical Microstrip Antenna for Ku/K Band Satellite App...IJECEIAES
This paper presents an original elliptical microstrip patch antenna is proposed for Ku/K band satellite applications. The proposed antenna has a simple structure, small size with dimensions of about 10×12×1.58 mm³. The antenna has been designed and simulated on an FR4 substrate with dielectric constant 4.4 and thickness of 1.58 mm. The design is simulated by two different electromagnetic solvers. The results from the measured data show that the antenna has two resonant frequencies that define 2 bandwidths, defined by a return loss of less than -10 dB, and are: (14.44 GHz, 829 MHz) and (21.05 GHz, 5126 MHz),with the gain 5.59 dB and 5.048 dB respectively. The proposed antenna can be used in many applications such as in satellite, and wireless communications.
A miniaturized printed UWB antenna with dual notching for X-b and and aeronau...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A low cost miniaturized UWB microstrip antenna with dual notched band for X band and aeronautical radio navigation (ARN) is presented in this article. The antenna (19 16×"> 25 mm2) is composed of a half-circular ring as a radiation patch with an incomplete ground plane. The measured results indicate a fractional bandwidth of 112% for 16S11≤-"> 10 dB between 3 to 10.6 GHz. The dual notched band has been achieved by incorporating window shaped microstrip closed ring resonators at the rear surface of the designed structure. The first notch band is centered at 7.5 GHz (7 8.1 GHz) to reject interference with X-band downlink (7.25 to 7.74 GHz) and second band centered at 9.1 GHz (8.6 9.4 GHz) to reject interference with aeronautical radio navigation (ARN) (8.7 to 9.2 GHz). The simulated and measured return loss, radiation pattern, and gain shows good agreement which confirms the applicability of the designed antenna for the intended UWB applications.
DESIGN & PARAMETRIC STUDY OF RECTANGULAR SLOT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR UW...IJEEE
A Microstrip fed antenna which consists of a
rectangular patch with rectangular shaped slot incorporated
into patch is presented for ultra wide band application with
enhanced bandwidth. The proposed antenna achieves an
impedance bandwidth of 8.9GHz (2.3-11.2GHz) with
VSWR< 2 for over the entire bandwidth.
We recommend a circular monopole antenna (CMPA) with a central feed to operate in three bands. The antenna is circular and has an 8 cm diameter. The suggested antennas' resonance frequency ranges are 2.43 GHz, 5.24 GHz, and 9.61 GHz. The planned CMPA is made up of two circle-shaped slots cut into the radiating patch. The whole structure is supplied via a microstrip feed line and analysed using CST Studio's electromagnetic simulator, which is based on finite integral technique (FIT). To check the structure, the return loss, radiation pattern, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and gain are all examined. The structure's ideal dimensions are determined using a parametric study of three factors: feed position, feed breadth, and ground size. The proposed CMPA is capable of operating in several bands and has good matching impedance in all of them.
A Compact Reconfigurable Dual Band-notched Ultra-wideband Antenna using Varac...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, a reconfigurable dual band-notched ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna is presented.
The antenna design consists of a circular shape with two pairs of the L-resonator. To realize the notch
characteristics in WLAN at 5.2 GHz and 5.8 GHz bands, the half wavelength of the L-resonator is
introduced in the design. The T-shaped notch is etched in the ground to enhance the bandwidth which
covers the UWB operating frequency range from 3.219–10.863 GHz. The proposed reconfigurable dual
band-notched UWB antenna shows good impedance matching for the simulated in the physical layout.
Furthermore, the proposed antenna has a compact size of 37.6x28 mm2. This proposed reconfigurable
design can provide an alternative solution for the wireless system in the designing of a band-notched
antenna with a good tuning capability.
This paper presents the Microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications with planar geometry and it consists of a defected ground (DGS), a feed, a substrate, and a patch. The design with DGS has been analyzed taking different dimensions of H Slot and achieve optimized dimensions with the help of CST, Microwave Studio commercial software for WLAN band at 5.20 GHz frequency with corresponding bandwidth of 310 MHz to optimize antenna’s properties. Results show that the final designed antenna has favorable characteristics at this frequency.
Inverted Diamond-shaped Notched Substrate and Patch for High-frequency Interf...IJECEIAES
Notches loaded on a patch antenna can affect significantly on the antenna impedance matching. Therefore, notching technique is an efficient way to reduce the electromagnetic interference with unwanted bands. In this paper, a novel inverted diamond - shaped closed-end slot on a substrate and vertexfed printed hexagonal patch ultra - wideband antenna is proposed for highfrequency band rejection. This antenna is fed using coplanar waveguide, and it is optimised by veering several patch parameters which further improved the inter bandwidth at both the lower and upper bands. However, the centrenotched band is shifted from 6GHz to 7.5GHz by cutting the inverted diamond shape in a special process. The developed ultra-wideband antenna is verified by comparing the simulation results with the measurement results. The measured results with a fractional bandwidth of 133% have a good agreement with the simulation results 146%. Moreover, the measured radiation showed omnidirectional patterns.
Modified T&U Shape Triangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Array for Communication.IJSRD
Modern communication system requires high gain, large bandwidth and less size antennas which shows excellent performance over a wide range of frequency spectrum. Proposed system uses FR4 as a dielectric substrate(€r=4.4).Proposed Triangular Miscrostrip Patch antenna is designed with additional T & U shape ,simulated by using high frequency simulation software HFSS & finally tested with the help of vector network analyzer (VNA -N9923A) . Various antenna parameters like Return Loss, Gain and VSWR etc. are calculated using HFSS. The antenna has been designed to operate on the range of 5.5GHz. This paper report the simulation result using equilateral triangular patch antenna with Microstrip line feed.
Coplanar waveguide-fed ultra-wideband antenna with WLAN bandnooriasukmaningtyas
A modified coplanar waveguide fed ultra-wideband antenna with extended transmission band to WLAN frequency is investigated. The proposed antenna consists of a modified semi-circular patch and staircase of ground plane. The prototype is constructed on a low cost FR4 substrate. The overall dimensions of proposed UWB antenna are 34 mm x 40 mm. The result has been shown that the proposed antenna archives low VSWR over transmission bandwidth from 2.10-12.7 GHz to cover both WLAN and UWB bands. The average gain is 3.87 dBi. It depicts nearly omni-directional radiation pattern like dipole antenna. Moreover, the fabricated prototype antenna shows a good agreement between the simulated and measured results. It is illustrated that our proposed technique is a good choice for designing any structure of microstrip antenna which appropriate to use for many wireless communication systems.
Compact Rectangular Slot Microstrip Antenna with Band-Notched Characteristics...jmicro
In this paper, we present an offset microstrip-fed ultrawideband antenna with band notch
characteristics.The antenna structure consists of rectangular radiating patch and ground plane with
rectangular shaped slot, which increases impedance bandwidth upto 117.73%(2.9-11.2GHz).A new
modified U slot is etched in the radiating patch to create band-notched properties in the WiMAX (3.3-
3.7GHz) and C-band satellite communication (3.7-4.15GHz).Furthermore, parametric studies have been
conducted using EM simulation software CADFEKO suite(7.0) and optimized with stable radiation pattern
which satisfied UWB requirement for VSWR<2.A prototype of antenna is fabricated on 1.6mm thick FR-4
substrate with dielectric constant of 4.4 and loss tangent of 0.02.The designed antenna exhibits
bidirectional and omni directional radiation patterns along E and H-plane with stable gain and efficiency
over entire operating band except notch frequency band. Simulated results are in good agreement with the
measured results of the proposed antenna which makes it a good candidate for UWB application.
Amazon products reviews classification based on machine learning, deep learni...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent times, the trend of online shopping through e-commerce stores and websites has grown to a huge extent. Whenever a product is purchased on an e-commerce platform, people leave their reviews about the product. These reviews are very helpful for the store owners and the product’s manufacturers for the betterment of their work process as well as product quality. An automated system is proposed in this work that operates on two datasets D1 and D2 obtained from Amazon. After certain preprocessing steps, N-gram and word embedding-based features are extracted using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), bag of words (BoW) and global vectors (GloVe), and Word2vec, respectively. Four machine learning (ML) models support vector machines (SVM), logistic regression (RF), logistic regression (LR), multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB), two deep learning (DL) models convolutional neural network (CNN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and standalone bidirectional encoder representations (BERT) are used to classify reviews as either positive or negative. The results obtained by the standard ML, DL models and BERT are evaluated using certain performance evaluation measures. BERT turns out to be the best-performing model in the case of D1 with an accuracy of 90% on features derived by word embedding models while the CNN provides the best accuracy of 97% upon word embedding features in the case of D2. The proposed model shows better overall performance on D2 as compared to D1.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
Design and simulation an optimal enhanced PI controller for congestion avoida...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, snake optimization algorithm (SOA) is used to find the optimal gains of an enhanced controller for controlling congestion problem in computer networks. M-file and Simulink platform is adopted to evaluate the response of the active queue management (AQM) system, a comparison with two classical controllers is done, all tuned gains of controllers are obtained using SOA method and the fitness function chose to monitor the system performance is the integral time absolute error (ITAE). Transient analysis and robust analysis is used to show the proposed controller performance, two robustness tests are applied to the AQM system, one is done by varying the size of queue value in different period and the other test is done by changing the number of transmission control protocol (TCP) sessions with a value of ± 20% from its original value. The simulation results reflect a stable and robust behavior and best performance is appeared clearly to achieve the desired queue size without any noise or any transmission problems.
Improving the detection of intrusion in vehicular ad-hoc networks with modifi...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are wireless-equipped vehicles that form networks along the road. The security of this network has been a major challenge. The identity-based cryptosystem (IBC) previously used to secure the networks suffers from membership authentication security features. This paper focuses on improving the detection of intruders in VANETs with a modified identity-based cryptosystem (MIBC). The MIBC is developed using a non-singular elliptic curve with Lagrange interpolation. The public key of vehicles and roadside units on the network are derived from number plates and location identification numbers, respectively. Pseudo-identities are used to mask the real identity of users to preserve their privacy. The membership authentication mechanism ensures that only valid and authenticated members of the network are allowed to join the network. The performance of the MIBC is evaluated using intrusion detection ratio (IDR) and computation time (CT) and then validated with the existing IBC. The result obtained shows that the MIBC recorded an IDR of 99.3% against 94.3% obtained for the existing identity-based cryptosystem (EIBC) for 140 unregistered vehicles attempting to intrude on the network. The MIBC shows lower CT values of 1.17 ms against 1.70 ms for EIBC. The MIBC can be used to improve the security of VANETs.
Conceptual model of internet banking adoption with perceived risk and trust f...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Understanding the primary factors of internet banking (IB) acceptance is critical for both banks and users; nevertheless, our knowledge of the role of users’ perceived risk and trust in IB adoption is limited. As a result, we develop a conceptual model by incorporating perceived risk and trust into the technology acceptance model (TAM) theory toward the IB. The proper research emphasized that the most essential component in explaining IB adoption behavior is behavioral intention to use IB adoption. TAM is helpful for figuring out how elements that affect IB adoption are connected to one another. According to previous literature on IB and the use of such technology in Iraq, one has to choose a theoretical foundation that may justify the acceptance of IB from the customer’s perspective. The conceptual model was therefore constructed using the TAM as a foundation. Furthermore, perceived risk and trust were added to the TAM dimensions as external factors. The key objective of this work was to extend the TAM to construct a conceptual model for IB adoption and to get sufficient theoretical support from the existing literature for the essential elements and their relationships in order to unearth new insights about factors responsible for IB adoption.
Efficient combined fuzzy logic and LMS algorithm for smart antennaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The smart antennas are broadly used in wireless communication. The least mean square (LMS) algorithm is a procedure that is concerned in controlling the smart antenna pattern to accommodate specified requirements such as steering the beam toward the desired signal, in addition to placing the deep nulls in the direction of unwanted signals. The conventional LMS (C-LMS) has some drawbacks like slow convergence speed besides high steady state fluctuation error. To overcome these shortcomings, the present paper adopts an adaptive fuzzy control step size least mean square (FC-LMS) algorithm to adjust its step size. Computer simulation outcomes illustrate that the given model has fast convergence rate as well as low mean square error steady state.
Design and implementation of a LoRa-based system for warning of forest fireTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the design and implementation of a forest fire monitoring and warning system based on long range (LoRa) technology, a novel ultra-low power consumption and long-range wireless communication technology for remote sensing applications. The proposed system includes a wireless sensor network that records environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the air, as well as taking infrared photos.The data collected at each sensor node will be transmitted to the gateway via LoRa wireless transmission. Data will be collected, processed, and uploaded to a cloud database at the gateway. An Android smartphone application that allows anyone to easily view the recorded data has been developed. When a fire is detected, the system will sound a siren and send a warning message to the responsible personnel, instructing them to take appropriate action. Experiments in Tram Chim Park, Vietnam, have been conducted to verify and evaluate the operation of the system.
Wavelet-based sensing technique in cognitive radio networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Cognitive radio is a smart radio that can change its transmitter parameter based on interaction with the environment in which it operates. The demand for frequency spectrum is growing due to a big data issue as many Internet of Things (IoT) devices are in the network. Based on previous research, most frequency spectrum was used, but some spectrums were not used, called spectrum hole. Energy detection is one of the spectrum sensing methods that has been frequently used since it is easy to use and does not require license users to have any prior signal understanding. But this technique is incapable of detecting at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels. Therefore, the wavelet-based sensing is proposed to overcome this issue and detect spectrum holes. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of wavelet-based sensing and compare it with the energy detection technique. The findings show that the percentage of detection in wavelet-based sensing is 83% higher than energy detection performance. This result indicates that the wavelet-based sensing has higher precision in detection and the interference towards primary user can be decreased.
A novel compact dual-band bandstop filter with enhanced rejection bandsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we present the design of a new wide dual-band bandstop filter (DBBSF) using nonuniform transmission lines. The method used to design this filter is to replace conventional uniform transmission lines with nonuniform lines governed by a truncated Fourier series. Based on how impedances are profiled in the proposed DBBSF structure, the fractional bandwidths of the two 10 dB-down rejection bands are widened to 39.72% and 52.63%, respectively, and the physical size has been reduced compared to that of the filter with the uniform transmission lines. The results of the electromagnetic (EM) simulation support the obtained analytical response and show an improved frequency behavior.
Deep learning approach to DDoS attack with imbalanced data at the application...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is where one or more computers attack or target a server computer, by flooding internet traffic to the server. As a result, the server cannot be accessed by legitimate users. A result of this attack causes enormous losses for a company because it can reduce the level of user trust, and reduce the company’s reputation to lose customers due to downtime. One of the services at the application layer that can be accessed by users is a web-based lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) service that can provide safe and easy services to access directory applications. We used a deep learning approach to detect DDoS attacks on the CICDDoS 2019 dataset on a complex computer network at the application layer to get fast and accurate results for dealing with unbalanced data. Based on the results obtained, it is observed that DDoS attack detection using a deep learning approach on imbalanced data performs better when implemented using synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) method for binary classes. On the other hand, the proposed deep learning approach performs better for detecting DDoS attacks in multiclass when implemented using the adaptive synthetic (ADASYN) method.
The appearance of uncertainties and disturbances often effects the characteristics of either linear or nonlinear systems. Plus, the stabilization process may be deteriorated thus incurring a catastrophic effect to the system performance. As such, this manuscript addresses the concept of matching condition for the systems that are suffering from miss-match uncertainties and exogeneous disturbances. The perturbation towards the system at hand is assumed to be known and unbounded. To reach this outcome, uncertainties and their classifications are reviewed thoroughly. The structural matching condition is proposed and tabulated in the proposition 1. Two types of mathematical expressions are presented to distinguish the system with matched uncertainty and the system with miss-matched uncertainty. Lastly, two-dimensional numerical expressions are provided to practice the proposed proposition. The outcome shows that matching condition has the ability to change the system to a design-friendly model for asymptotic stabilization.
Implementation of FinFET technology based low power 4×4 Wallace tree multipli...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Many systems, including digital signal processors, finite impulse response (FIR) filters, application-specific integrated circuits, and microprocessors, use multipliers. The demand for low power multipliers is gradually rising day by day in the current technological trend. In this study, we describe a 4×4 Wallace multiplier based on a carry select adder (CSA) that uses less power and has a better power delay product than existing multipliers. HSPICE tool at 16 nm technology is used to simulate the results. In comparison to the traditional CSA-based multiplier, which has a power consumption of 1.7 µW and power delay product (PDP) of 57.3 fJ, the results demonstrate that the Wallace multiplier design employing CSA with first zero finding logic (FZF) logic has the lowest power consumption of 1.4 µW and PDP of 27.5 fJ.
Evaluation of the weighted-overlap add model with massive MIMO in a 5G systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The flaw in 5G orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) becomes apparent in high-speed situations. Because the doppler effect causes frequency shifts, the orthogonality of OFDM subcarriers is broken, lowering both their bit error rate (BER) and throughput output. As part of this research, we use a novel design that combines massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and weighted overlap and add (WOLA) to improve the performance of 5G systems. To determine which design is superior, throughput and BER are calculated for both the proposed design and OFDM. The results of the improved system show a massive improvement in performance ver the conventional system and significant improvements with massive MIMO, including the best throughput and BER. When compared to conventional systems, the improved system has a throughput that is around 22% higher and the best performance in terms of BER, but it still has around 25% less error than OFDM.
Reflector antenna design in different frequencies using frequency selective s...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, it is aimed to obtain two different asymmetric radiation patterns obtained from antennas in the shape of the cross-section of a parabolic reflector (fan blade type antennas) and antennas with cosecant-square radiation characteristics at two different frequencies from a single antenna. For this purpose, firstly, a fan blade type antenna design will be made, and then the reflective surface of this antenna will be completed to the shape of the reflective surface of the antenna with the cosecant-square radiation characteristic with the frequency selective surface designed to provide the characteristics suitable for the purpose. The frequency selective surface designed and it provides the perfect transmission as possible at 4 GHz operating frequency, while it will act as a band-quenching filter for electromagnetic waves at 5 GHz operating frequency and will be a reflective surface. Thanks to this frequency selective surface to be used as a reflective surface in the antenna, a fan blade type radiation characteristic at 4 GHz operating frequency will be obtained, while a cosecant-square radiation characteristic at 5 GHz operating frequency will be obtained.
Reagentless iron detection in water based on unclad fiber optical sensorTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A simple and low-cost fiber based optical sensor for iron detection is demonstrated in this paper. The sensor head consist of an unclad optical fiber with the unclad length of 1 cm and it has a straight structure. Results obtained shows a linear relationship between the output light intensity and iron concentration, illustrating the functionality of this iron optical sensor. Based on the experimental results, the sensitivity and linearity are achieved at 0.0328/ppm and 0.9824 respectively at the wavelength of 690 nm. With the same wavelength, other performance parameters are also studied. Resolution and limit of detection (LOD) are found to be 0.3049 ppm and 0.0755 ppm correspondingly. This iron sensor is advantageous in that it does not require any reagent for detection, enabling it to be simpler and cost-effective in the implementation of the iron sensing.
Impact of CuS counter electrode calcination temperature on quantum dot sensit...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
A progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme lea...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This article discusses the progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (PSTOS-ELM). PSTOS-ELM can save robust accuracy while updating the new data and the new class data on the online training situation. The robustness accuracy arises from using the householder block exact QR decomposition recursive least squares (HBQRD-RLS) of the PSTOS-ELM. This method is suitable for applications that have data streaming and often have new class data. Our experiment compares the PSTOS-ELM accuracy and accuracy robustness while data is updating with the batch-extreme learning machine (ELM) and structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (STOS-ELM) that both must retrain the data in a new class data case. The experimental results show that PSTOS-ELM has accuracy and robustness comparable to ELM and STOS-ELM while also can update new class data immediately.
Electroencephalography-based brain-computer interface using neural networksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study aimed to develop a brain-computer interface that can control an electric wheelchair using electroencephalography (EEG) signals. First, we used the Mind Wave Mobile 2 device to capture raw EEG signals from the surface of the scalp. The signals were transformed into the frequency domain using fast Fourier transform (FFT) and filtered to monitor changes in attention and relaxation. Next, we performed time and frequency domain analyses to identify features for five eye gestures: opened, closed, blink per second, double blink, and lookup. The base state was the opened-eyes gesture, and we compared the features of the remaining four action gestures to the base state to identify potential gestures. We then built a multilayer neural network to classify these features into five signals that control the wheelchair’s movement. Finally, we designed an experimental wheelchair system to test the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results demonstrate that the EEG classification was highly accurate and computationally efficient. Moreover, the average performance of the brain-controlled wheelchair system was over 75% across different individuals, which suggests the feasibility of this approach.
Adaptive segmentation algorithm based on level set model in medical imagingTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
For image segmentation, level set models are frequently employed. It offer best solution to overcome the main limitations of deformable parametric models. However, the challenge when applying those models in medical images stills deal with removing blurs in image edges which directly affects the edge indicator function, leads to not adaptively segmenting images and causes a wrong analysis of pathologies wich prevents to conclude a correct diagnosis. To overcome such issues, an effective process is suggested by simultaneously modelling and solving systems’ two-dimensional partial differential equations (PDE). The first PDE equation allows restoration using Euler’s equation similar to an anisotropic smoothing based on a regularized Perona and Malik filter that eliminates noise while preserving edge information in accordance with detected contours in the second equation that segments the image based on the first equation solutions. This approach allows developing a new algorithm which overcome the studied model drawbacks. Results of the proposed method give clear segments that can be applied to any application. Experiments on many medical images in particular blurry images with high information losses, demonstrate that the developed approach produces superior segmentation results in terms of quantity and quality compared to other models already presented in previeous works.
Automatic channel selection using shuffled frog leaping algorithm for EEG bas...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Drug addiction is a complex neurobiological disorder that necessitates comprehensive treatment of both the body and mind. It is categorized as a brain disorder due to its impact on the brain. Various methods such as electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) can capture brain activities and structures. EEG signals provide valuable insights into neurological disorders, including drug addiction. Accurate classification of drug addiction from EEG signals relies on appropriate features and channel selection. Choosing the right EEG channels is essential to reduce computational costs and mitigate the risk of overfitting associated with using all available channels. To address the challenge of optimal channel selection in addiction detection from EEG signals, this work employs the shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA). SFLA facilitates the selection of appropriate channels, leading to improved accuracy. Wavelet features extracted from the selected input channel signals are then analyzed using various machine learning classifiers to detect addiction. Experimental results indicate that after selecting features from the appropriate channels, classification accuracy significantly increased across all classifiers. Particularly, the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classifier combined with SFLA demonstrated a remarkable accuracy improvement of 15.78% while reducing time complexity.
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Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
A compact multi-band notched characteristics UWB microstrip patch antenna with a single sheet of graphene
1. TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control
Vol. 18, No. 4, August 2020, pp. 1708~1718
ISSN: 1693-6930, accredited First Grade by Kemenristekdikti, Decree No: 21/E/KPT/2018
DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v18i4.14942 1708
Journal homepage: http://journal.uad.ac.id/index.php/TELKOMNIKA
A compact multi-band notched characteristics UWB microstrip
patch antenna with a single sheet of graphene
Noor Raheem, Nidal Qasem
Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Jordan
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Oct 10, 2019
Revised Jan 6, 2020
Accepted Mar 2, 2020
A rectangular tuneable ultra-wideband (UWB) microstrip patch (MP) antenna
based on a single sheet of graphene (SSG) is designed in this study.
The antenna band can be tuned by applying a DC voltage bias perpendicular
to the SSG at various values via adjusting the input impedance. The antenna
has been analyzed by computer simulation technology (CST) microwave
studio (MWS) software using an FR4 substrate of thickness 1.6 mm with
a dielectric permittivity 𝜀 𝑟= 4.4 and loss tangent tan = 0.02 fed by a 50 Ω
microstrip line frequency. The design is compact since the antenna consists
mostly of copper and the SSG. Graphene’s low weight, high flexibility,
and strength make it more attractive than other semiconductor materials.
Then, the study investigates the effects of applying the electrical
characteristics of graphene to the antenna’s length, which varies with the ON
and OFF states. This UWB MP antenna is also designed with notch
characteristics so that it can reject undesired interference signals.
Subsequently, this compact UWB MP antenna with tuneable resonance
frequency is suitable for most wireless communication applications.
The simulation results work in the 3.1 to 10 GHz range, as required
for UWB technology.
Keywords:
Graphene
Microstrip patch antenna
Notch-characteristics
Reconfigurability
Ultra wideband antenna
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Nidal Qasem,
Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Al-Ahliyya Amman University,
Zip-code (Postal Address): 19328, Amman, Jordan.
Email: Ne.qasem@ammanu.edu.jo
1. INTRODUCTION
Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology is attractive for wireless applications of promising
communications methods. In the USA, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) restricts the UWB
frequency spectrum between 3.1 to 10.6 GHz range. UWB antennas are desired for different applications such
as wireless communications, military purposes, indoor positioning, and medical applications due to their ability
to transmit a very high bit rate with a low power spectrum [1, 2].
Microstrip patch (MP) antennas are used most frequently in UWB antenna designs due to advantages
such as being light-weight, compactable, inexpensive, and compact. Moreover, MP antennas have a wide
operating bandwidth and exhibit omnidirectional patterns [3]. With such wide applications across
the spectrum, an absorbing material is required to absorb waves with changes in the resonant frequency.
One such absorbing material is a graphene impedance surface, which enhances the performances
of various antennas by changing their resonance frequencies via the implementation of an external DC voltage
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bias. Hence, changing the impedance values leads to the mimicry of the ON and OFF states found in
switches [4, 5].
Graphene is a two-dimensional atomic material that consists of carbon atoms organized in
a hexagonal lattice. In addition, graphene has special characteristics that make it an attractive material for smart
devices. In particular, the absorption of an unbiased original single sheet of graphene (SSG) is exactly 2.3% of
incoming light. Graphene, has been widely investigated for in optical, thermal, medical, electronic, and more
other applications [5, 6]. The literature presents different designs for antennas such as antenna having square
slot [7], a loaded pad of graphene on an MP antenna [8], different UWB designs [9], a graphene based
conductor for a UWB antenna [10], a novel transparent UWB antenna [11], an MP antenna with enhanced gain
and bandwidth for UWB wireless applications [2], and interference mitigation using slot cutting in UWB
antenna [12].
Antenna size is an important factor in controlling operational bandwidth, where increasing
the dimensions of the antenna will increase the operational band range. To achieve a small size for an UWB
antenna, the antenna proposed in this study has a new configurable design based on graphene material [5].
The graphene be tuned by implementing an associated electric field perpendicular to the graphene layer, which
will change the physical length of the structure in the ON and OFF states. Therefore, the antenna match and
tuneable frequency band will be enhanced. The resulting UWB antenna has a high bit rate and low power
consumption, thus is increased [13].
This paper will introduce a description about the probability of minimizing the size of the UWB
antenna and increase in the operational bandwidth with additional tunable band-notched antenna. This can be
done by configuring the design based on graphene material operates with UWB. This paper is arranged as
follows: section 2 explains the proposed antenna design, how to implement the graphene material,
and the performance of UWB MP antenna with SSG using computer simulation technology (CST) microwave
studio (MWS) [14]. Next, section 3 discusses the simulation results. Finally, the conclusion is summarized in
section 4.
2. PROPOSED ANTENNAS DESIGN
2.1. MP antenna
An MP antenna is small, low weight, and easy to fabricate; these characteristics and more meet
the needs of wireless communication applications. Figure 1 displays the front and back views of the proposed
antenna. The antenna is designed on an FR4 substrate with a thickness of 1.6 mm with dielectric reletive
permittivity 𝜀 𝑟= 4.4 and loss tangent tan = 0.02 fed by a 50 Ω microstrip line frequency where the ground
plane is on the other side of the substrate. A microstrip feed line technique is used for feeding the antenna due
to its ease of fabrication and easy matching. The patch is rectangular and the total size of the proposed antenna
including the substrate is 23.9𝑥28.5 mm. The patch dimensions are 𝑊𝑝 𝑥𝐿 𝑝, and it consists of two rectangular
steps–one larger than the other with dimensions 𝐿1 𝑥𝑊1 and 𝐿2 𝑥𝑊2. The feed line’s width and length are
denoted by (𝑊𝑓) and (𝐿 𝑓), respectively, the ground plane’s high is represented by (𝐿 𝑔), and there is a gap (𝐺)
between the patch and ground plane. There is also a slot cut out of the ground plane with dimensions
𝐿 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡 𝑥𝑊𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡 which has been included to enhance the impedance matching at the higher frequency band more
than the lower band.
For this proposed design of UWB antenna with a rectangular MP, the essential parameters are set as:
frequency of operation (𝑓𝑜) = 7.5 GHz, dielectric constant of the substrate (𝜀 𝑟) = 4.4, and height of dielectric
substrate (ℎ) = 1.6 mm [15, 16]:
𝑊𝑝 =
𝐶
2𝑓𝑜(√(
𝜀 𝑟+1
2
)
(1)
𝜀 𝑒𝑓𝑓 =
𝜀 𝑟+1
2
+
𝜀 𝑟−1
2
[1 + 12
ℎ
𝑊
]
−1
2
(2)
∆𝐿 = 0.412ℎ (
(𝜀 𝑒𝑓𝑓+0.3)(
𝑊
ℎ
+0.264)
(𝜀 𝑒𝑓𝑓+0.258)(
𝑊
ℎ
+0.8)
) (3)
𝐿 𝑔 =
0.36×𝑐
𝑓𝑜√ 𝜀 𝑒𝑓𝑓
(4)
𝑊𝑠 =
1.38×𝑐
𝑓𝑜√ 𝜀 𝑟
(5)
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𝐿 𝑝 = (
1
2𝑓𝑜√ 𝜀 𝑒𝑓𝑓 √ 𝜇𝜖
− 2∆𝐿) (6)
𝐵 =
377 𝜋
2 𝑍 𝑜√ 𝜀 𝑟
(7)
𝑊𝑓 =
2ℎ
𝜋
{ 𝐵 − 1 − 𝑙𝑛( 2𝐵 − 1) +
( 𝜀 𝑟−1 )
2𝜀 𝑟
[𝑙𝑛(𝐵 − 1) + 0.39 − (
0.61
𝜀 𝑟
)]} (8)
𝐿 𝑓 = 3.96× 𝑊𝑓, (9)
where 𝜀 𝑒𝑓𝑓 is the effective dielectric constant, ℎ is the height of the dielectric substrate, 𝑊𝑝 is the width of
the patch, 𝐿 𝑒𝑓𝑓 is the effective length of patch, 𝐿 𝑝 is actual length of patch, ∆𝐿 is the length extension, and 𝑍 𝑜
is the equivalent feed line impedance. The first and second steps are obtained by trial and error. The dimensions
of patch and feed line are demonstrated in Figure 1. The values of the parameters are presented in Table 1.
(a) (b)
Figure 1. Designs of the UWB MP antenna;
(a) MP antenna and (b) Back view of ground plane
Table 1. Dimensions of the proposed UWB MP antenna
Parameter Value (mm) Parameter Value (mm)
Substrate length, 𝐿 𝑠 23.9 First step length, 𝐿1 0.8
Substrate width, 𝑊𝑠 28.5 First step width, 𝑊1 8.7
Ground length, 𝐿 𝑔 9.85 Second step length, 𝐿2 1.2
Ground width, 𝑊𝑔 28.5 Second step width, 𝑊2 5.7
Patch length, 𝐿 𝑝 8.8 Ground plane slot width, 𝑊𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡 4.8
Patch width, 𝑊𝑝 12.7 Ground plane slot length, 𝐿 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡 0.9
The antenna response simulation result for the proposed UWB patch antenna is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2 displays the proposed antenna for a covered bandwidth of 4.27 to 13 GHz and the return loss response
has two resonating frequency bands at 5.13 and 9.89 GHz. These frequencies are due to the parameters given
in Table 1. The radiation patterns of the resulting antenna are shown in Figure 3. Figure 3 shows
the antenna is omnidirectional at frequencies 5.13 and 9.89 GHz with gains of 2.78 and 5 dBi, respectively.
With regards to Figure 4, it is obvious that the proposed antenna has acceptable omnidirectional radiation
patterns at two specific frequencies.
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Figure 2. Simulated return loss of the proposed UWB antenna
(a) (b)
Figure 3. Gain of UWB MP antenna at resonant frequencies; (a) 5.13 GHz and (b) 9.89 GHz
(a) (b)
Figure 4. Simulated far-field radiation pattern for
the proposed UWB MP antenna design; (a) 5.13 GHz and (b) 9.89 GHz
2.2. Modifications to the UWB MP antenna elements
In order to enhance the antenna’s performance, some modifications needed to be made to obtain notch
resonance behaviour. Adjustments were made to the patch, ground plane, feed line, and ground slot the while
keeping the essential parameters constant, thus improving the bandwidth. In addition, the patch shape was
changed from rectangular to square, to provide a new resonance. Table 2 shows a comparison between
the original and modified dimensions. After the modifications, the antenna provides better performance in
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terms of bandwidth, gain, and radiation characteristics which can satisfy the requirements of wireless
communication applications.
Figure 5 shows the simulated return loss curve of the proposed UWB antenna after modifications.
The antenna’s performance is quite clear in the operating region from 2.59 to 11.7 GHz, and there are three
resonating frequency bands displayed at 3.075 GHz, 5.81 GHz, and 10.54 GHz with return loss of -20.2 dB,
-46 dB, and -45.5 dB, respectively. Figure 6 shows the simulated modified gain for each frequency
and Figure 7 exhibits the far-field radiation pattern obtained with the enhancement in antenna gain.
Figure 5. Effects of the modifications on the return loss of the proposed UWB MP antenna
(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 6. Gains for proposed UWB MP antenna; (a) 3.075 GHz, (b) 5.81 GHz, and (c) 10.54 GHz
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Table 2. Comparison between the standard and modified parameters of the UWB MP antenna
Parameter Calculated Value (mm) Selected Value (mm)
Substrate length, 𝐿 𝑠 23.9 38
Substrate width, 𝑊𝑠 28.5 40
Ground length, 𝐿 𝑔 11.8 11.7
Ground width, 𝑊𝑔 28.5 40
Patch length, 𝐿 𝑝 8.8 18
Patch width, 𝑊𝑝 12.7 18
Width of the feed, 𝑊𝑓 3.1 3.1
Length of the feed, 𝐿 𝑓 9.98 12.2
First step width, 𝑊1 8.7 10.8
Second step width, 𝑊2 5.7 7.6
First step length, 𝐿1 0.8 2.4
Second step length, 𝐿2 1.2 1.2
Gap between patch & ground, 𝐺 0.2 0.5
Ground plane slot width, 𝑊𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡 4.7 3.8
Ground plane slot length, 𝐿 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡 0.9 2.2
(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 7. Radiation patterns for proposed UWB MP antenna;
(a) 3.075 GHz, (b) 5.81 GHz, and (c) 10.54 GHz
2.3. Implementing the graphene material
Graphene’s low weight and thickness (essentially zero), high flexibility, and excellent electronic
and electric characteristics distinguish it from other semiconductors. It can be used to obtain a better tuneable
frequency and in decreasing or increasing the physical length of the antenna structure [5, 17]. Figure 8 (a)
depicts SSG with dimensions (𝐿 𝑆𝑆𝐺 𝑥 𝑊𝑆𝑆𝐺) on the left side of the antenna. Accordingly, there is high current
propagation on this side of the antenna and the electric field is concentrated in MP’s sides. The physical length
of the antenna is affected by the ON and OFF position when the field is applied. Figure 8 (b) represents how
the DC voltage can be applied to the graphene material. The chemical potential 𝜇 𝑐 (𝑒𝑉) is related to the carrier
density 𝑛 (𝑚−2
) as explained in (10):
𝜇 𝑐 ≅ ℏ𝑣𝑓 √ 𝑛𝜋, (10)
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where ħ or (h-bar) is the reduced Planck’s constant (Js) and 𝑣𝑓=1 × 106
is the Fermi velocity (𝑚/𝑠) in graphene.
Carrier density 𝑛 is obtained from (11):
𝑛 =
𝜀 𝑜 𝜀 𝑟 𝑉 𝑏
𝑑𝑞
, (11)
where 𝜀 𝑜 is the vacuum permittivity (𝐹/𝑚), 𝑉𝑏 is the DC voltage bias (𝑉), 𝑑 is the thickness (𝑚), and 𝑞 is
the elementary charge (𝐶). Where the chosen values of 𝑉𝑏, in Table 3, are suitable for devices operating
at low voltage.
(a) (b)
Figure 8. Proposed UWB MP antenna with SSG;
(a) UWB MP antenna and (b) Zoomed view of graphene structure
Table 3. Selected surface impedance 𝑍 𝑠values
Set 1 2
State ON OFF ON OFF
n [𝑚−2
] 2.211×1016
6×1014
1.1×1017
6×1014
𝑉𝑏 [𝑉] 1 ~ 0 5 ~ 0
𝜇 𝐿[m2
/𝑉𝑠] 2.7 2.7
𝐷 [eV] 4 4
𝑇 [K] 295 295
𝑍 𝑠 [ 𝛺⁄ ] 1.05+j2.3 2580+j6 22.35+j1.03 2580+j6
In order to obtain functional values of the surface impedances 𝑍 𝑠 𝑂𝑁
and 𝑍 𝑠 𝑂𝐹𝐹
in ON and OFF states,
actual values of 𝒯S and 𝒯L are required. In addition, a high OFF/ON ratio (𝑍 𝑠 𝑂𝐹𝐹
/ 𝑍 𝑠 𝑂𝐹𝐹
) is also aimed.
The surface resistance values for the ON and OFF states, 𝑍 𝑠 𝑂𝑁
and 𝑍 𝑠 𝑂𝐹𝐹
, respectively, provided in Table 3 are
calculated from (12):
𝑍 𝑠 ≈
𝑗 𝜋ħ2 (2𝜋𝑓𝑜(𝒯𝐿 𝒯𝑆)−𝑗(𝒯𝐿+𝒯𝑆))
𝑞2(𝒯𝐿 𝒯𝑆)[𝜇 𝑐+2𝑘 𝐵 𝑇 𝑙𝑛(𝑒
−
𝜇 𝑐
𝑘 𝐵 𝑇+1)]
(12)
where
𝒯𝑆 =
𝜇 𝑝 ℏ √ 𝑛𝜇
𝑞𝑣 𝑓
=
4ℏ2 𝜌 𝑚 𝑣 𝑝ℎ
2
𝑣 𝑓
√ 𝑛𝜋 𝐷2 𝑘 𝐵 𝑇
(13)
and
𝒯𝐿 =
𝜇 𝐿 𝑚∗
𝑞
≅
𝜇 𝐿 ℏ√ 𝑛𝜋
𝑞𝑣 𝑓
, (14)
where 𝒯S is the short-range scattering [18], 𝒯L is the long-range scattering [19], 𝑘 𝐵 is the Boltzmann constant
(J/K), 𝑇 is the temperature (𝐾), 𝜇 𝐿 is the electron mobility (
𝑚2
𝑉𝑠
), 𝑚* is the carrier mass (𝐾𝑔) in graphene
material, 𝐷 is the deformation potential (𝑒𝑉), 𝜌 𝑚 = 7.6 × 10−7
is the two dimensional mass density of
graphene (𝐾𝑔/𝑚2
), and 𝑣 𝑝ℎ = 2.1 × 104
is the sound velocity of LA phonons in graphene (𝑚/𝑠) [5, 20].
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The 𝑍 𝑠 𝑂𝑁
values are obtained via the saturation carrier density 𝑛, which is the result of LA phonons
scattering and keeping the voltage 𝑉𝑏 low (1 𝑉 and 5 𝑉). As for 𝑍 𝑠 𝑂𝐹𝐹
, the value is obtained by adjusting
the minimum to achieve equal values for the chemical potential and energy of the electron-hole puddles [5].
The carrier inhomogeneity density 𝑛̃ = 6×1014
𝑚−2
is obtained from [21], which forces the minimum carrier
density 𝑛 to be greater than or equal to this value 𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≥ 𝑛̃.
Figure 9 (a) shows the ON state where active voltage DC bias allowing the current to propagate
through the graphene sheet. Figure 9 (b) shows the OFF state where the current can’t propagate through
the graphene sheet and go around it. Consequently, a totally different DC voltage bias ought to be sent through
an individual DC bias line to the specified graphene sheet. Table 4 describes some general parameters of such
an SSG. It is initially referenced 𝑇𝑅𝐶 that the time between switching from one operating frequency to another
does not need to be quick (on the order of 1 millisecond). The time needed for voltage between the graphene
and semiconductor to rise from 50% of the latest value to 90% of that value is known as the switching
time [22]. Note that the dielectric thickness 𝑑 can be decreased by a few nanometres [23]. Finally, the 𝜀
for the ℎ𝐵𝑁 is acquired from [23]. The results were obtained via CST-MWS. The graphene sheet thickness is
set to zero and simulated as an ohmic sheet surface resistance based on Table 3.
(a) (b)
Figure 9. Surface current density in different states; (a) ON state and (b) OFF state
Table 4. Selected general parameters
General Parameters Value
𝑇𝑅𝐶 [ms] 1
Switching time [ms] 1.6
d [nm] 10
𝜀 for ℎ𝐵𝑁 4
𝐿 𝑆𝑆𝐺 0.7
𝑊𝑆𝑆𝐺 2.3
Figure 10 shows the return loss when the SSG is switched to the ON and OFF states. The new bands
that appear cover different microwave applications such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth vehicular radar systems, which
are used to detect the locations and movements of objects near a vehicle, thus enabling features such as
near-collision avoidance, improved airbag activation, and suspension systems that are more responsive to road
conditions. When the graphene sheet is deactivated (OFF state), the antenna achieved four notche bands at
3.07 GHz, 5.51 GHz, 8.69 GHz, and 11.33 GHz. When the SSG is activated (ON state) at different DC voltage
biases based on Table 3: At 1 𝑉, the resonant frequencies changed from 3.07 to 3.05 GHz, 5.51 to 5.59 GHz,
and 8.7 to 9 GHz. At 5 V, the resonant frequencies changed from 3.07 to 3.039 GHz, 5.51 to 5.73 GHz,
and 8.7 to 10.44 GHz.
The proposed antenna can be utilized for different applications, including S-band (3.07 GHz), which
is used for wireless networking (Wi-Fi), airport surveillance radar, and more; C-band (5.51 GHz, 5.73 GHz,
and 5.99 GHz), which is used for satellite communications, some wireless devices, and weather radar systems;
and X-band (8.7 GHz, 9.01 GHz, 10.44 GHz, and 11.33 GHz) which is used for radar, satellite communication,
and wireless networks. These frequency ranges are specified by the IEEE [24, 25]. The activation
and deactivation allows the changes between these resonance frequencies without having to make any changes
in the antenna’s size. Figure 11 shows the UWB MP antenna’s gain is reached around 7.33 dBi which it is in
acceptable range.
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Figure 10. Return loss when the SSG is activated and deactivated
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
Figure 11. Gains of the UWB MP antenna when the SSG activated and deactivated;
(a) 5.51 GHz, (b) 5.73 GHz, (c) 8.69 GHz, (d) 8.98 GHz, (e) 10.44 GHz, and (f) 11.33 GHz
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A compact multi-band notched characteristics UWB microstrip… (Noor Raheem)
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3. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
The proposed simple MP antenna for UWB applications is illustrated in Figure 1. According to
the simulation based on calculated parameters, the return loss under -10 dB was achieved between 4.27 to
13 GHz frequency range. Hence, modifications were made to the design by increasing the dimensions of
the antenna and the ground slot dimensions, as shown in Figure 5. The modified antenna operated between
2.59 to 11.7 GHz frequency band and had a new resonance frequency. Thus, it can be used for a new
application. The tunable graphene surface’s conductivity was maximized by selecting an appropriate place
on the antenna based on the surface current and the achieved return loss. Figure 10 showed graphene’s effect
on the tunable bandwidth of the antenna. When two DC voltage biases (1𝑉 and 5𝑉) were applied, the return
loss -10 dB was achieved in frequency range between 2.57 to 12.47 GHz and new resonant frequencies
were obtained at 5.59 GHz, 5.73 GHz, 8.99 GHz, and 10.44 GHz. The gain values were varied between
2.44 and 7.33 dBi.
4. CONCLUSION
This paper’s aim was to enhance the performance of UWB antenna and presented a MP UWB antenna
with a ground slot and with good characteristics. Additionally, it had an SSG operating as a tuneable surface
in order to minimize the antenna’s size and increase its operational bandwidth. Changing the voltage bias
applied to the graphene proved to be a good way to enhance the physical size of the antenna while increasing
the operational bandwidth. Although the MP antenna had a weak gain characteristic, the proposed design
achieved a gain of as much as 7.33 dBi in some frequencies. This design with its UWB feature, small size,
and a good performance on the part of the graphene is attractive for; S-band, C-band, and X-band applications.
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11. ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control, Vol. 18, No. 4, August 2020: 1708 - 1718
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Noor Raheem received his B.Sc. degree in Computer and Communications Engineering
from Al-Rafidain University College, Iraq, Baghdad, in 2012. She is studying M.Sc. in
Communications Engineering at Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan.
Nidal Qasem received his B.Sc. degree in Electronics and Communications Engineering
(Honours) from Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan, in 2004. He obtained his
M.Sc. degree in Digital Communication Systems for Networks & Mobile Applications
(DSC) in 2006, followed by a Ph.D. in Wireless and Digital Communication Systems, both
from Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom. He currently holds
the position of associate professor in the department of Electronics and Communications
Engineering at Al-Ahliyya Amman University. His research interests include propagation
control in buildings, specifically improving the received power, FSS measurements and
designs, antennas, ultra-wide band, orbital angular momentum, and wireless system
performance analyses. He is a senior member of the IEEE.