Download to read offline
![International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 –
6464(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 01-07 © IAEME
2
I. INTRODUCTION
Microwave low pass filters are essential devices in RF wireless communication systems to
remove noise, harmonics and other spurious signals. For these circuits, size compactness and high
power attenuation levels throughout a broad stopband spectral range are desired properties to
efficiently accomplish this task. Different techniques have been investigated i.e. using resonators,
shaped transmission lines, and defected ground structures to achieve miniaturization of microwave
filters. More recent approaches to develop quasi-elliptic extended stopband LPFs exploit the mixed
use of coupled-line stages and rejection stubs or even signal interference principles [1, 2].
Nevertheless, they usually require strong coupling factor coupled line sections in their circuit
structures, this being a disadvantage in terms of robustness to manufacturing tolerances. Sharp
rejection planar LPF with ultra wide stopband is introduced in [3]. It is based on a new class of two
path bandstop transversal filtering sections (TFS) made up of a rat race directional coupler operating
in transversal mode. The design exhibits a 3 dB cutoff frequency equal to 1 GHz and a 20 dB
attenuated band up to 5.86 GHz. This design introduces attractive features but at the expense of
increased dimensions of about (150×60) mm2
.
One new approach of achieving miniaturization is the use of fractal DGS structure instead of
normal DGS structure. Fractal geometries have two common properties, space filling and self-
similarity. Space filling property of fractal geometries can be utilized to reduce size of the filter. The
increase in electrical length due to the use of the fractal curves on a fixed substrate area reduces the
resonant frequency and sharpen the resonant peaks i.e. for a fixed resonant frequency the filter
employing fractal DGS are smaller in size as compared to the filter employing normal DGS structure
[4].
Another low pass filter design technique employing stepped-impedance hairpin resonator
(SIHR) in combination with split ring resonator defected ground structure (ISRR DGS) and two
elliptical DGSs is presented in [5]. This structure improves the filter characteristics such as the
insertion loss, the cutoff characteristic, compact size, and ease of fabrication. But it does not reduce
the filter 3dB cutoff frequency.
The LPF presented in [6] consists of double U-shaped DGS units at the ground plane and a
shaped microstrip line on the top. It provides compact filter size without the need for cascading
periodic DGS structures. But, it has relatively high 3dB cutoff frequency of 2.7 GHz.
In this paper, a compact microstrip low pass filter (LPF) with low 3dB cutoff frequency,
ultrabroad stopband, and high stopband attenuation characteristics is introduced. A new V-shaped
defected ground structure is presented. The proposed LPF design utilizes the same shaped
transmission line, substrate characteristics and dimensions of the U-shaped LPF presented in [6].But,
the introduction of the V-shaped DGS allows wider stopband spectral range, sharp cutoff frequency
response, and high stopband attenuation with much lower 3dB cutoff frequency. The dimensions of
the V-shaped DGS controls the cutoff frequency, furthermore, it maintains the compactness of the
filter size without the need for periodic DGS structures or any modifications in the transmission line
shape or dimensions [7]. The proposed LPF is designed using the CST-MICROWAVE STUDIO
simulator. The filter is simulated using Rogers’s RO4003 substrate of dielectric constant Єr=3.38
and thickness h =1.524 mm.
II. PROPOSED LPF STRUCTURE
Lowering the 3dB cutoff frequency of LPFs requires larger structure size. So, a V-shaped
defected ground structure is introduced. The proposed V-shaped DGS significantly reduces the LPF
3dB cutoff frequency while maintaining the same filter size. In this paper, the U-shaped LPF
presented in [6] is utilized to employ the new V-shaped DGS to enhance its characteristics. The same](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/compactlpfdesignwithlowcutofffrequencyusingvshapeddgsstructure-150307034053-conversion-gate01/85/Compact-lpf-design-with-low-cutoff-frequency-using-v-shaped-dgs-structure-2-320.jpg)
![International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 –
6464(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 01-07 © IAEME
3
transmission line design, substrate characteristics and dimensions of the U-shaped LPF are used. But,
the double U-shaped DGS is replaced by the proposed V-shaped DGS. Figure 1 shows the top view,
shaped transmission line, of the U-shaped LPF[6]. Figure 2 shows the proposed V-shaped DGS
etched in the ground plane of the filter instead of the double U-shaped DGS.
Fig.1. The shaped transmission line of the LPF presented in [6].
Fig.2. The ground plane of the proposed LPF with a V-shaped DGS.
The introduction of the V-shaped DGS allows wider stopband spectral range, sharp cutoff
frequency response, and high stopband attenuation with much lower 3dB cutoff frequency than the
double U-shaped DGS. The dimensions of the V-shaped DGS controls the cutoff frequency,
furthermore, it maintains the compactness of the filter size without the need for periodic DGS
structures or any modifications in the transmission line shape or dimensions. The detailed description
of the shaped transmission line dimensions as introduced in [6] is:
1. Two sections of microstrip lines of different widths (W2=3.53 mm, and W5=1.6 mm) and
different lengths where
(T1=19 mm, T2=2.47 mm, T3=11 mm, and T4=3.4 mm) as shown in Figure 1.
2. Two open circuit double stub sections of different widths (W3=3.53 mm,W4=1.6 mm) and
different lengths(S1=8.235 mm, S2=8.2 mm).
3. An inset feed of width Winset=0.5 mm and depth Linset=8.5 mm.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/compactlpfdesignwithlowcutofffrequencyusingvshapeddgsstructure-150307034053-conversion-gate01/85/Compact-lpf-design-with-low-cutoff-frequency-using-v-shaped-dgs-structure-3-320.jpg)
![International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 –
6464(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 01-07 © IAEME
4
In the ground plane, the V-shaped DGS is etched as shown in figure 2. The width of the V-
shaped DGS arms Wv, the distance from the filter edge hv, and the height L1 control the cutoff
frequency and the sharpness factor of the proposed filter. The proposed filter has been simulated
using the CST-MICROWAVE STUDIO software using Rogers RO4003 substrate of dielectric
constant Єr=3.38 and thickness h=1.524 mm as the same as the double equilateral U-shaped DGS
filter presented in [6].
III. SIMULATION RESULTS
Generally, lowering the LPF cutoff frequency requires larger filter size. So that, the main
objective of this paper is focused to reduce the 3dB cutoff frequency of a given LPF while
maintaining the same filter size. For this purpose, the V-shaped DGS is introduced. In this section,
several simulations for the proposed filter are performed in order to investigate the influence of V-
shaped DGS cell on the filter 3dB cutoff frequency. The simulation results verified that the
introduction of the V-shaped DGS cell significantly reduces the cutoff frequency of the filter. After
design and optimization, the optimal dimensions of the V-shaped DGS cell that achieve 3dB cutoff
frequencies ranging from 1.2 GHz to 1.688 GHzare listed in table (1). Figure 3 and figure 4 show the
scattering parameters S21 and S11 of the proposed filter respectively compared to the corresponding
parameters of the U-shaped DGS filter presented in [6].
Table (1): The optimal dimensions of the V-shaped DGS cell that achieve 3dB cutoff frequencies
ranging from 1.2 GHz to 1.688 GHz
ࢌࢉ (GHz)ࢃ࢜ (mm)ࡸ (mm)ࢎ࢜ (mm)
1.6881.26
11.8264
1.6481.08
1.60.9
1.5360.72
1.4240.54
1.20.36
Fig.3: The scattering parameters S21 of the proposed filter compared to the corresponding parameter
of the U-shaped DGS filter presented in [6].](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/compactlpfdesignwithlowcutofffrequencyusingvshapeddgsstructure-150307034053-conversion-gate01/85/Compact-lpf-design-with-low-cutoff-frequency-using-v-shaped-dgs-structure-4-320.jpg)
![International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 –
6464(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 01-07 © IAEME
5
Fig.4: The scattering parameters S11 of the proposed filter compared to the corresponding parameter
of the U-shaped DGS filter presented in [6].
On the basis of these simulation results, different low pass filters having 3dB cutoff
frequencies ranging from 1.2 GHz to 1.688 GHz are introduced. The simulations results indicate that
the proposed filter exhibits much lower cutoff frequency than the double U-shaped filter while
maintain the same compact size. It is noticed that the U-shaped DGS structure exhibits a 3dB cutoff
frequency of 2.7 GHz. So, there is a reduction range in the cutoff frequency from 1.012 GHz to 1.5
GHz. But, as the reduction in the cutoff frequency increase the stopband attenuation level decrease as
shown in figure 3. But, on the other hand, wide bandwidth stopband with attenuation level more than
20 dB can be obtained as in case of Wv=1.26 mm, and Wv=1.08 mm. For Wv=1.26 mm, a wide
stopband bandwidth with attenuation level more than 20 dB from 2.22 GHz to 7.12 GHz is obtained
as shown in figure 5. The proposed filter has 3dB cutoff frequency of fc=1.688 GHz while the U-
shaped filter has cutoff frequency of 2.7 GHz. So, there is a 1.012GHz reduction in the 3dB cutoff
frequency using the same filter size (20×19) mm2
reported in [6].
Fig.5: The scattering parameters of the proposed V-shaped LPF compared to the scattering
parameters of the U-shaped LPF presented in [6] using Wv=1.26 mm.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/compactlpfdesignwithlowcutofffrequencyusingvshapeddgsstructure-150307034053-conversion-gate01/85/Compact-lpf-design-with-low-cutoff-frequency-using-v-shaped-dgs-structure-5-320.jpg)
Uploaded byIAEME Publication
Compact lpf design with low cutoff frequency using v shaped dgs structure
This document describes a compact microstrip low pass filter (LPF) design with a low cutoff frequency, broad stopband, and high stopband attenuation. It introduces a new V-shaped defected ground structure (DGS) to reduce the cutoff frequency compared to a previous design using a double U-shaped DGS, while maintaining the same compact size. Simulations show the V-shaped DGS design can achieve 3dB cutoff frequencies as low as 1.2 GHz, compared to 2.7 GHz for the previous design. Measured results for a fabricated filter match well with simulations, validating the compact low frequency LPF design enabled by the V-shaped DGS structure.
More Related Content
Similar to Compact lpf design with low cutoff frequency using v shaped dgs structure
Compact lpf design with low cutoff frequency using v shaped dgs structure
- 1. International Journal ofElectronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 – 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 01-07 © IAEME 1 COMPACT LPF DESIGN WITH LOW CUTOFF FREQUENCY USING V- SHAPED DGS STRUCTURE Mohamed M. Shaheen1 , AmrH. Hussein2 , Ibrahim F. Tarrad3 , Abdel-Aziz T. Shalaby4 1 Dept. of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Higher Technological Institute, 10th of Ramadan City, Egypt 2 Dept. of Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt 3 Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt 4 Dept. of Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufya University, Egypt ABSTRACT A class of compact microstrip Low Pass Filter (LPF) with low 3dB cutoff frequency, ultrabroad stopband, and high stopband attenuation characteristics is introduced. It employs both shaped transmission line and Defected Ground Structure (DGS) techniques to achieve the aforementioned characteristics. In this paper, a new V-shaped DGS structure is introduced. The dimensions of the V-shaped DGS control the 3dB cutoff frequency of the filter. On the basis of this study, different low pass filters having 3dB cutoff frequencies ranging from 1.2GHz to 1.688GHz are designed. A comparison with the low pass filter implemented using double U-shaped DGS structure having same substrate area is carried out. The simulations results indicate that the proposed filter exhibits much lower cutoff frequency than the double U-shaped filter while maintain the same compact size. At 1.688 GHz 3dB cutoff frequency, a wide stopband bandwidth with attenuation level more than 20dB from 2.22 GHz to 7.12 GHz is obtained. Moreover, the occupied area is only (20×19) mm2 as the same area of the original U-shaped filter. Good agreement between the measurements and simulation results is observed. Index Terms: Defected Ground Structure (DGS), Microstrip Low Pass Filter (LPF), Ultrabroad Stopband. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (IJECET) ISSN 0976 – 6464(Print) ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online) Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 01-07 © IAEME: http://www.iaeme.com/IJECET.asp Journal Impact Factor (2014): 7.2836 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com IJECET © I A E M E
- 2. International Journal ofElectronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 – 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 01-07 © IAEME 2 I. INTRODUCTION Microwave low pass filters are essential devices in RF wireless communication systems to remove noise, harmonics and other spurious signals. For these circuits, size compactness and high power attenuation levels throughout a broad stopband spectral range are desired properties to efficiently accomplish this task. Different techniques have been investigated i.e. using resonators, shaped transmission lines, and defected ground structures to achieve miniaturization of microwave filters. More recent approaches to develop quasi-elliptic extended stopband LPFs exploit the mixed use of coupled-line stages and rejection stubs or even signal interference principles [1, 2]. Nevertheless, they usually require strong coupling factor coupled line sections in their circuit structures, this being a disadvantage in terms of robustness to manufacturing tolerances. Sharp rejection planar LPF with ultra wide stopband is introduced in [3]. It is based on a new class of two path bandstop transversal filtering sections (TFS) made up of a rat race directional coupler operating in transversal mode. The design exhibits a 3 dB cutoff frequency equal to 1 GHz and a 20 dB attenuated band up to 5.86 GHz. This design introduces attractive features but at the expense of increased dimensions of about (150×60) mm2 . One new approach of achieving miniaturization is the use of fractal DGS structure instead of normal DGS structure. Fractal geometries have two common properties, space filling and self- similarity. Space filling property of fractal geometries can be utilized to reduce size of the filter. The increase in electrical length due to the use of the fractal curves on a fixed substrate area reduces the resonant frequency and sharpen the resonant peaks i.e. for a fixed resonant frequency the filter employing fractal DGS are smaller in size as compared to the filter employing normal DGS structure [4]. Another low pass filter design technique employing stepped-impedance hairpin resonator (SIHR) in combination with split ring resonator defected ground structure (ISRR DGS) and two elliptical DGSs is presented in [5]. This structure improves the filter characteristics such as the insertion loss, the cutoff characteristic, compact size, and ease of fabrication. But it does not reduce the filter 3dB cutoff frequency. The LPF presented in [6] consists of double U-shaped DGS units at the ground plane and a shaped microstrip line on the top. It provides compact filter size without the need for cascading periodic DGS structures. But, it has relatively high 3dB cutoff frequency of 2.7 GHz. In this paper, a compact microstrip low pass filter (LPF) with low 3dB cutoff frequency, ultrabroad stopband, and high stopband attenuation characteristics is introduced. A new V-shaped defected ground structure is presented. The proposed LPF design utilizes the same shaped transmission line, substrate characteristics and dimensions of the U-shaped LPF presented in [6].But, the introduction of the V-shaped DGS allows wider stopband spectral range, sharp cutoff frequency response, and high stopband attenuation with much lower 3dB cutoff frequency. The dimensions of the V-shaped DGS controls the cutoff frequency, furthermore, it maintains the compactness of the filter size without the need for periodic DGS structures or any modifications in the transmission line shape or dimensions [7]. The proposed LPF is designed using the CST-MICROWAVE STUDIO simulator. The filter is simulated using Rogers’s RO4003 substrate of dielectric constant Єr=3.38 and thickness h =1.524 mm. II. PROPOSED LPF STRUCTURE Lowering the 3dB cutoff frequency of LPFs requires larger structure size. So, a V-shaped defected ground structure is introduced. The proposed V-shaped DGS significantly reduces the LPF 3dB cutoff frequency while maintaining the same filter size. In this paper, the U-shaped LPF presented in [6] is utilized to employ the new V-shaped DGS to enhance its characteristics. The same
- 3. International Journal ofElectronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 – 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 01-07 © IAEME 3 transmission line design, substrate characteristics and dimensions of the U-shaped LPF are used. But, the double U-shaped DGS is replaced by the proposed V-shaped DGS. Figure 1 shows the top view, shaped transmission line, of the U-shaped LPF[6]. Figure 2 shows the proposed V-shaped DGS etched in the ground plane of the filter instead of the double U-shaped DGS. Fig.1. The shaped transmission line of the LPF presented in [6]. Fig.2. The ground plane of the proposed LPF with a V-shaped DGS. The introduction of the V-shaped DGS allows wider stopband spectral range, sharp cutoff frequency response, and high stopband attenuation with much lower 3dB cutoff frequency than the double U-shaped DGS. The dimensions of the V-shaped DGS controls the cutoff frequency, furthermore, it maintains the compactness of the filter size without the need for periodic DGS structures or any modifications in the transmission line shape or dimensions. The detailed description of the shaped transmission line dimensions as introduced in [6] is: 1. Two sections of microstrip lines of different widths (W2=3.53 mm, and W5=1.6 mm) and different lengths where (T1=19 mm, T2=2.47 mm, T3=11 mm, and T4=3.4 mm) as shown in Figure 1. 2. Two open circuit double stub sections of different widths (W3=3.53 mm,W4=1.6 mm) and different lengths(S1=8.235 mm, S2=8.2 mm). 3. An inset feed of width Winset=0.5 mm and depth Linset=8.5 mm.
- 4. International Journal ofElectronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 – 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 01-07 © IAEME 4 In the ground plane, the V-shaped DGS is etched as shown in figure 2. The width of the V- shaped DGS arms Wv, the distance from the filter edge hv, and the height L1 control the cutoff frequency and the sharpness factor of the proposed filter. The proposed filter has been simulated using the CST-MICROWAVE STUDIO software using Rogers RO4003 substrate of dielectric constant Єr=3.38 and thickness h=1.524 mm as the same as the double equilateral U-shaped DGS filter presented in [6]. III. SIMULATION RESULTS Generally, lowering the LPF cutoff frequency requires larger filter size. So that, the main objective of this paper is focused to reduce the 3dB cutoff frequency of a given LPF while maintaining the same filter size. For this purpose, the V-shaped DGS is introduced. In this section, several simulations for the proposed filter are performed in order to investigate the influence of V- shaped DGS cell on the filter 3dB cutoff frequency. The simulation results verified that the introduction of the V-shaped DGS cell significantly reduces the cutoff frequency of the filter. After design and optimization, the optimal dimensions of the V-shaped DGS cell that achieve 3dB cutoff frequencies ranging from 1.2 GHz to 1.688 GHzare listed in table (1). Figure 3 and figure 4 show the scattering parameters S21 and S11 of the proposed filter respectively compared to the corresponding parameters of the U-shaped DGS filter presented in [6]. Table (1): The optimal dimensions of the V-shaped DGS cell that achieve 3dB cutoff frequencies ranging from 1.2 GHz to 1.688 GHz ࢌࢉ (GHz)ࢃ࢜ (mm)ࡸ (mm)ࢎ࢜ (mm) 1.6881.26 11.8264 1.6481.08 1.60.9 1.5360.72 1.4240.54 1.20.36 Fig.3: The scattering parameters S21 of the proposed filter compared to the corresponding parameter of the U-shaped DGS filter presented in [6].
- 5. International Journal ofElectronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 – 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 01-07 © IAEME 5 Fig.4: The scattering parameters S11 of the proposed filter compared to the corresponding parameter of the U-shaped DGS filter presented in [6]. On the basis of these simulation results, different low pass filters having 3dB cutoff frequencies ranging from 1.2 GHz to 1.688 GHz are introduced. The simulations results indicate that the proposed filter exhibits much lower cutoff frequency than the double U-shaped filter while maintain the same compact size. It is noticed that the U-shaped DGS structure exhibits a 3dB cutoff frequency of 2.7 GHz. So, there is a reduction range in the cutoff frequency from 1.012 GHz to 1.5 GHz. But, as the reduction in the cutoff frequency increase the stopband attenuation level decrease as shown in figure 3. But, on the other hand, wide bandwidth stopband with attenuation level more than 20 dB can be obtained as in case of Wv=1.26 mm, and Wv=1.08 mm. For Wv=1.26 mm, a wide stopband bandwidth with attenuation level more than 20 dB from 2.22 GHz to 7.12 GHz is obtained as shown in figure 5. The proposed filter has 3dB cutoff frequency of fc=1.688 GHz while the U- shaped filter has cutoff frequency of 2.7 GHz. So, there is a 1.012GHz reduction in the 3dB cutoff frequency using the same filter size (20×19) mm2 reported in [6]. Fig.5: The scattering parameters of the proposed V-shaped LPF compared to the scattering parameters of the U-shaped LPF presented in [6] using Wv=1.26 mm.
- 6. International Journal ofElectronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 – 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 01-07 © IAEME 6 IV. MEASURED RESULTS After design and optimization, the proposed LPF is fabricated and measured. The filter is fabricated on Rogers’s RO4003 substrate of dielectric constant Єr=3.38 and thickness h=1.524 mm. The fabrication is done using thin film technology and photolithographic technique. The experimental measurements are done using the vector network analyzer (VNA HP8719Es). The back view and the front view photographs of the fabricated filter are shown in figure 6 (a) and (b) respectively. The measured and simulated results of the proposed filter scattering parameters are presented in figure 7, which appears a good agreement. The 3dB cutoff frequency of the fabricated filter is 1.766 GHz, that is 0.078 GHz shifted from the simulation results. (a) (b) Fig.6: (a) Back view, and (b) Front view photographs of the fabricated LPF. Fig.7: The measured and simulated results of the proposed filter scattering parameters. CONCLUSION A class of compact microstrip low pass filter (LPF) with low 3dB cutoff frequency, ultrabroad stopband, and high stopband attenuation characteristics is proposed. It employs both shaped transmission line and a new V-shaped DGS structure techniques to achieve the aforementioned characteristics. A comparison with the low pass filter implemented using double U- shaped DGS structure having same substrate area is carried out. The simulations results indicate that the proposed filter exhibits much lower cutoff frequency than the double U-shaped filter while
- 7. International Journal ofElectronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 – 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 01-07 © IAEME 7 maintain the same compact size. A wide stopband bandwidth with attenuation level more than 20 dB from 2.22 GHz to 7.12 GHz is obtained. Moreover, the occupied area is only (20×19) mm2 . The measured and simulated results of the filter scattering parameters appears a good agreement. REFERENCES 1. V.K. Velidi, S. Sanyal, "Sharp roll-off lowpass filter with wide stopband using stub-loaded coupled-line hairpin unit", IEEE Microw. Wirel.Compon.Lett, 21, (6), pp. 301–303, 2011. 2. M. A. Sánchez-Soriano, G. Torregrosa-Penalva, and E. Bronchalo," Compact filtering structure with four transmission zeros for extended stopband performance", 40th European Microwave Conf., Paris, France, pp. 292–295, September–October, 2010. 3. R. Gómez-García, M. A. Sánchez-Soriano, M. Sánchez- Renedo, G. Torregrosa-Penalva and E. Bronchalo,"Extended-stopband microstrip lowpass filter using rat-race directional couplers", Electron. Lett., 49, (4), pp. 272–274, 2013. 4. J. Beneat, P. Jarry, "Miniaturized RF/microwave filters using fractals," International IEEE MTT-S Microwave Symposium Digest (MTT), vol., no., pp.1-3, 17-22 June, 2012. 5. D. Xi, Y. Z. Yin, L. H. Wen, Y. N. Mo, and Y. Wang, "A Compact Low-Pass Filter with Sharp Cut-off and Low Insertion Loss Characteristic Using Novel Defected Ground Structure", Progress In Electromagnetic Research Letters, vol. 17, pp. 133-143, September, 2010. 6. A. Abdulhadi, A.Antumani, J. Wilson," Combined Shaped Microstrip Line and DGS Techniques for Compact Low Pass Filter Design", International Journal of Engineering & Technology, vol. 13, Issue 3, pp.74-77, June, 2013. 7. T. Sio-Weng, Kam-Weng Tam, Martins, R.P. , "Miniaturized microstrip lowpass filter with wide stopband using double equilateral U-shaped defected ground structure," Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, IEEE , vol.16, no.5, pp. 240- 242, May 2006 8. Chandan Kumar Ghosh, Susanta Kumar Parui, “Reduction of Mutual Coupling Between Patch Elements Using Split-Ring Dgs” International journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering &Technology (IJECET), Volume 1, Issue 1, 2010, pp. 18 - 24, ISSN Print: 0976- 6464, ISSN Online: 0976 –6472. 9. Dr. Rajeshwari .s. Mathad, “A Study of Multiple Ota-C Active Low Pass Filter” International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering & Technology (IJARET), Volume 5, Issue 4, 2014, pp. 160 - 168, ISSN Print: 0976-6480, ISSN Online: 0976-6499.