The document discusses various topics related to communication including encoding and decoding messages, components of effective communication like active listening and assertiveness, verbal and non-verbal communication, posturing, centralization vs decentralization, virtual communication, and leadership in action. It provides definitions and explanations of these key communication concepts in 3 sentences or less for each section.

1. GLOBAL TEAM

2. CONTENTS
1) Communication
2) Encoding and Decoding
3) Components of Effective communication
4) Verbal
5) Non Verbal
6) Posturing
7) Centralization –Decentralization
8) Virtual communication
9) Leadership in Action

3. COMMUNICATION
Communication is an act of using words, signs, sounds, or
behavior for expressing or exchanging information, ideas,
feelings, thoughts to someone else.
Feedback is the response of the
audience.
Communication channel is the way we
communicate.

4. TELEPHONE GAME
http://www.timeanddate.com/stopwatch/

5. HOW TO PLAY
❑Getting Started: Players must sit in a circle or stand in a straight line.
They need to be close enough that whispering is possible, but not so
close that players can hear each other whisper.
❑Begin the Game: The first person in the line or circle whispers a word
or phrase into the ear of the person sitting or standing to their right.
❑The Game Continues: Players whisper the phrase to their neighbors
until it reaches the last player in line.
❑The Conclusion: The last player says the word or phrase out loud so
everyone can hear how much it has changed from the first whisper at
the beginning of the circle or line.

6. RULES OF THE GAME
❑The word or phrase can only be whispered once, so
players must pay close attention.
❑Only one player – the first – should know what the word
or phrase is. The facilitator of the game may wish to
have the original phrase or word written down.

7. ENCODING AND DECODING

8. ENCODING AND DECODING

9. Encoders- What is it?
An encoder is a:
❑ Device
❑ Circuit
❑ Transducer
❑ Software Program
❑ Person
That converts information from one format to another.

10. Why do people encode message through media?
The purpose of encoding is for:
❑ Speed
❑ Secrecy
❑ Security
❑ Saving space and time

11. Decoder-What Is It?
❑ A decoder can be a device or person that does
the opposite of an encoder.
❑ It undo the encoding so that the original
information can be obtained.
❑ The same method used to encode is usually used
again reverse order to decode.

12. Why do people decode message?
❑Since decoding is the reverse process to encoding, people use it to
obtain information or files that have been encoded.
❑Ex. Files on computers or information that is stored on a DVD.

14. COMPONENTS OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
(INTRODUCTION)
❑ Communication skills helps make information processing more
transparent and effective, examples of such skills are; Active listening
and assertiveness.

15. Active Listening
❑ This is the key to accurately understanding what
someone else is saying
❑ People are often distracted such that they don’t give
maximum attention to others.
❑ Active listening requires effort and discipline.

16. Active Listening
❑As a listener, you need an accurate understanding of others before a
meaningful response can be made.
❑The followings are skills, active listeners need to have in other to enhance
effective communication:

17. i. Pay attention to your posture:
There are 5 behaviours that encourage a listening posture
under the acronym SOLER.
❑ S-Square
❑ O-Open
❑ L-Lean
❑ E-Eye Contact
❑ R-Relax

18. Active Listening
ii. Paraphrasing
iii. Probing
a. Open Ended questions b. Hypothetical questions

19. Active Listening (probing)
c. Closed-ended questions
d. Forced-choice questions

20. Active Listening
The above mentioned probing questions sometimes depending on the
discussion produces good and expected results, there are other types
of probing questions that are not productive viz:
i. Leading
ii. loaded and
iii. multiple questions

21. ASSERTIVENESS
Assertiveness is the ability to express oneself directly and honestly without
disrespecting or dishonouring others.
According to Baney, (2004), assertiveness is best expressed by including
the three components: I think, I feel, I want.

22. BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
There are number of barriers that can retard or distort
effective communication, they are listed
● Filtering
● Selective Perception
● Information Overload
● Emotions
● Language
● Silence
● Lying
● Communication Apprehension

23. Virtual communication
What is it?

24. 3 Main Benefits Of Virtual
Communication:
1. Teams Producing Increases in Quality and Outcome.
2. Efficiency of Communication.
3. Development of intellectual capital.

25. Communication process

26. Barriers in Communication
❑ Amplifies dysfunction.
❑ Dilutes leadership
❑ Weakens human relationship and Team Processes.

27. Verdict on virtual communication...
❑ Lacks depth
But…
❑ Diverse in nature
which makes it
worth it!

28. Verbal Communication
communicating your thoughts through
words. Such thoughts may be ideas,
objections, your emotions,,,

29. Why is good verbal communication so important in
business?
●Dealing with different people
●Culture
●Ages with different experience

30. Types of communication
Interpersonal communication and public speaking
❑ Challenges
❑ Misunderstandings
❑ Solution
❑ Your Message
❑ How you delivery

31. Activity
Word Description
●In this activity we need one volunteer from each group, he will be given a word
that need to describe to their group.
●Under the word that needs to be described a list of words the person cannot use
in his description.
●For example: If the word that is being described is "coffee," the most common
words can be listed under the word such as "drink," "cream," "sugar" "hot."
● Each group will be given 90 seconds
●The person who is describing the word will have to use his verbal communication
skills to get his group to understand the word without using the common words.
●In the end, the shortest group who guess the word will be the winner

32. NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

33. Nonverbal communication is expressed through nonlinguistic means.
It is the actions or attributes of humans, including their appearance, use of
objects, sound, time, smell, and space, that have socially shared significance
and stimulate meaning in others.
IMPORTANCE
An accurate perception of nonverbal communication helps the listener
understand the intent of the speaker and is strongly related to social
intelligence and interpersonal sensitivity.

34. ❑ We can change the meaning of our words with the wink of an eye, a certain facial
expression, voice tone, bodily movement, use of space, or touch.
❑ As our ability to use and interpret nonverbal behavior and contextual cues
improves, so will our understanding of interpersonal relationships.

35. Elements of NonVerbal Communication

36. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=79i84xYelZI
NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION

37. CATEGORIES OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

38. KINESICS
Interpretation of Body movements and gestures as a form of nonverbal communication is termed as
kinesics.
1.FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
❑ People can identify seven separate human emotions, even after seeing only facial and eye expressions:
sadness, happiness, anger, fear, surprise, contempt, and interest.
❑ Therefore, without speaking a word, a facial expression can convey a great deal of information to others.
When we consciously control our facial expressions that we likely are engaging in interpersonal
deception.
2. EYE CONTACT
❑ Eyes reveal the extent of interest and emotional involvement.
❑ Eyes influence judgments of persuasiveness and perceptions of
❑ dominance or Submissiveness.
❑ Eyes regulate person-to-person interaction.

39. 3. GESTURES AND POSTURES
GESTURES
Various hands and arm movements and specific body positions express special meaning, that may
complement or contradict other forms of communication, termed as gestures. They are further classified
into five types-Emblems, Illustrators, Affect Displays, Regulators, Adaptors.
POSTURES
How a person carries himself basically determines his posture .Open body positions suggest openness,
ease, comfort, and agreement. Whereas, Closed body positions may be the signs of defensiveness, a lack
of receptivity or physical or psychological discomfort.

40. PARALINGUISTICS
The messages that you send with your voice are known as paralanguage. Tone,
pitch, quality of voice, and rate of speaking convey emotions that can be
accurately judged regardless of the content of the message.
Among the elements of paralanguage are pitch, volume, rate, articulation,
pronunciation,hesitations, and silence.

41. With this in mind, respond to the following questions:
❑ Does my voice enhance or detract from the impression I make?
❑ Does my voice support or contradict my intended meaning?
❑ If I were interacting with me, would I want to listen to the
sound of my voice?

42. Intimate distance
Contact to18 inches
Personal distance
18 inches to 4 feet
Social-consultative distance
4 to 12 feet
Public distance
12 feet to the limit of sight
PROXEMICS
It is the study of our use of space
during a conversation according to our cultural
background, and how various differences in
that use can make us feel more relaxed or
anxious.
Categorized into four parts:
❏Intimate distance
❏Personal distance
❏Social-consultative distance
❏Public distance

43. HAPTICS: TOUCH
It is a form of communication involving touching.
● Used properly it can create a more direct message than dozens of words;
used improperly it can build barriers and cause mistrust.
● We use touch for different purposes: to communicate attitude or affect, to
encourage affiliation, to exert control or power, to mark greetings and
leave-takings time.

44. CHRONEMICS
It refers to the study of use and interpretation of time in nonverbal communication.
❑ We structure time in an effort to ensure we accomplish needed tasks.
❑ How long we are willing to wait to meet with someone or for
something to occur is also a reflection of our status and the
value we place on what we are waiting for.

45. ARTIFACTUAL COMMUNICATION
Materialism has given rise to a new medium of communication (artifactual
communication).
We respond more positively to those we perceive to be well dressed than to those whose
attire we find questionable or unacceptable.
What we wear and how we look helps others form impressions of us.

46. EXERCISE…
What do the artifacts you wear suggest to others about
you?

47. Posturing
● Posturing is crucial in influencing the acuity, opinions, and support by
the team members.
● It is used together with identity markers.
Some identity markers include:
● Physical look
● Personal office
● Body pose
● Demeanor
● Explicit statements

48. Posturing In Teams
● Posturing places people in certain attitudes or positions
● In some cases, use of postering and identity markers can
be detrimental
● Some team members attempt to promote themselves
among their team, and this can be intimidating.
● the identity markers ought to be used well, this will
promote unity in a team.

49. Centralization- Decentralization

52. Centralized Communication
Centralized communication is refer to as chain of command. When one or
two members do most of the talking and comments are routinely directed
towards these members specifically ( Huang and Cummings, 2011).

53. Centralized communication involves the flow of information through a
single leader (central person) or location, who have a great influence over
group members ( decision making power) by controlling the flow of
information ( McCubbrey, 2015, para 2).

54. Advantages Of Centralized Communication
❑ It encourages cost savings and better quality control.
❑ Efficient way of making business decision .
❑ Comments are directed to all members of the group ( Org 3220, Class
Slide).
❑ The degree of communication is influenced by the level of group’s task
complexity.

55. Disadvantage of Centralized Communication
❑ The amount of information can become overwhelmed (McCubbery, 2015)
❑ Some members speak with more confidence while others tend to be more
hesitated.
❑ Traits such as interpersonal dominance, perceived competence and
commitment are influenced by communication centrality.
❑ People with high interpersonal dominance are controllable.

56. Decentralized Communication
According to Allen ( 2015), “Decentralization refers to the
systematic efforts to delegate to the lowest level of authority except the once
that can’t be controlled or at the central point.
❑ Decentralization is not the same as delegation, it covers wider scope and
the authorities are diffused to the lowest most level of management.

57. Decentralized communications rely on:
❑ On team environment at different levels of business.
❑ Group of individual responsible for making autonomy business decisions and
running of the business ( Vitez, 2009).
❑ Open communication between group members.
❑ On conducive way of solving complex problems ( McCubbery, 2015).
❑ On the systematic delegation of authority at all levels of management and in all
organization.

58. Advantage of Decentralized Communication
❑ Problems and Processes can be solved and changed in a timely manner.
❑ Needs of customers and employees are easily and quickly met due to fewer level
of management ( McCubbery,2015).
❑ Members actively engage in advocacy and inquiry.
❑ More appropriate for complex group tasks ( Org Class Slide, 2015).
❑ Highly motivated members tend to be more active to contribute frequently in
group discussion.

59. Disadvantage of Decentralized Communication
❑ Organization departments can easily lose sight of the organization’s common
mission.
❑ Open line communication with local management .
❑ Organization and teams can something struggle with multiple individuals opinions
on a particular decision (Vitez, 2015, Para 7).

60. Implication of Decentralization in Communication
❑ There are fewer burdens on the Chief Executive Officer when compared with
centralization.
❑ In decentralization, the subordinates get a chance to decide and act
independently which develop skills and capabilities.
❑ Diversification and horizontal communication can be easily implanted.
❑ Operations can be co-ordinated at divisional level which is not possible in the
centralization set up.
❑ In decentralization there is more scope for creating new department and team
( Management Guide, 2015).

62. Centralization
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kIiTAprC8IM

63. LEADERSHIP IN ACTION
Communication plays a very important role when it comes to leading people, working in
teams and facilitating interpersonal dynamics.
❑ Effective leaders encourage direct and open discussion.
❑ They initiate difficult, but needed, conversations.
❑ Effective leaders also involve others before developing a plan of action, considering
their opinions in making decisions.
❑ They are clear about expectations and ask good questions.
❑ They listen to all the team members and make them feel validated
and invited.
Therefore, a leader makes sure that, the process of giving and taking
of information within the team, flows smoothly to reach to a mutual
decision and a cumulative goal.

64. “To effectively communicate, we must realize that we are
all different in the way we perceive the world and use this
understanding as a guide to our communication with
others.”
Tony Robbins

65. BIBLIOGRAPHY
❑Allen. (2015). Management Study Guide. Delhi: MSG ( Management Study Guide).
http://www.managementstudyguide.com/centralization_decentralization.htm
❑Don McCubbrey. “Centralized versus decentralized organizations.” Business Fundamentals.
Boundless, 21 Jul. 2015. Retrieved 30 Sep. 2015 from :
https://www.boundless.com/users/235420/textbooks/business-fundamentals/how-to-organize-
and-lead-an-entrepreneurial-venture-4/how-to-organize-and-lead-an-entrepreneurial-venture-
19/centralized-versus-decentralized-organizations-99-15402/
❑Vitez, O. (2009, January 20). Small Business by Demand Media. Business Model and
Organzational Structure, pp. Para 1- 9. http://smallbusiness.chron.com/centralized-vs-
decentralized-organizational-structure-2785.html

66. ● Cs.unm.edu,. (2015). Proxemics. Retrieved 16 October 2015, from
http://www.cs.unm.edu/~sheppard/proxemics.htm
● Cliparthut.com,. (2015). Verb Clipart. Retrieved 16 October 2015, from
http://www.cliparthut.com/verb-clipart.html
● Rudrow, K. (2014). Artifactual Communication: A Modern Approach to Understanding
Communication through Nonverbal Artifacts. Undergraduate Research Journal For The Human
Sciences, 13(1). Retrieved from
https://www.kon.org/urc/v13/rudrow.html
● Wright, J. (2014, November 28). Definition ans Skills of Effective Communication. Retrieved
October 14, 2015
http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-efficient-communication-definition-skills-quiz.html

67. ● Benefits & disadvantages of virtual teams. (2015, March 1). Retrieved October 16, 2015.
http://www.marsdd.com/privacy/
● Griffith, B., & Dunham, E. (n.d.). Working in teams: Moving from high potential to high
performance.

68. QUESTIONS…….????