The document discusses various onboard and external communication interfaces used in microcontroller systems. Onboard interfaces include I2C, SPI, UART, 1-Wire, and parallel interfaces. External interfaces include RS-232, USB, FireWire, IrDA, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and ZigBee. For each interface, the document describes the basic working, typical applications, advantages and limitations.
Challenges faced during embedded system design:
The challenges in design of embedded systems have always been in the same limiting requirements for decades: Small form factor; Low energy; Long-term stable performance without maintenance.
Describes ARM7-TDMI Processor Instruction Set. Explains classes of ARM7 instructions, syntax of data processing instructions, branch instructions, load-store instructions, coprocessor instructions, thumb state instructions.
Challenges faced during embedded system design:
The challenges in design of embedded systems have always been in the same limiting requirements for decades: Small form factor; Low energy; Long-term stable performance without maintenance.
Describes ARM7-TDMI Processor Instruction Set. Explains classes of ARM7 instructions, syntax of data processing instructions, branch instructions, load-store instructions, coprocessor instructions, thumb state instructions.
PIC A special purpose integrated circuit that function as an overall manager in an interrupt driven system.
It accepts request from the peripheral equipment,determines which of the incoming request is of the highest priority, ascertains whether the incoming request has a higher priority value than the level currently being serviced, and issues an interrupt to the CPU based on this determination.
Introduction to Cellular Mobile System,
Performance criteria,
uniqueness of mobile radio environment,
operation of cellular systems,
Hexagonal shaped cells,
Analog Cellular systems.
Digital Cellular systems
INTRODUCTION
We know that a microprocessor is the CPU of a computer. A microprocessor can perform some operation on a data and give the output. But to perform the operation we need an input to enter the data and an output to display the results of the operation. So we are using a keyboard and monitor as Input and output along with the processor. Microprocessors engineering involves a lot of other concepts and we also interface memory elements like ROM, EPROM to access the memory.
Types of Interfacing
There are two types of interfacing in context of the 8085 processor.
Memory Interfacing.
I/O Interfacing.
Memory Interfacing:
While executing an instruction, there is a necessity for the microprocessor to access memory frequently for reading various instruction codes and data stored in the memory. The interfacing circuit aids in accessing the memory.
Memory requires some signals to read from and write to registers. Similarly the microprocessor transmits some signals for reading or writing a data.
But what is the purpose of interfacing circuit here?
The interfacing process involves matching the memory requirements with the microprocessor signals. The interfacing circuit therefore should be designed in such a way that it matches the memory signal requirements with the signals of the microprocessor. For example for carrying out a READ process, the microprocessor should initiate a read signal which the memory requires to read a data. In simple words, the primary function of a memory interfacing circuit is to aid the microprocessor in reading and writing a data to the given register of a memory chip.
The interfacing process involves matching the memory requirements with the microprocessor signals. The interfacing circuit therefore should be designed in such a way that it matches the memory signal requirements with the signals of the microprocessor. For example for carrying out a READ process, the microprocessor should initiate a read signal which the memory requires to read a data. In simple words, the primary function of a memory interfacing circuit is to aid the microprocessor in reading and writing a data to the given register of a memory chip.
I/O Interfacing:
We know that keyboard and Displays are used as communication channel with outside world. So it is necessary that we interface keyboard and displays with the microprocessor. This is called I/O interfacing. In this type of interfacing we use latches and buffers for interfacing the keyboards and displays with the microprocessor.
But the main disadvantage with this interfacing is that the microprocessor can perform only one function. It functions as an input device if it is connected to buffer and as an output device if it is connected to latch. Thus the capability is very limited in this type of interfacing.
PIC A special purpose integrated circuit that function as an overall manager in an interrupt driven system.
It accepts request from the peripheral equipment,determines which of the incoming request is of the highest priority, ascertains whether the incoming request has a higher priority value than the level currently being serviced, and issues an interrupt to the CPU based on this determination.
Introduction to Cellular Mobile System,
Performance criteria,
uniqueness of mobile radio environment,
operation of cellular systems,
Hexagonal shaped cells,
Analog Cellular systems.
Digital Cellular systems
INTRODUCTION
We know that a microprocessor is the CPU of a computer. A microprocessor can perform some operation on a data and give the output. But to perform the operation we need an input to enter the data and an output to display the results of the operation. So we are using a keyboard and monitor as Input and output along with the processor. Microprocessors engineering involves a lot of other concepts and we also interface memory elements like ROM, EPROM to access the memory.
Types of Interfacing
There are two types of interfacing in context of the 8085 processor.
Memory Interfacing.
I/O Interfacing.
Memory Interfacing:
While executing an instruction, there is a necessity for the microprocessor to access memory frequently for reading various instruction codes and data stored in the memory. The interfacing circuit aids in accessing the memory.
Memory requires some signals to read from and write to registers. Similarly the microprocessor transmits some signals for reading or writing a data.
But what is the purpose of interfacing circuit here?
The interfacing process involves matching the memory requirements with the microprocessor signals. The interfacing circuit therefore should be designed in such a way that it matches the memory signal requirements with the signals of the microprocessor. For example for carrying out a READ process, the microprocessor should initiate a read signal which the memory requires to read a data. In simple words, the primary function of a memory interfacing circuit is to aid the microprocessor in reading and writing a data to the given register of a memory chip.
The interfacing process involves matching the memory requirements with the microprocessor signals. The interfacing circuit therefore should be designed in such a way that it matches the memory signal requirements with the signals of the microprocessor. For example for carrying out a READ process, the microprocessor should initiate a read signal which the memory requires to read a data. In simple words, the primary function of a memory interfacing circuit is to aid the microprocessor in reading and writing a data to the given register of a memory chip.
I/O Interfacing:
We know that keyboard and Displays are used as communication channel with outside world. So it is necessary that we interface keyboard and displays with the microprocessor. This is called I/O interfacing. In this type of interfacing we use latches and buffers for interfacing the keyboards and displays with the microprocessor.
But the main disadvantage with this interfacing is that the microprocessor can perform only one function. It functions as an input device if it is connected to buffer and as an output device if it is connected to latch. Thus the capability is very limited in this type of interfacing.
A complete ppt for network connectors and interface standards. Modems with types and version are also added in it. utility of cable modem alongwith null modem are described in it. a useful presentation for persons looking for networking devices at physical layer.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
2. Types:
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1. Onboard Communication Interfaces
a. I2C Bus
b. SPI Bus
c. UART
d. 1-Wire Interface
e. Parallel Interface
2. External Communication Interfaces
a. RS-232 C
b. USB
c. Fire wire
d. IrDA
e. Bluetooth
f. Wi-Fi
g. ZigBee
3. 1.Onboard Communication Interfaces
(Device/Board level Communication Interfaces):
a)Inter Integrated Circuit (I2C) Bus:
It is a synchronous bi-directional half-duplex two wire serial
interface bus.
– The I2C bus comprise of two bus lines:
• Serial Clock (SCL line) – responsible for generating synchronization
clock pulses
• Serial Data (SDA line) – responsible for transmitting
– I2C bus is a shared bus system to which many number of I2C devices can be
connected. Devices connected to the I2C bus can act as either 'Master' or
'Slave’.
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• The 'Master' device is responsible for controlling the communication.
• 'Slave' devices wait for the commands from the master and respond.
• The synchronization clock signal is generated by the 'Master' device only.
• I2C supports multi masters on the same bus
• Both the bus lines should be pulled to the supply voltage using pull-up
resistors. The typical value of resistors used in pull-up is 2.2K.
5. The sequence of operations for communicating
with an I2C slave device is listed below:
• The master device pulls the clock line (SCL) to 'HIGH'
• The master device pulls the data line (SDA) 'LOW
• The master device sends the address of the ‘slave’
• The master device sends the Read or Write bit
• The master device waits for the acknowledgement bit from the slave
device
• The slave device with the address requested by the master device
responds by sending an acknowledge bit (Bit value 1) over the SDA line
• Upon receiving the acknowledge bit, the Master device starts the
communication.
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6. b)Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) Bus:
– The Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) is a
synchronous bi-directional full duplex four-wire serial
interface bus.
– The concept of SPI was introduced by Motorola.
– SPI is a single master multi-slave system.
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SPI requires four signal lines for communication. They are:
• Master Out Slave In (MOSI) – Signal line carrying the data from master to slave
device. It is also known as Slave Input/SIave Data In (SI/SDI)
• Master In Slave Out (MISO) – Signal line carrying the data from slave to master
device. It is also known as Slave Output (SO/SDO)
• Serial Clock (SCLK) – Signal line carrying the clock signals
• Slave Select (SS) – Signal line for slave device select. It is an active low signal
8. • Master selects the required slave device by asserting the
corresponding slave select signal 'LOW’.
• The serial data transmission through SPI bus is fully configurable
• SPI devices contain a certain set of registers which are Serial
peripheral control register & status register
• SPI works on the principle of 'Shift Register’
• The master and slave devices contain a special shift register for the
data to transmit or receive.
• The shift registers of 'master' and 'slave' devices form a circular
buffer
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9. c) Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART):
– Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) based data transmission is an
asynchronous form of serial data transmission.
– It doesn't require a clock signal to synchronize the transmitting end and receiving
end for transmission.
– Instead it relies upon the pre-defined agreement between the transmitting device
and receiving device.
– The serial communication settings for both transmitter and receiver should be set as
identical.
– The start and stop of communication is indicated through inserting special bits in the
data stream.
– If parity is enabled for communication, the transmitting device adds a parity bit. This
is for error checking
– The UART of the receiving device discards the 'Start', 'Stop' and 'Parity’ bit
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11. d)1-Wire Interface:
• 1-wire interface is an asynchronous half-duplex communication
protocol developed by Maxim Dallas Semiconductor
• It makes use of only a single signal line (wire) called DQ
• One of the key features of 1-wire bus is that it allows power to be sent
• Every 1-wire device contains a unique 64bit identification number stored
within it.
• The identifier has three parts: an 8 bit family code, a 48 bit serial number
and an 8 bit CRC.
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12. The sequence of operation for communicating with a 1-wire slave device is listed
below:
• The master device sends a 'Reset' pulse on the 1-wire bus.
• The slave device(s) respond with a 'Presence' pulse.
• The master device sends a Net Address Command followed by the 64-bit
address of the device.
• The master device sends a read/write function command bit.
• The master initiates a Read data/Write data from the device or to the device
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13. e) Parallel Interface:
• The on-board parallel interface is used for communicating with
peripheral devices which are memory mapped to the host of the system
• The communication through the parallel bus is controlled by the control
signal interface
• Only the host processor has control over the 'Read' and 'Write' control
signals.
• The external device is normally memory mapped to the host processor
and a range of address is assigned to it.
• When the address selected by the processor, the processor then can read
or write from or to the device by asserting the corresponding control line
(RD and WR respectively).
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15. COMMUNICATION INTERFACE
2.External Communication Interfaces
(Product level Communication Interfaces):
a) RS-232 C:
Recommended Standard number 232, revision C is a full duplex, wired,
asynchronous serial communication interface. RS-232 supports two
different types of connectors:
•DB-9: 9-Pin connector
•DB-25: 25-Pin connector
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.
16. • The RS-232 interface defines various handshaking and control signals for communication
• There are Data Terminal Equipment(DTE) and Data Communication Equipment(DCE) in RS
232.
• If no data flow control is required, only TXD and RXD signal lines and ground line (GND) are
required for data transmission and reception.
• If hardware data flow control is required for serial transmission, various control signal lines
of the RS- 232 connection are used appropriately.
• The Request to Send (RTS),Clear To Send (CTS), Data Terminal Ready(DTR) and Data Set
Ready(DSR) signals co-ordinate the communication between DTE and DCE.
• As per the EIA standard RS-232 C supports baud rates up to 20Kbps (Upper limit 19.2 Kbps)
• The commonly used baud rates by devices are 300bps, 1200bps, 2400bps, 9600bps,
11.52Kbps and 19.2Kbps.
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17. b) Universal Serial Bus (USB):
• Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a wired high-speed serial bus for
data communication.
• The USB communication system follows a star topology with a USB
host at the Centre and one or more USB peripheral devices/USB
hosts connected to it.
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18. • USB transmits data in packet format
• The USB communication is a host initiated one.
• The USB host contains a host controller
• The physical connection between a USB peripheral device
and master device is established with a USB cable which
supports communication distance of up to 5 metres
• USB interface has the ability to supply power to the
connecting devices
• It can supply power up to 500 mA at 5 V.
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19. USB supports four different types of data transfers
– Control transfer : Used by USB system software
– Bulk transfer: Used for sending a block of data
– Isochronous data transfer: Used for real-time data
communication.
– Interrupt transfer: Used for transferring small amount of
data
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20. c) IEEE 1394 (Fire wire):
– IEEE 1394 is a wired, isochronous high-speed serial communication bus.
– It is also known as High Performance Serial Bus (HPSB). It supports 400-
3200Mbps data rate.
– The interface cable supports 3 types of connectors, namely; 4-pin connector, 6-pin
Connector (alpha connector) and 9 pin connector (beta connector).
– The 6 and 9 pin connectors carry power.
– IEEE 1394 doesn't require a host for communicating between devices. For example,
you can directly connect a scanner with a printer for printing
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21. COMMUNICATION INTERFACE
2.External Communication Interfaces
(Product level Communication Interfaces):
d) Infrared (IrDA):
• Infrared (IrDA) is a serial, half duplex, line of sight
based wireless technology for data communication.
• Infrared communication technique uses infrared waves of the
electromagnetic spectrum for transmitting the data.
• It supports point-point and point-to-multipoint communication
• The communication range for IrDA lies in the range 10 cm to 1
m.
• IR supports data rates ranging from 9600bits/second to
16Mbps.
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22. Depending on the speed of data transmission IR is
classified into:
Serial IR (SIR) – supports data rates ranging from 9600bps to 115.2kbps.
Medium IR (MIR) – supports data rates of 0.576Mbps and 1.152Mbps.
Fast IR (FIR) – supports data rates up to 4Mbps.
Very Fast IR (VFIR) – supports high data rates up to 16Mbps.
Ultra Fast IR (UFIR) – targeted to support a data rate up to 100Mbps
IrDA communication, Infrared Light Emitting Diode (LED) is the IR
source for transmitter and at the receiving end a photodiode acts as
the receiver.
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23. e) Bluetooth (BT):
– Bluetooth is a low cost, low power, short range wireless technology
for data and voice communication.
– Bluetooth operates at 2.4GHz of the Radio Frequency spectrum and
uses the Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) technique for
communication.
– It supports a data rate of up to 1Mbps and a range of 30 feet for data
communication.
– Bluetooth communication has two parts – a physical link part and a
protocol part.
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24. – Each Bluetooth device will have a 48-bit unique
identification number
– Bluetooth supports point-to-point and point-to-multipoint
wireless communication.
– The point-to-point communication follows the master-slave
relationship.
– Bluetooth is the favorite choice for short range data
communication in handheld embedded devices.
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25. f) Wi-Fi:
– Wireless Fidelity is the popular wireless communication
technique for networked communication of devices.
– Wi-Fi follows the IEEE 802.11 standard.
– Wi-Fi is intended for network communication and it supports
Internet Protocol (IP) based communication.
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26. • IP address and Wi-Fi router/Wireless Access Point are
required for Wi-Fi based communication.
• Wi-Fi router is responsible for restricting access to the
network, assigning IP address to the devices, routing data
packets to the intended devices.
• Wi-Fi enabled devices will be having wireless adaptor.
• Wi-Fi operates at 2.4GHz or 5GHz of Radio spectrum.
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27. g)ZigBee:
• ZigBee is a low power, low cost, wireless network communication protocol
based on the IEEE 802.15.4-2006 standard.
• ZigBee operates worldwide at the unlicensed bands of Radio spectrum, mainly
at 2.400 to 2.484 GHz, 902 to 928 MHz and 868.0 to 868.6 MHz
• ZigBee supports an operating distance of up to 100 metres and a data rate of
20 to 250 Kbps
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28. In the ZigBee terminology, each ZigBee device falls under any one
of the following ZigBee device category:
– ZigBee Coordinator (ZC)/Network Coordinator
• The ZigBee coordinator acts as the root of the ZigBee network.
– ZigBee Router (ZR)/Full function Device (FFD)
• Responsible for passing information from device to another device
or to another ZR.
– ZigBee End Device (ZED)/Reduced Function Device (RFD)
• End device containing ZigBee functionality for data
communication.
• It can talk only with a ZR or ZC and doesn't have the capability to
act as a mediator for transferring data from one device to another.
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