This document provides an overview of communication disorders and delays. It discusses that communication disorders encompass any impairment in receiving, sending, processing or comprehending verbal or non-verbal concepts. Communication delays refer to delays in meeting age-specific communication milestones. It outlines the abilities needed for speech including motor and mental abilities. The document also describes different types of language skills, communication disorders including hearing, language and speech disorders, and provides details on fluency disorders, voice disorders and articulation disorders.

1. Unit 3: Communication
Disorders
COURSE CODE: 3604
PRESENTER: SHAMAILA HAMID

2. Communication Disorder and Delays
 Communication Disorders:
 Is a broad term that encompasses any impairment in the
ability to receive, send , process and comprehend concepts,
verbal or non-verbal. These may range in severity from mild
to profound.
 Communication Delays:
 Refers to quantitative delay in meeting certain age-specific
developmental milestones for communication.

3. Abilities needed for Speech
• (1) Motor Ability:
This included all vocal mechanism, nerves and
muscles.
• (2) Mental Maturity:
Words selection use if not due to lack of
knowledge and understanding.

4. Types of Language Skills
(a) Receptive Language:
• It includes understanding.
• It includes reading.
(b) Expressive Language:
• It includes speaking.
• It includes writing.

5. Types of Communication Disorders
 Hearing Disorders
 Impairment of the auditory system (mechanical and neurological
element of the ear and brain involved in hearing).
 Language Disorders
 Involve impaired comprehension and/or use of spoken, written, and /or
symbol sounds. The disorder may involve in three forms.
1. The form of language
2. Content (semantics)
3. Function of language (pragmatics)

6. 1. Form of Language
• Phonology : is the sound system of spoken language
• Morphology : is the system that governs the
structure of words and construction of word forms
• Syntax: is the system governing the order &
combination of words to make phrases and
sentences

7. 2. Content of Language
•Semantics: is the system that governs the
meaning of words and sentences

8. 3. Pragmatics
 Pragmatics is the system that combines all other
language components in functional use of language

9.  Speech Disorders
 Are the most common reasons for receiving speech/ language
therapy.
 Types
Articulation Disorders (Atypical production of speech sounds).
Fluency Disorders (interruption in the flow of speech,
including abnormal rate, rhythm, unintentional repeating)
Voice Disorders (abnormal production of vocal quality, pitch
loudness)

10. Fluency Disorders
 Stuttering, the most common fluency disorder, is an interruption in the
flow of speaking characterized by specific types of disfluencies, including
 repetitions of sounds, syllables, and monosyllabic words (e.g., “Look
at the b-b-baby,” “Let’s go out-out-out”); prolongations of consonants
when it isn’t for emphasis (e.g., “Ssssssssometimes we stay home”)
 Cluttering, another fluency disorder, is characterized by a perceived rapid
and/or irregular speech rate, atypical pauses.
 deletion and/or collapsing of syllables (e.g., “I wanwatevision”),

11. Voice Disorders
 Sound rough or harsh (hoarseness)
 Sound strained or choppy.
 Be weak, whispery, or breathy.
 Cause: problem in vocal cords

12. Articulation Disorders
 SUBSTITUTION
 occurs when a sound is substituted for one they can not make yet. i.e. wed-red, or
fumb-thumb.
 OMISSION
 occurs when a sound is left out that is too hard. i.e. ed-red.
 DISTORTION
 occurs when the sound is not left out or substituted but does not sound right.
There is an attempt to make the sound but it is misarticulated.
 ADDITION
 occurs when an extra sound is added. i.e. galue-glue.

13. Causes of Articulation Disorders
 Functional / Organic
 Hearing loss
 History of otitis media during first years of life
 Speech sound perception and discrimination problem
 Tooth alignment
 Impaired oral/motor skills
 Eating problems
 Tongue thrust swallow after 6 years of age
 Mental retardation
 Language problems
 Reading problems
 Family history

14.  Developmental Impairment
 Language –learning Disabilities
 Dysarthria (caused by disturbance of muscular control)
 Apraxia (s a speech disorder in which a child's brain has difficulty
coordinating the complex oral movements needed to create sounds)
 Cleft Palate

15. Assessment of Articulation Disorders
 First step is to gather medical, developmental and educational history.
 Testing Speech sound inventory (list of sounds client can produce, syllable
position, word position)
 Syllable and Word shape inventory (C,V,VC, CV, VCC,VCC
 Formal Screening
 Single word articulation
 Often part of a more detailed test
 Informal Screening
 Name , count 10 10
 Talk about TV or mobile game

16.  Identification of errors
 Substitution (Replace one sound with another sound. Examples:
“wed” for “red,”)
 Omission (Omit a sound in a word. “p ay the piano” for “play the
piano”)
 Distortion (“sun” (lisped—sounds “slushy”) for “sun”)
 Addition (“doguh,” for “dog” )

17. THANK YOU