Selection of an animal model is one of the most important steps in any of the experimental pharmacological study.
Animal model preferred for the study must be producing similar disease profile as in the human.
Anesthesia and euthanasia of experimental animal by vivek and naveenAnimatedWorld
Anesthesia and euthanasia of experimental animal by vivek and naveen
Anesthesia
It is a state of controlled temporary loss of sensation or awareness that or awareness that is induced for medical purpose.
Anesthetic agents
The anesthetic agents are great and choosing the correct one for particular suggestion.
In laboratory animal field , the anesthetic surgeon and post operative are often one and the same person.
This will help to chose correct drug for anaesthesia.
Sometime the wise anesthetic agents also cause undesirable responses. so, its responsibility of experimenters to document this advance in exprimental protocol
Euthanasia
The term euthanasia is derived from the Greek terms eu mean good and thanatos mean death.
Euthanasia is the act of including humane death in an animal. sacrificing the experimental animal after use by gentle procedure causing minimum of physical and mental suffering is called euthanasia.
Selection of an animal model is one of the most important steps in any of the experimental pharmacological study.
Animal model preferred for the study must be producing similar disease profile as in the human.
Anesthesia and euthanasia of experimental animal by vivek and naveenAnimatedWorld
Anesthesia and euthanasia of experimental animal by vivek and naveen
Anesthesia
It is a state of controlled temporary loss of sensation or awareness that or awareness that is induced for medical purpose.
Anesthetic agents
The anesthetic agents are great and choosing the correct one for particular suggestion.
In laboratory animal field , the anesthetic surgeon and post operative are often one and the same person.
This will help to chose correct drug for anaesthesia.
Sometime the wise anesthetic agents also cause undesirable responses. so, its responsibility of experimenters to document this advance in exprimental protocol
Euthanasia
The term euthanasia is derived from the Greek terms eu mean good and thanatos mean death.
Euthanasia is the act of including humane death in an animal. sacrificing the experimental animal after use by gentle procedure causing minimum of physical and mental suffering is called euthanasia.
A Brief Introduction to Ulcers: What are ulcers, its causes, and symptoms. Classification of Antiulcer drugs and their adverse effects.
List of all the screening models available for Antiulcer drugs.
Few of the models are explained with their Principle, procedures, Evaluation, and assessment.
This presentation will help understanding the vast process of rat and mice handling and oral routes of drug administration through acute class method (OECD: 423).
A Brief Introduction to Ulcers: What are ulcers, its causes, and symptoms. Classification of Antiulcer drugs and their adverse effects.
List of all the screening models available for Antiulcer drugs.
Few of the models are explained with their Principle, procedures, Evaluation, and assessment.
This presentation will help understanding the vast process of rat and mice handling and oral routes of drug administration through acute class method (OECD: 423).
Rodents used in Drug discovery and research are described.Rodents are mammals of the order Rodentia, which are characterized by a single pair of unremittingly growing incisors in each of the upper and lower jaw.
Well known rodents are mice , rats , squirrel ,porcupines , guinea pigs , hamsters which are used in research because of their genetic and biological similarities.
Strategies Novartis can use to GROW from a Billion Dollar Company to a Trillion Dollar Company like Alphabet Inc
Novartis is a leading healthcare company which is situated in Switzerland and uses digital technologies and innovative science to come up with transformative ways of treatment in areas of great medicinal needs. This article explains what Novartis strategies and what they should employ so that they can rise from a billion dollar company to a trillion dollar company like the Google Alphabet Inc.
Novartis was formed in March 1996 by the merging of pharmaceutical and agrochemical divisions of Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz companies. Thanks to the merging of the two companies, Novartis is one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in the world. Novartis is one of the largest companies which achieved a great milestone within a few decades. Novartis as a whole is divided into three major divisions: Sandoz (generics), Innovative Medicines and Alcon (eyecare). Novartis is also involved in collaborative research projects that are publicly funded.
Below are some of Novartis best selling drugs and their revenue
1.Cosenty – This is the top selling drug with a revenue of 4.788 billion dollars
2.Enfresto – This has a revenue of 4.644 billions dollars
3.Promacta – This has a revenue 0f 2.088 billion dollars
Medicine manufactured by Novartis and their uses
Medicine Medicine use
Cosentyx Used to treat psoriatic arthritis
Entresto Used to treat heart failure
Lucentis Used to block abnormal vessel growth in the back of the eye
Tasigna Used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia which has the Philadelphia chromosome
Jakavi Used to treat myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera and graft-versus-host disease
Promacta Used to treat patients with abnormal low platelet count
Sandostatin Used to treat patients with tumor experiencing symptoms like flushing and diarrhea
Xolair Used to treat moderate and severe asthma
Gilenya Used to treat multiple sclerosis
How Novartis became one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in the world
1.Market control through partnership
Geigy, Sandoz and Ciba combined their power so that they can compete with strong foreign firms and formed a cartel called the Basal Syndicate or Basal IG. Basal IG secured most of the manufacturing facilities all over the US and across Europe. It later joined with IG Farben and other chemical companies to form a big cartel called the Quadrapartite Cartel which dominated all of the European market and enjoyed the profits made from the joint manufacturing.
2.Growth acceleration through mergers
Since competition was very rampant in the pharmaceutical industry, Ciba and Geigy decided to merge with Sandoz AG to form Novartis. With this merge, Novartis became one of the growing giants in the pharmaceutical industry. This made Novartis gain a lot of fame and build a strong reputation over other companies. Novartis majored on agrochemical and pharmaceutical industries which made it easy to focus on a specific mar
A transgenic animal is one that carries a foreign gene that has been deliberately inserted into its genome.
Transgenesis is the process by which mixing up of genes takes place.
Foreign genes are inserted into the germ line of the animal, so it can be transmitted to the progeny.
Transgenic technology has led to the development of fishes, live stock and other animals with altered genetic profiles which are useful to mankind.
First transgenic animal was a ‘Supermouse’ created by Ralph Brinster (U Pennsylvania) and Richard Palmiter (University of Washington) in 1982.
It was created by inserting a human growth hormone gene in mouse genome.
The offspring was much larger than the parents.
Mouse – common transgenic expt.
Other animals include pig, goat, cow, sheep, fish etc.
animal toxicity tests are useful in finding the right dose for drugs to be used in humans. this ppt contains the method of toxicity studies and different types of toxicity studies.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
2. Mouse (mus musculus)
• 95% of lab animals
Features
• Smallest laboratory animal
• Short reproductive cycle
• Ample information of anatomy, genetics, biology
• Organ system similar to humans – shape, structure, physiology
3. • Long loops of henle- concentrated urine, 1-2 drop
• Large amount of protein in urine
• Only 2 types of teeth- incisors and molars
• Stomach – 2 compartments
Proximal- keratinized
Distal- glandular
• Short rectum- prone to prolapse
4. • Poor eyesight , color blind
• Hearing range – 0.5 to 120kHz
• Mice can swim- but avoid swimming
• Aggression – In group housed male/female mice
Wounds can cause blood loss, abscess
• Most aggressive strain – BALB/c, outbred swiss
• To prevent aggression – grouping of mice before puberty
adequate space
removal of dominant animals
5. Barbering ( Dalila effect) - A behavior in which a dominant mouse will
trim, by chewing, the hair or whiskers of other mice in the cage.
6.
7. • No sweat glands-
In hot climate - increase blood flow to ears to maximize heat loss or
move to burrows.
• Non-shivering thermogenesis
Reproductive biology
• Females – Similar to humans
5 pairs of mammary glands
• Males – Large seminal vesicle,
Ejaculate - coagulatum /copulatory plug
8. • Breed continuously throughout the year
• Reproductive potential affected by- noise, diet, light cycles,
- population density or cage environment.
9. • Pups- hairless, blind, deaf- pinkies
• Detemination of sex-
Anogenital distance- longer in males
Presence/absence of testicles or mammary glands in sexually mature
mice
10. Behaviour
• Social creature – easy to group and house
• Communicate through pheromones – Social organization
Role in reproduction
Whitten effect
Bruce effect
• Nocturnal animals
• Prey species – avoid open spaces, wall hugging
11. Use in research
• Toxicity studies
• Insulin assays
• Analgesic assay
• Screening of chemotherapeutic agents
• Genetics and cancer research
• Teratogenicity testing
12. Breeding types and methods
Model Generation Examples
Inbred strains 20 or morec onsecutive generations of sister and
brother or parent and offspring matings
BALB/c, C3H,
C57BL/6, CBA,
DBA/2, C57BL/10,
AKR, A, 129, SJL
Outbred strains Deliberate mating of unrelated animals Swiss, webstar, CD-1,
ICR
Spontaneous mutant Strains that have bred to conserve phenotypical
characteristics that were due to spontaneous genetic
mutation
nonobese diabetic
(NOD)
Genetically
engineered
Knock in /knock out
Mice where genes
have been turned on
or off
Transgenic mice Mice where a gene from an unrelated species has
been
inserted into the genome
13. Breeding Methods
1. Hand mating – male and female bought together for brief period of
time and then separated once mating is over eg : rabbit and hamster
2. Pair mating – one male mated with one female and left together for rest
of their breeding life. Eg mice
- pregnant female separated prior to delivery in rats
3. Trio mating – one male mated with two females.
4. Harem mating – four females regularly mated with one male. Female
isolated soon after pregnancy.
14. The Rat
• Most common – albino rat
• Relatively smaller size
• Known genetic background
• Short generation time
• Known microbial status
• Most standardised of all laboratory animals
• Wistar – quiet, resistant to infection
- tail less than body length
wistar
Sprague dawley
15. • No vomiting centre
• No tonsil or gall bladder
• Diffuse pancreas
• Omnivorous – resembles man nutritionally
• Oestrous cycle
Stage Duration Type of vaginal cell
Oestrous (sexual
receptivity)
12hr Cornified epithelium
Met-oestrous 20hr Many leucocytes, few cornified
Di-oestrous 60-70hr Mainly leucocytes
Pro-oestrous 12hr Nucleated epithelial cells singly/sheets
18. REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY
Male – Lack of closure of inguinal rings
- Four-lobed prostate
- Bihorned shape of the closely
associated coagulating gland and
seminal vesicles
20. Use in research
• Trained easily- psychopharmacological tests
• Study of oestrous cycle, mating behaviour and lactation
• Shay method- antiulcer drugs evaluation
• Study of analgesic agents
• Toxicity studies
• 24 hr old rat = 6month old infant
• Study of physiology of liver
• Teratogenicity , carcinogenicity
21. THE RABBIT (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
Features (similar to other mammals except)
• Skin- thin and fragile
• No pads on feet
• No sweat glands
• Smaller skeleton mass (8%only)
• Female rabbit (doe) – dew lap – large skin
fold under chin
• Obligate nose breathers
23. • AV valve- bicuspid
• Purkinjee fibers- similar to humans
• Teeth – all open rooted
no canines
peg teeth- second set of incisors behind first
• Obligate herbivore
• Require high fibre diet
24. Reproductive biology
• Sexual maturity – 5-7 months
Females – 8-10 nipples
Induced ovulators
no defined estrous cycle
• Males (bucks)- open inguinal rings
• Birthing occurs at early morning hours
• Newborns (kits)- deaf , blind
7-10 days- hear and see
suckle once a day at dark hours
weaning- 5-8 weeks
25. Behavior
• Social, nocturnal creatures
• Scent marking (chin scent glands)
• Barbering by dominant animals
• Thump back feet when frightened/scream loud piercing noise
• Relaxed- purring sound
• Stereotypic behaviour – bar chewing, self-barbering, nose sliding, head
swaying
• Animals with stereotyping behaviour do not make good research animal
26. • In pain – decreased appetite (first sign)
bruxism(grinding of teeth)
dull/inactive
• Night feces - caecotrophs
27. GUINEA PIGS ( Cavia porcellus )
• Rodents related to porcupines
• Weight- 700-1200g
• Prone to scurvy – external vit. C
• Higly sensitive to histamine (1000 times )
28. Use in research
• Louis Pasteur – First rabies vaccine
• Most commonly used – NZW rabbit (New Zealand White)
• Teratogenicity testing
• Widely used in hypersensitivity, immune response and anaphylactic shock
• Other- atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, ocular
surgical implantation of biomedical devices
Used for model of infectious disease- tuberculosis, legionnaire’s disease
STD, Staph. Aureus induced nosocomial infections.
29. ZEBRA FISH (Danio rerio)
• Fresh water fish
• Adult 4-5 cm
• Males- larger anal fin
• Life span- 1 year
• Reside in shallow streams, season
waters
• Sexual maturity- 2 months
• 150-400 eggs/clutch
30. Features
• Small size
• Ease to keeping large numbers
• Frequent spawning
• Large egg clutches
• Translucent non-adherent eggs
• Complex sequencing of genome
• 70% zebrafish genes have atleast one orthologous human gene
31. THE HAMSTER
• Commonly used species- Syrian and Golden hamster
• 4 toes front, five toes back
• Prominent ears, pigmented
• Prominent check pouch – site of implantation of
homo/hetero-grafts
Cheek pouch is capable of
accepting many tumor
grafts
32. Use in research
Golden hamster –
• Virology, cancer and nutrition research
• Genetics, toxicology and reproductive physiology
Chinese hamster-
• Diabetes (beta- cells deficient/defective)
• Low chromosome number(22) – cytological investigations, genetics, tissue
culture and radiation reasearch
33. THE DOG
• Short stomach and long intestine- as in humans
Can be trained to carry stomach cannula
Use in research
• Anaesthetised dog – drugs affecting blood pressure
• Circulation studies on unanaesthetised animals
• Descrete pancreas – diabetes study
• Study of gastric secretions.
34. THE MONKEY
• Highest order of mammals
• Closely resemble men - Human type uterus,
Regular menstrual period
Brain structure
Use in research
• Psychopharmacological agents
• Virology, parasitology, immunology
• Immunosuppression, nutrition
• Reproduction
35. THE CAT
Use in research
• Physiology of circulatory and neuromuscular
systems
• Drugs affecting blood pressure
• Contraction of nictitating membrane- investigation
of ganglionic blocking action of drugs
• Study of central nerve system
• Ability to produce methemoglobinemia- toxicity
studies
36. THE FROG
• Absorb water through skin
• Frog heart – more sensitive of adrenaline
• Action of drugs on CNS, heart, and neuromuscular junction
• Diagnosis of pregnancy- male frog test
• Retinal toxicity of drugs
Incisors- open rooted, erupt continuously throughout their lives – malocclusion if not feed fed on objects like nylon bones to help wear down the teeth during mastication
20hz to 20 khz
Unless unfavourable- less food
Olfactory cues to establish hierarchial system of social organization. These chemicals are so important that when cage environments are changed, such as by simple cleaning or with bedding changes, a bout of fighting may occur until scent marking of the cage is completed as a way to reestablish the pecking order and social organization in that cage
when a group of female mice that are not cycling are exposed to male urine, which contains a large quantity of pheromones. The females will all resume cycling as a group soon after the introduction of the male
Abortion of litters when pregnant females are exposed to the urine of a strange male
Body condition scoring is an objective measure to truly assess how fat or thin the animal is and can be used for accurate determination of endpoints in studies where animals are expected to lose or gain weight
Nude mice – lack of t lymphocytes. Less cancer
Beige mice- lack of Nk cells
Rat mice not included in animal welfare act regulation
Pancreatectomy is difficult for producing diabetic rat
because the vagina is separated from the uterus by two individual cervices with each cervix leading to a separate uterine horn
Continuous sec of acid
Liver grows completely in a week
Care while shaving or restraining
Plantar surface covered with fur
Back prone to traumatic feacture
Continue to grow throughout life
Peg- help tearing leaves
Male nipples- rudimentary
The egg does not ovulate spontaneously from the ovary, rather manual stimulation via copulation is required, ovulation occurs 10 hr post copulation.
Rather, they have periods of sexual receptivity lasting approximately 14-16 days followed by 1-2 days of nonreceptivity
Nonfertile matings may result in a period of pseudopregnancy of up to 15-16 days.
Fertile matings result in pregnancy lasting 31-32 days
Consumption of cecotrophs by rabbits is an important part of the digestive process in rabbits as they are rich in B vitamins, such as niacin and B12, and vitamin K. While cecotrophs are known as “night feces,” rabbits produce and eat them at all hours of the day. Rabbits are agile enough to eat these night feces directly from their anus .
( high incidence of spontaneous DM)
Third eyelid. Contraction by adrenaline, histamine.
