This presentation will help understanding the vast process of rat and mice handling and oral routes of drug administration through acute class method (OECD: 423).
Dear Friends,
This is my 3rd presentation, which will help you to understand the depth knowledge of acute eye irritation/corrosion (OECD-405) study in rabbit.
Dear Friends,
This is my 3rd presentation, which will help you to understand the depth knowledge of acute eye irritation/corrosion (OECD-405) study in rabbit.
OECD Test Guideline 420: Acute Oral Toxicity - Fixed Dosepp_shivgunde
OECD Test Guideline 420: Acute Oral Toxicity - Fixed Dose
Guideline 420 was adopted in July 1992 as the first alternative to the conventional acute toxicity test.
Acute eye irritation test as per OECD guidelinesmadhvi Chaubey
toxicological testing studies as per OECD guidline.
Toxicology is the branch of biology, chemistry and medicine concerned with the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms.
As per OECD test no. 405 : acute eye irritation test should be done as according to the procedure mentioned under guideline's section.
Pharmacological screening of Anti-psychotic agentsAbin Joy
Presentation contents are:
Introduction, Definition of psychosis, Classification of anti-psychotics, MOA of anti-psychotic agents and screening models.
Introduction to pre clinical screening of drugsKanthlal SK
Various Techniques and Methods for screening of new chemical entities in preclinical aspects (both invitro & invivo) for effective and safe clinical usage.
Toxicity is the science dealing with properties, action, toxicity, fatal dose detection or interpretation of result of toxicological analysis & treatment of poison.
Toxicity studies helps to avoid adverse effect and enhance the safety of drug.
This slide provides the information about toxicity screening on experimental animals.
toxicology study according to OECD guidelines, organisation for economic co-orporation and developement, jasdeep singh , maharaja ranjit singh punjab technical university bathinda
OECD Test Guideline 420: Acute Oral Toxicity - Fixed Dosepp_shivgunde
OECD Test Guideline 420: Acute Oral Toxicity - Fixed Dose
Guideline 420 was adopted in July 1992 as the first alternative to the conventional acute toxicity test.
Acute eye irritation test as per OECD guidelinesmadhvi Chaubey
toxicological testing studies as per OECD guidline.
Toxicology is the branch of biology, chemistry and medicine concerned with the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms.
As per OECD test no. 405 : acute eye irritation test should be done as according to the procedure mentioned under guideline's section.
Pharmacological screening of Anti-psychotic agentsAbin Joy
Presentation contents are:
Introduction, Definition of psychosis, Classification of anti-psychotics, MOA of anti-psychotic agents and screening models.
Introduction to pre clinical screening of drugsKanthlal SK
Various Techniques and Methods for screening of new chemical entities in preclinical aspects (both invitro & invivo) for effective and safe clinical usage.
Toxicity is the science dealing with properties, action, toxicity, fatal dose detection or interpretation of result of toxicological analysis & treatment of poison.
Toxicity studies helps to avoid adverse effect and enhance the safety of drug.
This slide provides the information about toxicity screening on experimental animals.
toxicology study according to OECD guidelines, organisation for economic co-orporation and developement, jasdeep singh , maharaja ranjit singh punjab technical university bathinda
The guidelines describe about the subacute toxicity studies in rodents with a comparison with the previous guideline.it also includes the comparison of all three subacute toxicity studies OECD 407, OECD 410, and OECD 412
The identification of the carcinogenic properties of a chemical, resulting in an increased incidence of neoplasms, increased proportion of malignant neoplasms or a reduction in the time to appearance of neoplasms, compared with concurrent control groups.
The identification of target organ(s) of carcinogenicity.
The identification of the time to appearance of neoplasms.
Characterisation of the tumour dose-response relationship.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
2. ANIMAL HANDLING
Animals should be approached in a confident, relaxed manner and should be
handled regularly to help reduce stress and to calm them down when
procedures to be performed on them.
Most animals have sharp claws and prefer not to be placed on slippery surfaces,
so, where possible, use a cage top (for rodents) or a nonslip cover/liner for
benches.
With practice, most species of animals are easily restrained and handled. There
is no one correct method of handling or restraining animals, but the general
principle is that it should not cause pain or discomfort to the animal.
The methods shown in the species-specific sections are recommended,
although some people may feel more comfortable using slightly different ways
to restrain the animals, which is also acceptable.
It may be obvious, but one basic tip to remember is to keep your fingers away
from the mouth of the animal, especially when performing a procedure such as
an injection.
Many people, while busy concentrating on positioning the needle, forget that
their fingers are within easy reach of the mouth of a mouse or rat and hence get
bitten.
4. RESTRAINT
MICE: Gently remove the animal from the cage and firmly restrain the
animal in an upright position.
Get a good scruff of skin over the mouse’s shoulders, so that the front legs
are extended out to the side and the head and neck are immobilized.
Ensure the animal can breathe freely (watch to see if the chest is moving).
RATS: Gently remove the animal from the cage and, if using a metal or
plastic gavage needle, restrain the rat in an upright position, using either
a v‐hold or crossover to immobilize the head and neck.
Ensure the animal can breathe freely.
If using a flexible red rubber feeding tube, the rat can be gently restrained
by hand or by wrapping in a towel while they are sitting flat on a table or
counter.
5. GAVAGE NEEDLE (Metal or Plastic):
Slide the end of the gavage needle into the left side of the animals’ mouth
behind the front teeth and in front of the first molar, along the roof of the
animal’s mouth slightly towards the animal’s left side (you may feel the ridges of
the hard palate as you slide the needle back).
Once the gavage needle is at the back of the mouth (the animal usually “gags” at
this stage), gently tilt the head back towards the spine with gentle pressure from
the gavage needle.
This allows the esophagus to be in a straight line to the stomach. There should
be no resistance when passing the gavage needle. The gavage needle should
slide down the esophagus with gravity alone.
The gavage needle may need to be twisted clockwise slightly as it passes the
epiglottis and into the esophagus. Pass the needle into the esophagus until the
pre‐marked line reaches the mouth.
6. RED RUBBER FEEDING TUBE (rats only):
Wrap the rat loosely in a towel or hold the rat on a table or counter so that
its front feet cannot grab hold of the feeding tube.
Slide the feeding tube into the left side of the rat’s mouth, over the tongue to
the back of the throat.
The tube should easily slide down the esophagus, as the animal is either
sitting flat on the counter or slightly elevated with the esophagus in a
straight line with the stomach.
Pass the needle into the esophagus until the pre‐marked line reaches the
mouth.
The rat will often try to pull the tube out with its front paws, so gentle
restraint of the front limbs is necessary.
7. Once the feeding needle or tube is at the pre‐measured distance, ensure the
animal is breathing normally.
If the needle or tube is in the trachea, the animal will struggle to breathe.
If the animal is breathing normally, inject a very small “test” dose (~0.05 ml).
If there is no change in breathing effort, then slowly inject the solution (over 2‐3
seconds) to minimize the fluid coming back up the esophagus.
If injecting an oily or viscous substance, use the smallest volume possible and
inject more slowly (over 5 – 10 seconds) and remove the needle slowly so none
of the substance is brought back up the esophagus into the back of the throat.
Inhaling any oily substance into the lungs will result in the death of the animal.
When the entire substance is administered, remove the feeding needle slowly,
in the opposite direction from insertion and return the animal to its cage.
8.
9. Metal Gavage Needle showing distance to
be inserted
Rubber Feeding Tube – tube is marked at the
correct distance from mouth to xyphoid process
10.
11. Rat Mouse
Once the metal tube is at the back of the mouth, gently tip the animal’s head back towards
its spine so that the head and neck are in a straight line. This will help the tube slip down
the esophagus with no resistance. Ensure the animal can breathe freely.
NOTE: If the animal is not breathing normally, immediately remove the gavage
needle from the esophagus and release the restraint.
12. INTRODUCTION:
OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals are periodically reviewed in
the light of scientific progress or changing assessment practices.
The original Guideline 423 was adopted in March 1996.
International agreement has been reached on harmonised LD50 cut-off
values for the classification of chemical substances, which differ from the
cut-offs recommended in the 1996 version of the Guideline, and testing in
one sex (usually females) is now considered sufficient.
The acute toxic class method set out in this Guideline is a stepwise
procedure with the use of 3 animals of a single sex per step.
Depending on the mortality and/or the moribund status of the animals, on
average 2-4 steps may be necessary to allow judgement on the acute
toxicity of the test substance.
The acute toxic class method is based on biometric evaluations with fixed
doses, adequately separated to enable a substance to be ranked for
classification purposes and hazard assessment.
The method as adopted in 1996 was extensively validated in vivo against
LD50 data obtained from the literature, both nationally and
internationally.
13. Test substances, at doses that are known to cause marked pain and distress
due to corrosive or severely irritant actions, need not be administered.
Moribund animals or animals obviously in pain or showing signs of severe
and enduring distress shall be humanely killed, and are considered in the
interpretation of the test results in the same way as animals that died on test.
In principle, the method is not intended to allow the calculation of a precise
LD50, but does allow for the determination of defined exposure ranges where
lethality is expected since death of a proportion of the animals is still the
major endpoint of this test.
The method allows for the determination of an LD50 value only when at least
two doses result in mortality higher than 0% and lower than 100%.
The use of a selection of pre-defined doses, regardless of test substance, with
classification explicitly tied to number of animals observed in different states
improves the opportunity for laboratory to laboratory reporting consistency
and repeatability.
14. PRINCIPLE OF THE TEST:
It is the principle of the test that based on a stepwise procedure with the
use of a minimum number of animals per step; sufficient information is
obtained on the acute toxicity of the test substance to enable its
classification.
The substance is administered orally to a group of experimental animals
at one of the defined doses.
The substance is tested using a stepwise procedure, each step using three
animals of a single sex (normally females).
Absence or presence of compound-related mortality of the animals dosed
at one step will determine the next step, i.e.; no further testing is needed.
Dosing of three additional animals, with the same dose
Dosing of three additional animals at the next higher or the next lower
dose level.
15. DESCRIPTION OF THE METHOD
Selection of animal species
The preferred rodent species is the rat, although other rodent species
may be used.
Normally females are used because literature surveys of conventional
LD50 tests show that, although there is little difference in sensitivity
between the sexes, in those cases where differences are observed
females are generally slightly more sensitive.
When the test is conducted in males adequate justification should be
provided.
Healthy young adult animals of commonly used laboratory strains should
be employed.
Females should be nulliparous and non-pregnant.
Each animal, at the commencement of its dosing, should be between 8
and 12 weeks old.
Its weight should fall in an interval within + 20 % of the mean weight of
any previously dosed animals.
16. Housing and feeding conditions
The temperature in the experimental animal room should be 22ºC (+ 3ºC).
The relative humidity should be at least 30% and preferably not exceed 70%.
During room cleaning the aim should be 50-60%.
Lighting should be artificial, the sequence being 12 hours light, 12 hours dark.
For feeding, conventional laboratory diets may be used with an unlimited
supply of drinking water.
Animals maybe group-caged by dose, but the number of animals per cage
must not interfere with clear observations of each animal.
Preparation of animals
The animals are randomly selected, marked to permit individual
identification, and kept in their cages for at least 5 days prior to dosing to
allow for acclimatisation to the laboratory conditions.
17. Preparation of doses
Test substances should be administered in a constant volume over the
range of doses to be tested by varying the concentration of the dosing
preparation.
The maximum volume of liquid that can be administered at one time
depends on the size of the test animal.
In rodents, the volume should not normally exceed 1 mL/100g of
body weight: however in the case of aqueous solutions 2 mL/100g body
weight can be considered.
With respect to the formulation of the dosing preparation, the use of an
aqueous solution/suspension/emulsion is recommended wherever
possible, followed in order of preference by a
solution/suspension/emulsion in oil (e.g. corn oil) and then possibly
solution in other vehicles.
For vehicles other than water the toxicological characteristics of the
vehicle should be known.
Doses must be prepared shortly prior to administration unless the
stability of the preparation over the period during which it will be used is
known and shown to be acceptable.
18. PROCEDURE
Administration of doses
The test substance is administered in a single dose by gavage using a stomach
tube or a suitable intubation canula.
In the unusual circumstance that a single dose is not possible, the dose may
be given in smaller fractions over a period not exceeding 24 hours.
Animals should be fasted prior to dosing (e.g. with the rat, food but not water
should be withheld over-night, with the mouse, food but not water should be
withheld for 3-4 hours).
Following the period of fasting, the animals should be weighed and the test
substance administered.
After the substance has been administered, food may be withheld for a
further 3-4 hours in rats or 1-2 hours in mice.
Where a dose is administered in fractions over a period it may be necessary to
provide the animals with food and water depending on the length of the
period.
19. Number of animals and dose levels
Three animals are used for each step.
The dose level to be used as the starting dose is selected from one of
four fixed levels, 5, 50, 300 and 2000 mg/kg body weight.
The starting dose level should be that which is most likely to produce
mortality in some of the dosed animals (Annex 2).
When available information suggests that mortality is unlikely at the
highest starting dose level (2000 mg/kg body weight), then a limit test
should be conducted.
When there is no information on a substance to be tested, for animal
welfare reasons it is recommended to use the starting dose of 300 mg/kg
body weight.
Treatment of animals at the next dose should be delayed until one is
confident of survival of the previously dosed animals.
Exceptionally, and only when justified by specific regulatory needs, the
use of additional upper dose level of 5000 mg/kg body weight may be
considered (Annex 3).
For reasons of animal welfare concern, testing of animals in GHS Category
5 ranges (2000-5000mg/kg) is discouraged and should only be considered
when there is a strong likelihood that results of such a test have a direct
relevance for protecting human or animal health or the environment.
20. LIMIT TEST
The limit test is primarily used in situations where the test material is likely to
be nontoxic, i.e., having toxicity only above regulatory limit doses.
Where there is little or no information about its toxicity, or in which the test
material is expected to be toxic, the main test should be performed.
A limit test at one dose level of 2000 mg/kg body weight may be carried out
with six animals (three animals per step).
Exceptionally a limit test at one dose level of 5000 mg/kg may be carried out
with three animals.
Testing of animals in Category 5 (5000 mg/kg) ranges is discouraged and
should only be considered when there is a strong likelihood that results of such
a test have a direct relevance for protecting human or animal health.
a. When testing is required a dose of 5000mg/kg, only one step (i.e. three
animals) is required.
b. If the first animal dosed dies, then dosing proceeds at 2000mg/kg in
accordance with the flow charts in Annex 2.
c. If the first animal survives, two further animals are dosed.
d. If only one of the three animals dies, the LD50 value is expected to exceed
5000mg/kg.
e. If both animals die, then dosing proceeds at 2000mg/kg.
If test substance-related mortality is produced, further testing at the next
lower level may need to be carried out.
21. OBSERVATIONS
Animals are observed individually after dosing at least once during the first
30 minutes periodically during the first 24 hours.
With special attention given during the first 4 hours, and daily thereafter, for
a total of 14 days.
The duration of observation should not be fixed rigidly.
The times at which signs of toxicity appear and disappear are important,
especially if there is a tendency for toxic signs to be delayed.
All observations are systematically recorded with individual records being
maintained for each animal.
Attention should be directed to observations of tremors, convulsions,
salivation, diarrhoea, lethargy, sleep and coma.
Observations should include changes in skin and fur, eyes and mucous
membranes, and also respiratory, circulatory, autonomic and central
nervous systems, and somatomotor activity and behaviour pattern.
Animals found in a moribund condition and animals showing severe pain or
enduring signs of severe distress should be humanely killed.
When animals are killed for humane reasons or found dead, the time of
death should be recorded as precisely as possible.
22. BODY WEIGHT
Individual weights of animals should be determined shortly before the test
substance is administered and at least weekly thereafter.
Weight changes should be calculated and recorded.
At the end of the test surviving animals are weighed and humanely killed.
PATHOLOGY
All test animals (including those that die during the test or are removed
from the study for animal welfare reasons) should be subjected to gross
necropsy.
All gross pathological changes should be recorded for each animal.
Microscopic examination of organs showing evidence of gross pathology
in animals surviving 24 or more hours may also be considered because it
may yield useful information.