joint is site at which bone are together and creating work . in that discussed definition . structure and function of joint . disorder of joint briefly discussed

1. Joint and joint
Disorders
Swati G. Patil
M. Pharmacy
K.Y. D.S.C.Ts College of Pharmacy, Sakegaon.

2. Joint : A joint is the site at which any two or more bones come together . The branch of medicle science ,
which studied the joint is called arthrology .
Joint and their disorder
Classification of joint
1) Fibrous / immovable joint
A) suture
B) Gomphosis
C ) Synchondrosis
2) Cartilagenous / slightly movable joint
A) Syndesmosis
B) Symphysis
3) Freely movable joint
A) Glinding joint
B) Hinge joint
C) pivot joint
D) Ellipsoidal joint
E ) Saddle joint
F) Ball and sockate joint
4) Synovial joint
Example of joint

3. 1. Immovable / fibrous joint
A)Suture :
The bone of skull are united by
a thin layer of dense fibrous
connective tissue . This fibrous
joint is called suture. The major
suture of skull include the
sagittal suture , coronal suture
and the zamboid suture
B) Gomphosis :
It is a types of fibrous joint
where a conical process is
inserted into a sockate – like
portion . The root of teeth are
fixed in sockate of maxillae
and mandible by such joint.
C) Synchondrosis :
It is Cartilagenous joint in
which cartilage converted in
to a bone befour adult life.
The connecting Material is
hyaline cartilage . Example ,
Epiphyseal plate

4. B) Symphysis : It is fibro cartilaginous joint .
A type joint in which the opposed bony surface
are firmly united by a plate of fibrocartilage .
Found in between the bodies of vertebrae
2.Slightly movable / Cartilagenous joint :
A) Syndesmosis : It is in which bone are united by fibrous
connective tissue forming an interoseous membrane or
ligaments . Example , Distal articulation of tibia and fibula ,
where some flexibility is permissible .

5. 3. Freely movable joint
A)Gliding joint
The articulating surface of gliding
joint bare usually flat . Movement
of joint is simple, it is side to side
And back And fourth .
Ex, Carpal joint of hand and
tarsal joint of feet .
B) Ball and Socket joint
The ball shaped end of one bone fit
into cup shape cavity in another.
This joint allow the movement in
all directions . the shoulder and hip
are the ball and sockate joint
C) Ellipsoidal joint
The oval end of one bone fits into
the oval cup of another in an
Ellipsoidal joint . This joint allow
movement in most in most
direction and limited rotation . The
wrist is an Ellipsoidal joint

6. D) Hinge joint :
The cylindrical surface of one
bone fits into the Groove of
another to form A hinge
joint. This type of joint either
bends or straightens a limb.
The knee , elbow and finger
joint are all example of hinge
joints
E) Pivot joint :
In a pivote joint , One bone
rotates within a collar formed
by another . The pivote joint
between atlas and axis , the
upper most bones of neck ;
allow head to turn to either
side
F) Saddle Joint :
Saddle shaped bone ends
meet at right angle form
saddle joint . The bone can
be rotate little and move
sideway and back and fourth
. This joint is at the base of
thumb.
3. Freely movable joint

7. • It is freely movable joint . The bones of synovial
joint held together by ligament that form Borus
capsule .
• The apposed bony surface are covered with an
article cartilage . These cartilage are not attach to
each other . Around the joint is a cavity is
surrounded By ligament or capsule . Synovial
membrane covers all around the cavity . This
synovial membrane living the capsule . Secret a
lubricating fluid called synovial fluid .
• The articular cartilage on the bone ends provide a
smooth surface For movement . It is composed of
chondrocytes ,located In cavities in a tough matrix
of collagen , forming smooth , flexible surface. This
inhibit friction during movement , and fibrous
ligament surrounding the joint give strength and
support.
4. The synovial joint

8. Joint disorder
Arthritis is an inflammation of the joints. It
degenerative condition that can causes stiffness , swelling
and pain in joint It can affect one joint or multiple joints.
There are several types. Three of the most common types
are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis , Gout
Arthritis

9. • Is the most common form of arthritis, affecting millions of people worldwide. It occurs when the
protective cartilage that cushions the ends of your bones wears down over time.
• Although osteoarthritis can damage any joint, the disorder most commonly affects joints in your
hands, knees, hips and spine.
Symptoms
Osteoarthritis symptoms often develop slowly and worsen over time. Signs and symptoms of
osteoarthritis include:
• Pain. Affected joints might hurt during or after movement.
• Stiffness. Joint stiffness might be most noticeable upon awakening or after being inactive.
• Tenderness. Your joint might feel tender when you apply light pressure to or near it.
• Loss of flexibility. You might not be able to move your joint through its full range of motion.
• Grating sensation. You might feel a grating sensation when you use the joint, and you might hear
popping or crackling.
• Bone spurs. These extra bits of bone, which feel like hard lumps, can form around the affected joint.
• Swelling. This might be caused by soft tissue inflammation around the joint.

10. Causes
• Osteoarthritis occurs when the cartilage that cushions the ends of bones in your joints gradually
deteriorates. Cartilage is a firm, slippery tissue that enables nearly frictionless joint motion. Eventually,
if the cartilage wears down completely, bone will rub on bone.
• Osteoarthritis has often been referred to as a "wear and tear" disease. But besides the breakdown of
cartilage, osteoarthritis affects the entire joint. It causes changes in the bone and deterioration of the
connective tissues that hold the joint together and attach muscle to bone. It also causes inflammation of
the joint lining.
Complications
• Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease that worsens over time, often resulting in chronic pain. Joint
pain and stiffness can become severe enough to make daily tasks difficult.
• Depression and sleep disturbances can result from the pain and disability of osteoarthritis

11. Risk factors
Factors that can increase your risk of osteoarthritis include
• Older age. The risk of osteoarthritis increases with age.
• Sex. Women are more likely to develop osteoarthritis, though it isn't clear why.
• Obesity. Carrying extra body weight contributes to osteoarthritis in several ways, and the more
you weigh, the greater your risk. Increased weight adds stress to weight-bearing joints, such as
your hips and knees. Also, fat tissue produces proteins that can cause harmful inflammation in and
around your joints.
• Joint injuries. Injuries, such as those that occur when playing sports or from an accident, can
increase the risk of osteoarthritis. Even injuries that occurred many years ago and seemingly
healed can increase your risk of osteoarthritis.
• Repeated stress on the joint. If your job or a sport you play places repetitive stress on a joint, that
joint might eventually develop osteoarthritis.
• Genetics. Some people inherit a tendency to develop osteoarthritis.
• Bone deformities. Some people are born with malformed joints or defective cartilage.
• Certain metabolic diseases. These include diabetes and a condition in which your body has too
much iron (hemochromatosis).

12. • Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory
disorder that can affect more than just your
joints. In some people, the condition can damage
a wide variety of body systems, including the
skin, eyes, lungs, heart and blood vessels.
• An autoimmune disorder, rheumatoid arthritis
occurs when your immune system mistakenly
attacks your own body's tissues.
• Unlike the wear-and-tear damage of
osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis affects the
lining of your joints, causing a painful swelling
that can eventually result in bone erosion and
joint deformity.

13. Symptoms
• Tender, warm, swollen joints
• joint stiffness that is usually worse in the mornings and after inactivity
• Fatigue, fever and loss of appetite
• affect your smaller joints first — particularly the joints that attach your fingers to your hands and your toes to
your feet.
• As the disease progresses, symptoms often spread to the wrists, knees, ankles, elbows, hips and shoulders.
Rheumatoid arthritis
can affect many
nonpoint structures,
including:
• Skin
• Eyes
• Lungs
• Heart
• Kidneys
• Salivary glands
• Nerve tissue
• Bone marrow
• Blood vessels

14. Causes
• Rheumatoid arthritis occurs when your immune system attacks the synovium — the lining of the
membranes that surround your joints.
• The resulting inflammation thickens the synovium, which can eventually destroy the cartilage and bone
within the joint.
• The tendons and ligaments that hold the joint together weaken and stretch. Gradually, the joint loses its
shape and alignment
• While your genes don't actually cause rheumatoid arthritis, they can make you more susceptible to
environmental factors — such as infection with certain viruses and bacteria — that may trigger the
disease.

15. Risk factors
Factors that may increase your risk of rheumatoid arthritis include
• Your sex :Women are more likely than men to develop rheumatoid
arthritis.
• Age : Being in middle age.
• Family history : an increased risk of the disease.
• Smoking.
• Environmental exposures: asbestos or silica may increase the risk of
developing rheumatoid arthritis.
• Obesity: women age 55 and younger — who are overweight or obese
appear to be at a somewhat higher risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis.

16. Complications
Rheumatoid arthritis increases your risk of developing:
• Osteoporosis : weakens your bones and makes them more prone to fracture.
• Rheumatoid nodules: firm bumps of tissue form around pressure points, such as the
elbows.
• Dry eyes and mouth : decreases the amount of moisture in your eyes and mouth.
• Infections : leading to increased infections.
• Abnormal body composition.
• Carpal tunnel syndrome: If rheumatoid arthritis affects your wrists, the inflammation
can compress the nerve that serves most of your hand and fingers.
• Heart problems: Rheumatoid arthritis can increase your risk of hardened and
blocked arteries, as well as inflammation of the sac of heart.
• Lung disease: People with rheumatoid arthritis have an increased risk of
inflammation and scarring of the lung tissues, which can lead to progressive shortness
of breath.
• Lymphoma: Rheumatoid arthritis increases the risk of lymphoma, a group of blood
cancers that develop in the lymph system

17. Gout is a general term for a variety of conditions
caused by a buildup of uric acid in blood . This
buildup usually affects your feet.
Symptoms of gout
• Some people have too much uric acid in their blood, but
no symptoms. This is called asymptomatic gout.
• For acute gout, symptoms come on quickly from the
buildup of uric acid crystals in your joint and last for 3 to
10 days.
• Create intense pain and swelling, and your joint may feel
warm.
• If you don’t treat gout, it can become chronic. Hard
lumps called tophi can eventually develop in your joints
and the skin and soft tissue surrounding them. These
deposits can permanently damage your joints.

18. Causes of gout
The buildup of uric acid in your blood from the breakdown of purines causes gout.
Certain conditions, such as blood and metabolism disorders or dehydration, make
your body produce too much uric acid.
A kidney or thyroid problem, or an inherited disorder, can make it harder for
your body to remove excess uric acid.
You’re more likely to get gout if you:
• are a middle-aged man or postmenopausal woman
• have parents, siblings, or other family members with gout
• drink alcohol
• take medications such as diuretics and cyclosporine
• have a condition like high blood pressure, kidney disease, thyroid
disease, diabetes, or sleep apnea

19. Gout prevention
Prevent gout:
• Limit how much alcohol you drink.
• Limit how much purine-rich food, such as shellfish, lamb,
beef, pork, and organ meat, you eat.
• Eat a low-fat, nondairy diet that’s rich in vegetables.
• Lose weight.
• Stop smoking.
• Exercise.
• Stay hydrated.

20. The treatment plan your doctor recommends will depend on the stage and severity
of your gout
Drugs to relieve gout pain include:
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids), such as aspirin (bufferin),
ibuprofen (advil, motrin), and naproxen (aleve)
• Colchicine (colcrys, mitigare)
• Corticosteroids
Drugs that prevent gout attacks include:
• Xanthine oxidase inhibitors, such as allopurinol (lopurin, zyloprim) and
febuxostat (uloric)
• Probenecid (probalan)
Along with medications, lifestyle changes to help manage your symptoms and
reduce your risk of future gout attacks. For example,
• Reduce your alcohol intake
• Lose weight
• Quit smoking
The treatment