Colonial administration
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Colonial administration was exercised through government entities in both Spain and America. In Spain, institutions like the Seville Contracting House and the Council of the Indies oversaw colonial affairs. In America, the Royal Audiences, Presidencies, Viceroyalties, and Cabildos administered the colonies. To exploit resources and control relations between Spaniards, indigenous peoples, and blacks, systems of exploitation like slavery, encomienda, resguardo, and mita were established. Due to mistreatment and overwork, many indigenous peoples died, so Spaniards began importing black slaves from Africa in the late 16th century.
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Under Spanish rule, the Philippines' economy was centered around an encomienda land ownership system where Spanish soldiers were given land and indigenous people living on it. Several taxes were also imposed on Filipinos to support the Spanish colony, including the tithe, tribute, and forced labor system of polo y servicio. The Manila-Acapulco galleon trade brought silver and silk through Manila for over two hundred years, though it neglected local industry development. The Royal Society of Friends of the Country and tobacco monopoly helped agricultural advancement, but overall the Philippines remained economically undeveloped and a burden on Spain.
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Spain has a long and diverse history, culture, and geography. Key facts:
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Here are the responses to your questions:
1. The main difference between conquest and colony is that conquest refers to the initial military invasion and domination of indigenous peoples and lands in the Americas by Spain, while colony refers to the period after conquest when Spain established ongoing political and economic institutions to administer and exploit the new territories and populations.
2. The result of miscegenation, or racial mixing, during the colonial period were mestizos, people with mixed European and indigenous American ancestry.
3. Some of the main economic activities in the colonial period included agriculture, mining, and trade. Agriculture focused on crops for consumption and export like potatoes, rice, and corn. Mining extracted precious metals like gold and silver that
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Reading in Philippine History -- The Philippines Under Spanish Rule.
As a crown colony, the Philippines was administered by the council of the Indies. Even so, the Spanish officials in the Philippines we're appointed by the king of the Spain. In 1863, the Philippines as a colony was place under the jurisdiction of the MINISTRY OF THE COLONIES OR OVERSEAS MINISTRY ( ministerio de ultramar)
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Under Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines from the 1600s-1800s:
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1) The Spanish government controlled tobacco production in the Philippines and imposed a tobacco monopoly, which generated significant profits but relied on exploitative labor practices. Filipinos resisted by smuggling and illegal trade.
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Spain is a constitutional monarchy located in Europe. Its capital and largest city is Madrid. Spain has a population of over 46 million people and its official language is Castilian Spanish. The country has a long history and culture with influences from its art, traditions like flamenco and bullfighting, beaches, and cuisine which incorporates techniques and ingredients from its former colonies.
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The document summarizes the history of the Aztecs and Spain in Mesoamerica. It discusses how the Spanish conquistadors conquered the Aztec and Inca empires, bringing Christianity and extracting gold and silver. It also mentions the Aztecs previously destroying records of older civilizations when they arrived in Mesoamerica. Quetzalcoatl was an important figure in Aztec religion. The aftermath of the Mexican Revolution is briefly discussed.
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England had developed a more capitalist economic system compared to Spain, Portugal, and France by the 16th-17th centuries. This allowed the English merchant class to establish private ownership over land, labor, and capital to generate profits through trade. Emigration from England to the American colonies doubled between the 1630s-1650s, growing the colonial population significantly. The colonies shipped large amounts of tobacco back to England, helping to open up a larger market. England established two forms of colonial governments in the 17th century - royal colonies controlled by the crown and proprietary colonies owned by private interests.
The Philippines under Spanish Regime
The Spanish colonization of the Philippines had three main aims: spreading Catholicism, acquiring wealth through gold and trade, and increasing Spain's glory by building its empire. To govern its colonies, Spain established the Laws of the Indies, which imposed taxes on indigenous peoples and established systems of forced labor. The Spanish built churches, established religious orders, and introduced education to convert Filipinos to Christianity. They developed a political system headed by a Governor-General and including local governors. Overall, the Spanish colonial system aimed to assert control over the Philippines through religious, economic and political domination of indigenous peoples.
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The document summarizes the colonial political structure established by Spain in the Philippines. It describes a centralized government led by a Governor General appointed by the King of Spain. Below the Governor General were national governmental bodies like the Royal Audiencia and local governments like alcaldias that administered provinces, corregimientos for towns, and gobernadorcillos that governed municipalities and cabezas de barangay that administered barrios. The system aimed to maintain peace, order, and collect taxes throughout the country.
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Colonialism in America from the 17th to 19th centuries saw the colonies politically and economically dependent on European powers like Spain. Spain divided its colonies into administrative regions governed by viceroyalties. Colonial institutions represented absolute monarchical rule through entities like the Council of the Indies, Royal Audiencia, and viceroys who carried out the demands of the King. The primary economic activities in the colonies involved extracting natural resources like precious metals, agriculture, and the use of indigenous and slave labor in mines, plantations, and livestock/agricultural haciendas and estancias.
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The document summarizes the impact of Spanish reforms instituted by Viceroy Francisco de Toledo in the late 16th century on the Inca population. The key reforms included relocating indigenous peoples into Spanish-style towns (reducciones) to facilitate control and exploitation, imposing a tax system, and establishing forced labor drafts to work in mines. While the reforms aimed to increase royal revenues, they also enabled greater corruption by Spanish officials who exploited the new systems for private gain and profit by intimidating the local populations and extracting unpaid labor. The reforms undermined traditional Inca social structures and subjected people to an oppressive colonial caste system.
15.2 spanish and portuguese in the americas
Spain and Portugal built colonies in the Americas through conquest and exploitation of native peoples. They divided the land into provinces ruled by viceroys, established churches to convert locals, and tightly controlled trade. While gold and silver mining was important, plantations using encomienda labor and later African slaves produced sugar and other crops. Over time, the colonies developed diverse multi-ethnic societies and economies.
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The document summarizes the political administration and social control of Spain's colonies in Latin America. The Spanish Crown established viceroyalties, audiencias, and provinces to administer the colonies. While indigenous languages were allowed, Spanish became the official language and the Catholic Church replaced native religions. The encomienda system exploited and enslaved the native population, leading to a steep decline. Silver mining, especially in Potosi, Bolivia, drove the colonial economy and wealth for the Spanish Crown. The Church also had significant power and influence through its relationship with the Crown.
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The Spanish colonial policy in the Philippines aimed to control and exploit its natural resources. It established an onerous system of taxation, forced labor, and trade monopolies that distorted the economy. The Spanish introduced Catholicism and imposed their language and culture on education available primarily to the wealthy elite. While infrastructure and trade improved later, the Spanish rule overall exploited Filipinos for three centuries through policies of extraction, cultural imposition, and limited opportunities for advancement.
phil-history-chap.5.pptx
Reading in Philippine History -- The Philippines Under Spanish Rule.
As a crown colony, the Philippines was administered by the council of the Indies. Even so, the Spanish officials in the Philippines we're appointed by the king of the Spain. In 1863, the Philippines as a colony was place under the jurisdiction of the MINISTRY OF THE COLONIES OR OVERSEAS MINISTRY ( ministerio de ultramar)
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The document summarizes aspects of governance and administration in the Spanish colony of the Philippines. As a crown colony, the Philippines was administered by the Council of the Indies and later placed under the Ministry of the Colonies. The Spanish established a highly centralized government headed by a governor-general appointed by the King of Spain. The judicial system was led by the Audiencia, while religious matters were administered by Catholic orders like the Augustinians and Franciscans. Taxation systems like the tribute, diezmos, and tobacco monopoly supported the colonial regime.
Overview of the phil during the mid 19th century.
The document provides an overview of the Philippines during the mid-19th century under Spanish colonial rule. Key points include:
- Spaniards introduced new customs, religion, and institutions that changed indigenous Filipino society. Economic development was neglected in favor of using the Philippines as a missionary outpost and military base.
- The galleon trade system benefited Spanish merchants but discouraged local economic growth. A plural economy developed among Western, native, and Chinese sectors.
- The friars consolidated the population into resettlements called reducciones to more easily control and convert the indigenous peoples to Christianity. This established a colonial social hierarchy with Spanish clergy at the top.
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The document discusses factors that contributed to decline in civilizations in Chapter 19, including disease, inferior technology, civil unrest, superstition, and belief in doomsday. It then provides details on the Spanish conquests of the Aztec empire in Mexico led by Hernan Cortes in 1519 and the Inca empire in Peru led by Francisco Pizarro in 1532, noting how alliances and capturing leaders helped the Spanish conquer these civilizations. The Spanish then established control over the newly claimed lands in both Mexico and Peru.
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1. Spain ruled the Philippines for 333 years, during which time it imposed Catholicism and centralized the government by merging barangays into larger administrative units.
2. The social structure became pyramidal with Peninsulares at the top due to their pure Spanish blood, followed by mestizos and principales, and indigenous Filipinos at the bottom.
3. Education was limited and controlled by friars, emphasizing religion over academic subjects. The primary economic activities involved taxation, forced labor, and the galleon trade between Manila and Acapulco.
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In 3 sentences:
The document summarizes the harsh treatment of Filipinos under early Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines, including exploitative systems like repartimiento and encomienda that conscripted forced labor and allowed Spanish settlers to extract taxes from native lands. Many Spanish soldiers and officials abused these systems, committing acts of violence, pillaging villages, killing hundreds of people, and creating hatred among natives rather than spreading Christianity as intended. While Spanish clergy protested these abuses, the exploitative practices persisted throughout the colonial period.
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The Spanish Empire flourished from 1450-1800 under Habsburg rule, making Spain the most powerful colonial empire in the world. The empire consisted of territories in Europe, the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Oceania, spreading Catholicism. However, economic problems and draining wars later led to a decline in Spanish influence under the later Habsburg kings.
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This presentation is showing what the Spaniards have done in their occupation in our Country "Philippines".
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The document summarizes several instruments of exploitation and control used by Spanish colonizers in the Philippines, including:
1) The encomienda system assigned land and people to Spanish colonizers to collect tribute through forced labor like the polo y servicio system. This led to abuses like increased tribute amounts.
2) The imposition of direct and indirect taxes on natives, which were often raised. Forced labor like the polo y servicio was also used to collect taxes.
3) The polo y servicio system forced natives to do 40 days of labor per year on infrastructure projects, mining, ship rowing, and more. It led to starvation, family separation, and corruption
Silver and Latin America
King Charles V ruled two vast empires from 1519-1556 which involved constant warfare. He fought to suppress Protestantism and faced threats from France, German princes, and the Ottoman Empire. In 1556, an exhausted Charles divided his empire between his brother and son. The Spanish Empire expanded greatly due to the conquests of the Aztecs and Incas by conquistadors like Cortes and Pizarro. The discovery of silver in the Americas had widespread impacts, making Spain powerful but also causing inflation that contributed to its later decline.
Chapter 13 political transformations : Empires and encounters 1450-1750
AP WORLD HISTORY - CHAPTER 16 WAYS OF THE WORLD.
The Early Modern world, 1450 to 1750- Political transformations of empires and encounters. (sorry for the grammar mistakes)
New 19 Ppt Based On Bently
The document summarizes the early history of Latin America following the Spanish and Portuguese conquests in the 15th-16th centuries. It describes how the Iberian powers established control over large empires through the conquests of the Aztec and Inca, and then established systems of rule including viceroyalties. It discusses the multicultural societies that emerged, with Europeans, indigenous peoples, and enslaved Africans occupying different social classes. The economies were based around mining for gold and silver and the establishment of haciendas, encomiendas, and sugar plantations that relied on forced indigenous and slave labor.
SOC-303-REPORTING revised.pptx
During the 19th century in the Philippines under Spanish colonial rule, there were significant economic, political, and social changes. Economically, the Philippines developed a cash-crop based agricultural economy focused on exports like sugar, tobacco, and coffee. Politically, the Philippines suffered under a feudal system with Spanish masters and Filipino slaves. Socially, most Filipinos lived in poor conditions with long work hours and little access to infrastructure, education, or opportunities for social mobility. The Spanish imposed a tax system to generate revenue from the Filipino people. Education was limited and controlled by the friars, emphasizing religion over science and practical skills. Overall, the 19th century set the stage for the Philippines' development under Spanish
After looking at the different forms of labor, the shrinking populat.docx
After looking at the different forms of labor, the shrinking population, the oppressive conditions, and even slavery, I would like you to consider whether or not the conquest is over. Have we entered into a new, much more oppressive stage of colonial development, or is the conquest simply something that continues throughout the colonial period? If it is not conquest, what would you call it? Why? Share some examples from the reading.
Post an original comment responding to the discussion question, utilizing the readings in your response. There must be at least two citations from the readings to receive credit for discussion.
This post
must be at least 200 words.
Lecture 6!
The Spanish crown brought many important institutions to the western hemisphere. We talked about them last week (the two republics, the
audiencia,
etc). Before that, we talked about the conquest itself, particularly the violence involved, how disease ravaged much of the indigenous population, and how the Spanish conquistadors used political divisions between different societies to defeat the larger empires, whether in New Spain (Mexico), New Granada, or Peru.
But after killing many natives and establishing government (with varying degrees of effectiveness, as we will see in the coming weeks), Europeans throughout Latin America began to think much more seriously about what was going to happen next. How would they settle down? How would they maintain power? How would they become rich? Well, if you are a European in the Americas during the colonial period, achieving those things would be relatively easy-- at least in comparison to any indigenous (indian) or mestizo (person of mixed race) who might want the same thing. And depending where you were settling down (Mexico? South America?) there were different resources and paths to take in order to consolidate your wealth and power.
The Encomienda System
In Mexico (New Spain), encomiendas existed very early on. In fact, Bartolome de las Casas, the noted "protector of the Indians" was himself from a family of
encomenderos.
So the system itself goes way back to the early 1500s. However, as the colonial government became established, and colonists (Criollos and Peninsulares) began looking for ways to make money, they realized that trying to get rich by stealing gold and other precious items was not going to get them there. In fact, to truly get rich, they realized that the best way to sustain their wealth was through agriculture and labor-- for which they used Indian labor.
However, on ranches and farms in Mexico, they did not use the Indians as slaves-- at least not in the technical sense. Maintaining a stable workforce was difficult in the agricultural sector if one used slaves. Most of the slaves in New Spain were in urban areas, working as servants, artisans, or other skilled positions. manumission (buying freedom) was possible, as was marriage for slaves in Spanish America. Nonetheless, most of the slaves in Spa.
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Chapter 13 political transformations : Empires and encounters 1450-1750
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After looking at the different forms of labor, the shrinking populat.docx
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1) The document provides instructions for a social studies assignment on economic systems and demography.
2) Students are asked to read about different economic systems throughout history and complete a chart comparing their key features.
3) After reading, students must create a process diagram summarizing the evolution of economic systems and answer questions about which system most affects Colombia today.
Economy systems
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Panama
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Great colombia
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Independence
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
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Colonial administration
- 2. Casa de Contratación de Sevilla (Spain) Colonial administration Colonial administration was exercised through government entities with clearly determined functions. Some institutions functioned in Spain, such as the Seville Contracting House and the Council of the Indies. Others functioned in America such as the Royal Audiences, the Presidencies, the Viceroyalties and the Cabildos.
- 5. In order to organize the exploitation of resources and control relations between Spaniards, indigenous people and blacks, systems of exploitation of labor were established, such as Slavery, Encomienda, Resguardo and Mita. Colonial economy
- 6. <<<<<<<<< Due to the mistreatment and long hours of work to which the indigenous people were subjected, many of them died. Therefore, at the end of the 16th century, in order to have sufficient manpower, the Spanish began to bring black people from Africa to make them their slaves. Slavery
- 7. The indigenous were sent to work heavily in the mining or in the public works during some months, were separated from their families, many of them died by the illness. Encomienda
- 8. Were allocated land to the indigenous to grow and pay tribute. They could choose their bosses. Resguardo
- 9. A territory where lived indigenous families, directed to encomendero, who collected a tribute. It had a churchman that imposed the religion. Mita
- 10. El comercio incluía la venta de esclavos. During the colonial period, an intense commercial activity was developed through the purchase and sale of agricultural, mining and manufacturing products, especially abroad under the commercial monopoly policy, in which the Spanish government controlled the import and export of agricultural and mining products. Trade
- 11. The colonial economy was affected by smuggling and piracy, which were two illegal actions that mocked the politics of the commercial monopoly and the payment of taxes. Illegal economy