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The 19th century
“A BLAST FROM THE PAST”
Spaniard colonialism
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During the 19th century, many things happened in
the Philippines. These events brought the
Philippines on where it is today.
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AGRICULTURE AND TRADE
It was attributed to the cheapness of land and the high returns on
agriculture. All types of labor were in high demand, especially unskilled labor
and experienced factory workers.
During the 19th century, the Philippines' economic condition gave rise to
Haciendas, or the “cash-crop economy”. Where large parts of land would be
used for crops considered cash-crop. Some cash crops are Sugar, Tobacco,
Abaka, and Coffee.
Economics affects our daily lives in both obvious and subtle ways. From an
individual perspective, economics frames many choices we have to make
about work, leisure, consumption and how much to save.
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FEUDALISM
During the 19th century when the Filipinos became a slaves to the Spanish colony, it
led to an event of economical development to us Filipinos. Because even if we are
victims of their unjust systems, the culture, teachings, habits, etc. Of the Spaniards
plays a big role to us today in our modern world.
The political conditions and the system in the Philippines under the 19th century, had
suffered from feudalistic and master slave relationship by the Spaniards.
It changes and evolves the culture, beliefs, traditions,habit, etc. Of Filipino that we
are conducting today in our daily lives.
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QUALITY OF LIFE
In 19th century many people were struggling to survive while working long hours in
frequently inhumane circumstances. There was no running water, power, or central
heating. Without gas or electric illumination, life centered around the daylight hours
and would have changed with the seasons.
The Philippines' isolated islands began to connect technologically throughout the 19th
century, which also saw the emergence of the middle class, the land becoming the
main source of income due to cash crops and the ability to build.
The 19th century experienced significant change in all areas of life and was a revolutionary
period for European history. A time of transition and opportunity was brought in by democracy
and nationalism, human and civil rights, modernization, and economic freedom.
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TAX REVENUE SYSTEM
During these times, taxes that were collected from the inhabitants varied from tribute or head tax of one gold maiz
annually; tax on the value of jewelry and gold trinkets; indirect taxes on tobacco, wine, cockpits, burlas, and
powder. From 1521 to 1821, the Spanish treasury had to subsidize the Philippines in the amount of P 250,000.00
per annum due to the poor financial condition of the country, which can be primarily attributed to the poor
revenue collection system.
Other forms of taxes from the Spanish Era is the tributo, which was originally between 8 to 10 reales. Forced labor,
or polo y servicio, was also a network for tax payment. Eventually, with the cedula, Spain replaced tributo with
cedula, which allowed them to keep track of the people who could pay taxes. The encomienda system, which is land
ownership granted by the Crown to worthy peninsulares, was yet another form of tax income from the Filipinos.
The diezmos prediales is 1/10 of the produce of the encomienda to be paid to the viceregal government, and the
sanctorum was the tax paid to the local church. Other local taxes were the vinta, tax paid by people in the provinces
along the coast of Western Luzon to defend the area against Muslim pirates common at the time, and the donativo
de Zamboanga, was taxed specifically used for the conquest of Jolo.
Listed below is a sample of a Filipino’s tax during the Spanish occupation:
Tributo (encomienda tax) : 10 reales
Diezmos prediales (government tax): 1 real
Commission on Internal Revenue : 1 real
Sanctorum : 3 reales
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Educational System:
There are lots of criticisms received in the educational system of the Philippines in the late 19th century. Below are
the following:
1. Overemphasis on religious matters - One of the great constants of Spanish colonial rule over the centuries was the
power of religious orders.
2. Obsolete teaching methods - Their methods are outdated.
3. Limited curriculum - The students in the primary level were taught the Christian Doctrines, the reading of Spanish
books and a little of the natives’ language. Science and Mathematics were not very much taught to the students
even in the universities.
4. Poor classroom facilities
5. Absence of teaching materials
6. Primary education was neglected
7. Absence of academic freedom - The absence of academic freedom in Spain’s educational system was extended to
the schools that Spaniards established in the Philippines.
8. Prejudice against Filipinos in the schools of higher learning - In entirety, education during the Spanish regime was
privileged only to Spanish students. The supposed Philippine education was only a means to remain in the
Philippines as colonizers.
9. Friar control over the system - The friars controlled the educational system during the Spanish times. They owned
different schools, ranging from the primary level to the tertiary levels of education. The missionaries took charge in
teaching, controlling and maintaining the rules and regulations imposed to the students.
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“He who does not know how to look back at
where he came from will never get to his
destination.”
– Jose Rizal
