College 9 Evolutiepsychologie
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The document discusses several key principles of evolutionary aesthetics: 1. Adaptations evolve through natural selection to help solve problems of survival and reproduction over many generations. 2. Psychological adaptations evolved to help solve recurrent problems related to survival and reproduction through mechanisms like decision rules and problem-specific responses. 3. Aesthetic pleasure is an adaptation of the beholder that evolved through selection mechanisms in the brain to guide behaviors important for survival and reproduction.
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Day 16 october 30th chapter 9 mating systems
This document discusses mating systems in humans and animals. It describes polygamy, which includes polygyny and polyandry, and monogamy. Mating systems can be complicated to define due to differences in mating behavior versus bonding behavior, variation within species, and differences between males and females. Examination of birds and mammals reveals one key difference - species with more sexual dimorphism, or differences in body size between males and females, tend toward polygamy, while species with little sexual dimorphism tend toward monogamy. The document then discusses communication systems in animals, including chemical, acoustical, and visual communication, as well as complex forms like the honeybee waggle dance. Honest signals
Evolutionary Psychology May Explain Sexual Selection
Evolutionary psychology posits that traits like machismo in humans stem from sexual selection pressures over long periods of evolution. Studies of animals and comparisons across human cultures show that males and females develop different characteristics to influence mating success. These differences can shape societies, with some favoring monogamy while others promote polygamy where high status males mate with multiple females. However, as modern societies have changed with more emphasis on individuality and equality between the sexes, traditionally masculine traits like physical prowess may be less important as female choice and alternative views of gender roles have emerged.
Fisher theory
1. Fisher's Fundamental Theorem on Natural Selection states that the rate of increase in fitness of any organism at any time is equal to its genetic variance in fitness at that time.
2. The theorem has been revised and clarified over time, but generally means that natural selection will tend to increase the fitness of organisms through changes in gene frequencies.
3. Fisher framed his argument in terms of parental expenditure, suggesting that natural selection will act to equalize the total parental expenditure between male and female offspring to maximize reproductive value.
Mate Choice Versus Predation
1) The document discusses the differences between choice mate and predation. It provides examples of sexual selection through mate choice in animals and how brightly colored males are chosen by females.
2) It then describes two experiments that test the influences of mate choice and predation on animals. One study found that a spider acquires odors from the mosquitoes it eats that makes it more attractive to mates. The other found that female swordtail fish change their mate preferences after exposure to predator videos.
3) The document seeks to explain mate choice and sexual selection in animals using examples from field and laboratory experiments that show how both mate choice and predation influence evolution.
Mating Systems
There are two main animal mating systems: monogamy and polygamy. Monogamy involves an animal having only one mate, while polygamy involves having multiple mates. Polygamy includes polygyny, where one male mates with multiple females, polyandry, where one female mates with multiple males, and polygynandry, where multiple males mate with multiple females. Polygyny is the most common type of polygamy in the animal kingdom. It provides advantages for males in increasing reproductive success but can negatively impact genetic diversity, while females may experience infanticide from new dominant males.
Sexual selection
This document discusses evolutionary theories around sexual selection and relationships. It explains that sexual selection occurs through intrasexual competition between males to attract females, and intersexual selection where females choose their mates. Research by Buss (1989) found cross-cultural differences in mate preferences, with females prioritizing resources and males prioritizing youth and attractiveness. Studies also show females' preferences change across their menstrual cycle and they favor more masculine traits when fertile. However, critics argue these theories are reductionist and deterministic by not accounting for free will or environmental influences on relationships.
Sexual Selection
Sexual selection occurs through male competition and female choice. It leads to the evolution of extreme traits in males that give them an advantage in attracting mates but may reduce survival. Sexual dimorphism arises when males and females of a species differ in traits, often with males developing more ornamented characteristics. Runaway selection can cause traits to evolve that do not improve quality but instead fulfill female preferences, like long bright tails in some species. Sexual selection drives evolution and speciation.
Mate selection (Mating systems)
This document discusses mate selection strategies in animals. It defines sexual selection as selection arising through variation in mating success, and distinguishes between intra-sexual selection through male-male competition and inter-sexual selection through female choice of males. Different mating systems like monogamy, polygyny, and promiscuity influence the strength of sexual selection and variance in male mating success. Specific mate selection strategies discussed include harem defense polygyny, where males defend territories containing multiple females; lekking polygyny, where males aggregate and compete on leks to display for females; and polyandry in some jacana species, where females mate with and leave eggs with multiple males.
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Day 16 october 30th chapter 9 mating systems
This document discusses mating systems in humans and animals. It describes polygamy, which includes polygyny and polyandry, and monogamy. Mating systems can be complicated to define due to differences in mating behavior versus bonding behavior, variation within species, and differences between males and females. Examination of birds and mammals reveals one key difference - species with more sexual dimorphism, or differences in body size between males and females, tend toward polygamy, while species with little sexual dimorphism tend toward monogamy. The document then discusses communication systems in animals, including chemical, acoustical, and visual communication, as well as complex forms like the honeybee waggle dance. Honest signals
Evolutionary Psychology May Explain Sexual Selection
Evolutionary psychology posits that traits like machismo in humans stem from sexual selection pressures over long periods of evolution. Studies of animals and comparisons across human cultures show that males and females develop different characteristics to influence mating success. These differences can shape societies, with some favoring monogamy while others promote polygamy where high status males mate with multiple females. However, as modern societies have changed with more emphasis on individuality and equality between the sexes, traditionally masculine traits like physical prowess may be less important as female choice and alternative views of gender roles have emerged.
Fisher theory
1. Fisher's Fundamental Theorem on Natural Selection states that the rate of increase in fitness of any organism at any time is equal to its genetic variance in fitness at that time.
2. The theorem has been revised and clarified over time, but generally means that natural selection will tend to increase the fitness of organisms through changes in gene frequencies.
3. Fisher framed his argument in terms of parental expenditure, suggesting that natural selection will act to equalize the total parental expenditure between male and female offspring to maximize reproductive value.
Mate Choice Versus Predation
1) The document discusses the differences between choice mate and predation. It provides examples of sexual selection through mate choice in animals and how brightly colored males are chosen by females.
2) It then describes two experiments that test the influences of mate choice and predation on animals. One study found that a spider acquires odors from the mosquitoes it eats that makes it more attractive to mates. The other found that female swordtail fish change their mate preferences after exposure to predator videos.
3) The document seeks to explain mate choice and sexual selection in animals using examples from field and laboratory experiments that show how both mate choice and predation influence evolution.
Mating Systems
There are two main animal mating systems: monogamy and polygamy. Monogamy involves an animal having only one mate, while polygamy involves having multiple mates. Polygamy includes polygyny, where one male mates with multiple females, polyandry, where one female mates with multiple males, and polygynandry, where multiple males mate with multiple females. Polygyny is the most common type of polygamy in the animal kingdom. It provides advantages for males in increasing reproductive success but can negatively impact genetic diversity, while females may experience infanticide from new dominant males.
Sexual selection
This document discusses evolutionary theories around sexual selection and relationships. It explains that sexual selection occurs through intrasexual competition between males to attract females, and intersexual selection where females choose their mates. Research by Buss (1989) found cross-cultural differences in mate preferences, with females prioritizing resources and males prioritizing youth and attractiveness. Studies also show females' preferences change across their menstrual cycle and they favor more masculine traits when fertile. However, critics argue these theories are reductionist and deterministic by not accounting for free will or environmental influences on relationships.
Sexual Selection
Sexual selection occurs through male competition and female choice. It leads to the evolution of extreme traits in males that give them an advantage in attracting mates but may reduce survival. Sexual dimorphism arises when males and females of a species differ in traits, often with males developing more ornamented characteristics. Runaway selection can cause traits to evolve that do not improve quality but instead fulfill female preferences, like long bright tails in some species. Sexual selection drives evolution and speciation.
Mate selection (Mating systems)
This document discusses mate selection strategies in animals. It defines sexual selection as selection arising through variation in mating success, and distinguishes between intra-sexual selection through male-male competition and inter-sexual selection through female choice of males. Different mating systems like monogamy, polygyny, and promiscuity influence the strength of sexual selection and variance in male mating success. Specific mate selection strategies discussed include harem defense polygyny, where males defend territories containing multiple females; lekking polygyny, where males aggregate and compete on leks to display for females; and polyandry in some jacana species, where females mate with and leave eggs with multiple males.
PSYC482 Paper 2
This document summarizes current research on mate selection in humans from an evolutionary psychology perspective. It discusses that past research has largely focused on heterosexual relationships and chimpanzee behavior, ignoring factors like same-sex relationships, gender fluidity in females, environmental influences, and the role of male power in shaping mating patterns. The document argues for a more comprehensive, feminist approach to evolutionary psychology that examines diverse species like bonobos and centers females, in order to develop theories that more fully explain human mate selection behaviors.
social selection
Sexual selection leads to the evolution of traits that enhance mating success but do not necessarily help survival. These traits can include elaborate ornamentation that requires significant energy or reduces mobility. Darwin proposed sexual selection to explain the evolution of such extravagant but potentially detrimental traits seen in male peacocks and other species. Sexual selection operates through either intersexual selection, where female mate choice shapes male traits, or intrasexual selection, such as male-male combat over mates. Elaborate male traits may have evolved because they honestly signal genetic quality to females, since only males in good condition can afford the costs of such ornamentation.
Sexual selection
This ppt is on the sexual selection which includes the definition of sexual selection, its purpose, types and their explanation, and bibliography.
The Evolving mind
It contains links between the psychology and genetics. Mostly we think they are far apart but they do have links. Some of intresting facts regarding this are shared with you !!
Sexual selection
1) Sexual dimorphism, or differences in size and appearance between males and females, often occurs due to sexual selection.
2) There are two main types of sexual selection: intrasexual selection, where males compete with each other for access to females; and intersexual selection, where females choose their mates.
3) Examples of traits that evolve due to sexual selection include weaponry used in combat between males, ornamentation used in displays to attract females, and gift-giving behaviors that benefit feeding females.
Sexual selection theory
Darwin's sexual selection theory argues that males compete for females through mechanisms like intra-sexual competition between males or inter-sexual choice by females, resulting in the development of secondary sexual characteristics in males like antlers, songs, or colorful feathers. Examples include the vocal cords in frogs, antlers in deer, songs of male birds, and the colorful feathers of peacocks. However, the theory was criticized for not fully explaining sexual dimorphism and for assuming behaviors like promiscuity that could prevent sexual selection from occurring.
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Sexual selection
Sexual selection leads to the evolution of elaborate traits in males through female mate choice and male-male competition. These traits are often costly and seem to reduce survival. Darwin proposed sexual selection to explain the evolution of such traits. Modern theories propose that females may choose males with handicapping traits as they honestly signal genetic quality, with only high-quality males able to bear the costs. Studies support this, finding traits like peacock tails are costly and indicate parasite resistance which benefits offspring.
Sexual selection
Sexual selection leads to sexual dimorphism as males and females evolve different traits to obtain mates. For example, male widowbirds have exceptionally long tail feathers while females lack tails. Studies show that female widowbirds prefer males with artificially longer tails, demonstrating they have stronger and more vigorous genes. However, traits that make males more attractive to females, like bright spots on male guppies, can also make them more visible to predators, creating conflict between sexual selection pressures and predation.
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This document summarizes key concepts around the evolution of behavior through natural selection and genetic inheritance. It discusses how behaviors are co-adapted through evolution to maximize survival and reproduction. Behaviors can be culturally transmitted between individuals without genetic changes. Kin selection theory explains how behaviors that help reproduce relatives' genes can also be selected for, if the degree of relatedness and benefits are high enough. Examples of genetic studies of behaviors in insects and vertebrates are provided to show the interaction between genes, development and environment in determining behaviors.
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The document discusses Zahavi's handicap principle, which proposes that sexually selected traits like a peacock's tail function as honest signals of genetic fitness. These traits are handicaps that reduce survival chances but indicate to potential mates that the individual is strong enough to survive despite the handicap. Examples given include the peacock's heavy tail, gazelle stotting behavior, and mating displays in birds of paradise. The principle relies on signals being costly and honest, ensuring only fit individuals can display the handicap. This makes the signals reliable indicators of genetic quality.
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Sexual Selection
Sexual selection is a form of natural selection where animals compete to mate. There are two kinds: male competition, where males compete for territory and females, and female selection, where females choose their mates based on favorable characteristics, helping pass on those traits to future generations.
Homosexuality, birth order, and evolution (2)
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The document discusses the history of eugenics from ancient times to the modern era. It describes early influences like Plato advocating selective breeding and the Spartans inspecting infants. In the 19th century, Francis Galton coined the term "eugenics" and advocated encouraging reproduction among those deemed genetically superior. In the 20th century, the Nazis directly applied eugenic principles leading to mass human rights violations. While selective breeding of animals continues, applying eugenics to humans remains controversial due to ethical issues.
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Homosexual behavior is common across the animal kingdom. While isolated cases of same-sex mating in animals have been documented for decades, researchers now say it is a regular occurrence for some species. Darwin's theory of evolution implies genes for homosexual behavior should die out since they are less likely to be passed on, but that is not happening. Many animals regularly display homosexual tendencies, including rams, giraffes, penguins, dragonflies, bonobos, and seagulls. While dogs may try to mate with the same sex, they do not have a sexual orientation like humans, but can still exhibit sexual behaviors toward the same sex, such as attempting to mate or being overly affectionate.
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The document provides information on several biology topics in a series of sections:
1. It describes the cell cycle phases of interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.
2. It explains protein synthesis as the process of transcription of DNA to mRNA in the nucleus, and translation of mRNA to proteins in the cytoplasm.
3. It defines DNA replication as making an exact copy of DNA during S phase by unzipping and adding complementary bases.
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This document summarizes current research on mate selection in humans from an evolutionary psychology perspective. It discusses that past research has largely focused on heterosexual relationships and chimpanzee behavior, ignoring factors like same-sex relationships, gender fluidity in females, environmental influences, and the role of male power in shaping mating patterns. The document argues for a more comprehensive, feminist approach to evolutionary psychology that examines diverse species like bonobos and centers females, in order to develop theories that more fully explain human mate selection behaviors.
social selection
Sexual selection leads to the evolution of traits that enhance mating success but do not necessarily help survival. These traits can include elaborate ornamentation that requires significant energy or reduces mobility. Darwin proposed sexual selection to explain the evolution of such extravagant but potentially detrimental traits seen in male peacocks and other species. Sexual selection operates through either intersexual selection, where female mate choice shapes male traits, or intrasexual selection, such as male-male combat over mates. Elaborate male traits may have evolved because they honestly signal genetic quality to females, since only males in good condition can afford the costs of such ornamentation.
Sexual selection
This ppt is on the sexual selection which includes the definition of sexual selection, its purpose, types and their explanation, and bibliography.
The Evolving mind
It contains links between the psychology and genetics. Mostly we think they are far apart but they do have links. Some of intresting facts regarding this are shared with you !!
Sexual selection
1) Sexual dimorphism, or differences in size and appearance between males and females, often occurs due to sexual selection.
2) There are two main types of sexual selection: intrasexual selection, where males compete with each other for access to females; and intersexual selection, where females choose their mates.
3) Examples of traits that evolve due to sexual selection include weaponry used in combat between males, ornamentation used in displays to attract females, and gift-giving behaviors that benefit feeding females.
Sexual selection theory
Darwin's sexual selection theory argues that males compete for females through mechanisms like intra-sexual competition between males or inter-sexual choice by females, resulting in the development of secondary sexual characteristics in males like antlers, songs, or colorful feathers. Examples include the vocal cords in frogs, antlers in deer, songs of male birds, and the colorful feathers of peacocks. However, the theory was criticized for not fully explaining sexual dimorphism and for assuming behaviors like promiscuity that could prevent sexual selection from occurring.
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The document describes a study aiming to construct a pedigree of California ground squirrels to analyze how kinship influences cooperative behaviors. The researcher optimized PCR primers for 11 microsatellite loci to assign parentage and generate genetic data to build the pedigree. Optimized primers from this study will allow future analysis of DNA fragments to determine relatedness between squirrels and elucidate how social behaviors are structured within colonies.
Sexual selection
Sexual selection leads to the evolution of elaborate traits in males through female mate choice and male-male competition. These traits are often costly and seem to reduce survival. Darwin proposed sexual selection to explain the evolution of such traits. Modern theories propose that females may choose males with handicapping traits as they honestly signal genetic quality, with only high-quality males able to bear the costs. Studies support this, finding traits like peacock tails are costly and indicate parasite resistance which benefits offspring.
Sexual selection
Sexual selection leads to sexual dimorphism as males and females evolve different traits to obtain mates. For example, male widowbirds have exceptionally long tail feathers while females lack tails. Studies show that female widowbirds prefer males with artificially longer tails, demonstrating they have stronger and more vigorous genes. However, traits that make males more attractive to females, like bright spots on male guppies, can also make them more visible to predators, creating conflict between sexual selection pressures and predation.
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This document summarizes key concepts around the evolution of behavior through natural selection and genetic inheritance. It discusses how behaviors are co-adapted through evolution to maximize survival and reproduction. Behaviors can be culturally transmitted between individuals without genetic changes. Kin selection theory explains how behaviors that help reproduce relatives' genes can also be selected for, if the degree of relatedness and benefits are high enough. Examples of genetic studies of behaviors in insects and vertebrates are provided to show the interaction between genes, development and environment in determining behaviors.
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The document discusses Zahavi's handicap principle, which proposes that sexually selected traits like a peacock's tail function as honest signals of genetic fitness. These traits are handicaps that reduce survival chances but indicate to potential mates that the individual is strong enough to survive despite the handicap. Examples given include the peacock's heavy tail, gazelle stotting behavior, and mating displays in birds of paradise. The principle relies on signals being costly and honest, ensuring only fit individuals can display the handicap. This makes the signals reliable indicators of genetic quality.
Homosexuality, birth order, and evolution
This article proposes that homosexuality can be explained by a polygenetic trait influenced by multiple genes. During development, these genes shift male brain development in a more feminine direction. While single alleles may produce homosexuality, carriers of these alleles who are heterosexual tend to be better fathers and more attractive mates. This balanced polymorphism allows alleles that contribute to homosexuality to survive by offsetting their negative reproductive impacts through positively impacting heterosexual carriers. A similar effect is proposed to exist for genes that could produce lesbianism in females.
Sexual Selection
Sexual selection is a form of natural selection where animals compete to mate. There are two kinds: male competition, where males compete for territory and females, and female selection, where females choose their mates based on favorable characteristics, helping pass on those traits to future generations.
Homosexuality, birth order, and evolution (2)
This journal article proposes that homosexuality can be explained by a polygenetic trait influenced by multiple genes. During development, these genes shift male brain development in a more feminine direction. While single alleles may produce homosexuality, carriers of these alleles who are heterosexual tend to be better fathers and more attractive mates. There is a balanced polymorphism where the feminizing effects in heterosexuals offsets the reproductive disadvantages of these alleles contributing to homosexuality. The birth order effect on homosexuality may be a byproduct of a mechanism that shifts later-born sons' personalities more femininely, reducing competition with brothers.
Jack oughton + osian jones eugenics presentation
The document discusses the history of eugenics from ancient times to the modern era. It describes early influences like Plato advocating selective breeding and the Spartans inspecting infants. In the 19th century, Francis Galton coined the term "eugenics" and advocated encouraging reproduction among those deemed genetically superior. In the 20th century, the Nazis directly applied eugenic principles leading to mass human rights violations. While selective breeding of animals continues, applying eugenics to humans remains controversial due to ethical issues.
A2 Level Media Animals Displaying Homosexual Behaviour Research
Homosexual behavior is common across the animal kingdom. While isolated cases of same-sex mating in animals have been documented for decades, researchers now say it is a regular occurrence for some species. Darwin's theory of evolution implies genes for homosexual behavior should die out since they are less likely to be passed on, but that is not happening. Many animals regularly display homosexual tendencies, including rams, giraffes, penguins, dragonflies, bonobos, and seagulls. While dogs may try to mate with the same sex, they do not have a sexual orientation like humans, but can still exhibit sexual behaviors toward the same sex, such as attempting to mate or being overly affectionate.
Animals Displaying Homosexual Behaviour
Homosexual behavior is common across the animal kingdom. While isolated cases of same-sex mating in animals have been documented for decades, researchers now say it is a regular occurrence for some species. Darwin's theory of evolution implies genes for homosexual behavior should die out since they are less likely to be passed on, but that is not happening. Many animals regularly display homosexual tendencies, including rams, giraffes, penguins, dragonflies, bonobos, and seagulls. While dogs may try to mate with the same sex, they do not have a sexual orientation like humans, but can still exhibit sexual behaviors toward the same sex, such as attempting to mate or being overly affectionate.
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1. It describes the cell cycle phases of interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.
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3. It defines DNA replication as making an exact copy of DNA during S phase by unzipping and adding complementary bases.
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This document summarizes explanations for the development of patriarchal societies. It discusses three interrelated conditions that help explain patriarchy:
1. The reproductive "baby burden" - Human offspring require substantial care that is primarily provided by mothers due to biological factors like breastfeeding. This limits mothers' activities and creates dependency.
2. Sexual exchange - With hidden ovulation and higher male sex drives, women can use sex as a commodity to exchange for resources to help with childcare. This motivates men to acquire resources.
3. Socioeconomic conditions - Men's acquired extrinsic resources like meat and money provide more power in societies than women's intrinsic attractiveness. Additional factors like the "grandmother hypothesis
Lec 12 Sexual Strategies
The document discusses sexual strategies in animals, including intraselection (competition between males) and interselection (female mate choice). Both can occur simultaneously, as in peacocks where male plumage evolved through intraselection but females select mates based on plumage. More recently, competition between sexes and strategies that trade off male and female fitness have been studied. Sexual strategies aim to find mates and maximize reproductive success.
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【业务选择办理准则】
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二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：A575476】即可
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留信网认证的作用:
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对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
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College 9 Evolutiepsychologie
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