It contains links between the psychology and genetics. Mostly we think they are far apart but they do have links. Some of intresting facts regarding this are shared with you !!
This powerpoint is from my psychology class. It has borrowed material and some duplicate slides due to some rearranging I was doing in the presentation.
Abstract
Toxoplasma Gondii is a parasite that can only sexually reproduce in cats. (Dubey, J., & Jones, J. 2008) It is able to modify animal behavior and mood through a variety of means, such as increasing the amount of Dopamine in the system through the release of the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase causing increased impulsivity and risk taking behaviors (Costa, R. M.,2017). It is also able to modify genes through epigenetic means causing things like increased testosterone causing its host to be more aggressive. Toxoplasma Gondii does all of these things in order to make its main host, which is rats, more likely to be eaten by cats. The same things that are modified in rats in order to help the parasite in its quest to sexually reproduce also causes humans to have symptoms of psychosis and increased impulsivity. For example, people who are infected are found to have 2.5 times the amount of car crashes likely due to the increase in risky behavior (Flegr, J, 2002) and are more likely to develop disorders such as Schizophrenia and Intermittent Rage Disorder (Emil F. Coccaro, MD , 2016). This is likely due to changes in neurotransmitters and gene expression.
Keywords: Toxoplasmosis, Toxoplasma Gondii, DNA, Genes, Methylation
This powerpoint is from my psychology class. It has borrowed material and some duplicate slides due to some rearranging I was doing in the presentation.
Abstract
Toxoplasma Gondii is a parasite that can only sexually reproduce in cats. (Dubey, J., & Jones, J. 2008) It is able to modify animal behavior and mood through a variety of means, such as increasing the amount of Dopamine in the system through the release of the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase causing increased impulsivity and risk taking behaviors (Costa, R. M.,2017). It is also able to modify genes through epigenetic means causing things like increased testosterone causing its host to be more aggressive. Toxoplasma Gondii does all of these things in order to make its main host, which is rats, more likely to be eaten by cats. The same things that are modified in rats in order to help the parasite in its quest to sexually reproduce also causes humans to have symptoms of psychosis and increased impulsivity. For example, people who are infected are found to have 2.5 times the amount of car crashes likely due to the increase in risky behavior (Flegr, J, 2002) and are more likely to develop disorders such as Schizophrenia and Intermittent Rage Disorder (Emil F. Coccaro, MD , 2016). This is likely due to changes in neurotransmitters and gene expression.
Keywords: Toxoplasmosis, Toxoplasma Gondii, DNA, Genes, Methylation
Il team “La notte è giovane” ha partecipato all’H-ack dedicato a grandi aziende italiane operanti nel settore alimentare.
Il gruppo ha sviluppato un’idea per rispondere alle esigenze espresse nel brief di Nescafè Italia. L’obiettivo era quello di utilizzare il prodotto per connettere e far conoscere nuove persone durante una pausa dalla routine quotidiana. La bevanda vuole, infatti, proposi come momento di relax e socializzazione.
Considerando una ricerca pubblicata sul sito di AOL, il gruppo a individuato figure professionali, come quella di marketer o sviluppatore per citarne solo due, che conducono la propria attività durante tutte le ore del giorno e della notte dimostrandosi grandi consumatori di caffè. Da questo assunto, “La notte è giovane” ha sviluppato una piattaforma digitale pensata per coloro che amano Nescafè e condividono una specifica professione. La piattaforma integra un sistema di forum con annessa chat, dando la possibilità di "offrire un Nescafè virtuale” nel digital Store di Nescafè dove l’utente può relazionarsi e conoscere persone nuove tra quelle iscritte alla community “MeetNescafè”, sia che lavorino nel suo stesso ambito o meno. Il progetto prevede, inoltre, l’integrazione con le maggiori piattaforme di social networking e l’organizzazione di eventi a tema nelle varie città d’Italia per permettere ai membri della community di incontrarsi dal vivo dando loro la possibilità di condividere passioni e interessi comuni gustandosi una lunga pausa fuori dall’ordinario davanti ad una tazza di Nescafè.
Lec 02 Factors influencing Human Growth and DevelopmentDr. Imran A. Sajid
These slides are prepared for students of BS Social Work. Social Workers come across clients in different age groups and categories. This subject helps them put the client into social, physical, psychological, and emotional perspectives.
Dr. Imran A. Sajid
Department of Social Work, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
Nature-Nurture (Heredity vs environment) Backgro.docxdohertyjoetta
Nature-Nurture
(Heredity vs environment)
Background
It has long been known that certain physical characteristics are biologically determined by
genetic inheritance. Colour of eyes, straight or curly hair, pigmentation of the skin and certain
diseases (such as Huntingdon’s chorea) are all a function of the genes we inherit. Other physical
characteristics, if not determined, appear to be at least strongly influenced by the genetic make-
up of our biological parents. Height, weight, hair loss (in men), life expectancy and vulnerability
to specific illnesses (e.g. breast cancer in women) are positively correlated between biologically
related individuals. These facts have led many to speculate as to whether psychological
characteristics such as behavioural tendencies, personality attributes and mental abilities are also
“wired in” before we are even born.
Those who adopt an extreme heredity position are known as nativists. Their basic assumption is
that the characteristics of the human species as a whole are a product of evolution and that
individual differences are due to each person’s unique genetic code. Characteristics and
differences that are not observable at birth, but which emerge later in life, are regarded as the
product of maturation. That is to say we all have an inner “biological clock” which switches on
(or off) types of behaviour in a pre programmed way. The classic example of the way this affects
our physical development is the bodily changes that occur in early adolescence at puberty.
However nativists also argue that maturation governs the emergence of attachment in infancy,
language acquisition and even cognitive development as a whole.
At the other end of the spectrum are the environmentalists – also known as empiricists (not to be
confused with the other empirical / scientific approach). Their basic assumption is that at birth
the human mind is a tabula rasa (a blank slate) and that this is gradually “filled” as a result of
experience (e.g. behaviourism). From this point of view psychological characteristics and
behavioural differences that emerge through infancy and childhood are the result of learning. It is
how you are brought up (nurture) that governs the psychologically significant aspects of child
development and the concept of maturation applies only to the biological. So, when an infant
forms an attachment it is responding to the love and attention it has received, language comes
from imitating the speech of others and cognitive development depends on the degree of
stimulation in the environment and, more broadly, on the civilisation within which the child is
reared.
In practice hardly anyone today accepts either of the extreme positions. There are simply too
many “facts” on both sides of the argument which are inconsistent with an “all or nothing” view.
So instead of asking whether child development is down to nature or nurture the question has
been reformulated as .
Chapter 3BiopsychologyFigure 3.1 Different brain imagi.docxwalterl4
Chapter 3
Biopsychology
Figure 3.1 Different brain imaging techniques provide scientists with insight into different aspects of how the human
brain functions. Left to right, PET scan (positron emission tomography), CT scan (computed tomography), and fMRI
(functional magnetic resonance imaging) are three types of scans. (credit “left”: modification of work by Health and
Human Services Department, National Institutes of Health; credit “center": modification of work by
"Aceofhearts1968"/Wikimedia Commons; credit “right”: modification of work by Kim J, Matthews NL, Park S.)
Chapter Outline
3.1 Human Genetics
3.2 Cells of the Nervous System
3.3 Parts of the Nervous System
3.4 The Brain and Spinal Cord
3.5 The Endocrine System
Introduction
Have you ever taken a device apart to find out how it works? Many of us have done so, whether to attempt
a repair or simply to satisfy our curiosity. A device’s internal workings are often distinct from its user
interface on the outside. For example, we don’t think about microchips and circuits when we turn up
the volume on a mobile phone; instead, we think about getting the volume just right. Similarly, the inner
workings of the human body are often distinct from the external expression of those workings. It is the
job of psychologists to find the connection between these—for example, to figure out how the firings of
millions of neurons become a thought.
This chapter strives to explain the biological mechanisms that underlie behavior. These physiological and
anatomical foundations are the basis for many areas of psychology. In this chapter, you will learn how
genetics influence both physiological and psychological traits. You will become familiar with the structure
and function of the nervous system. And, finally, you will learn how the nervous system interacts with the
endocrine system.
Chapter 3 | Biopsychology 73
3.1 Human Genetics
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Explain the basic principles of the theory of evolution by natural selection
• Describe the differences between genotype and phenotype
• Discuss how gene-environment interactions are critical for expression of physical and
psychological characteristics
Psychological researchers study genetics in order to better understand the biological basis that contributes
to certain behaviors. While all humans share certain biological mechanisms, we are each unique. And
while our bodies have many of the same parts—brains and hormones and cells with genetic codes—these
are expressed in a wide variety of behaviors, thoughts, and reactions.
Why do two people infected by the same disease have different outcomes: one surviving and one
succumbing to the ailment? How are genetic diseases passed through family lines? Are there genetic
components to psychological disorders, such as depression or schizophrenia? To what extent might there
be a psychological basis to health conditions such as childhood obesity?
To e.
Chapter 3BiopsychologyFigure 3.1 Different brain imagi.docxketurahhazelhurst
Chapter 3
Biopsychology
Figure 3.1 Different brain imaging techniques provide scientists with insight into different aspects of how the human
brain functions. Left to right, PET scan (positron emission tomography), CT scan (computed tomography), and fMRI
(functional magnetic resonance imaging) are three types of scans. (credit “left”: modification of work by Health and
Human Services Department, National Institutes of Health; credit “center": modification of work by
"Aceofhearts1968"/Wikimedia Commons; credit “right”: modification of work by Kim J, Matthews NL, Park S.)
Chapter Outline
3.1 Human Genetics
3.2 Cells of the Nervous System
3.3 Parts of the Nervous System
3.4 The Brain and Spinal Cord
3.5 The Endocrine System
Introduction
Have you ever taken a device apart to find out how it works? Many of us have done so, whether to attempt
a repair or simply to satisfy our curiosity. A device’s internal workings are often distinct from its user
interface on the outside. For example, we don’t think about microchips and circuits when we turn up
the volume on a mobile phone; instead, we think about getting the volume just right. Similarly, the inner
workings of the human body are often distinct from the external expression of those workings. It is the
job of psychologists to find the connection between these—for example, to figure out how the firings of
millions of neurons become a thought.
This chapter strives to explain the biological mechanisms that underlie behavior. These physiological and
anatomical foundations are the basis for many areas of psychology. In this chapter, you will learn how
genetics influence both physiological and psychological traits. You will become familiar with the structure
and function of the nervous system. And, finally, you will learn how the nervous system interacts with the
endocrine system.
Chapter 3 | Biopsychology 73
3.1 Human Genetics
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Explain the basic principles of the theory of evolution by natural selection
• Describe the differences between genotype and phenotype
• Discuss how gene-environment interactions are critical for expression of physical and
psychological characteristics
Psychological researchers study genetics in order to better understand the biological basis that contributes
to certain behaviors. While all humans share certain biological mechanisms, we are each unique. And
while our bodies have many of the same parts—brains and hormones and cells with genetic codes—these
are expressed in a wide variety of behaviors, thoughts, and reactions.
Why do two people infected by the same disease have different outcomes: one surviving and one
succumbing to the ailment? How are genetic diseases passed through family lines? Are there genetic
components to psychological disorders, such as depression or schizophrenia? To what extent might there
be a psychological basis to health conditions such as childhood obesity?
To e ...
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
2. Mind The brain and its
activities,including
thought, emotion, and
behavior.
Nature The contributions
of heredity to our physical
structure and behaviors.
Nurture The contributions
of environmental factors
and experience to our
physical structure and
behaviors.
Psychology The scientific
study of behavior and
mental processes.
3. When we see a identical twins
we usually amaze over the
similarities..
But if we see scientifically
they share the same DNA
…then why they are are not
completely same.. Why one
gets obses one doesnot..one
gets cancer one not..??
Let us puzzle our minds and
try to solve and find the
reasons of difference.
4. We have the same set of
DNA in all the cells,yet
some becomes heart cells,
some liver cells, likewise
different kinds of cells are
formed.
The reason behind this is
that genes can be turned
on or off.
The genes which are not
turned off produce the
protein needed to built a
particular type of cell.
5. Genes can also be turned
off by environmental
factors like whether we
smoke or drink ,our stress
level,what we eat etc.
In mice, gene Agouti
produces yellow fur and
obesity when turned on
and brown fur and normal
weight when turned off.
If pregnant mother mice
eat food containing
bisphenol-A. The BPA
seems to have turned on
the agouti gene.
6. Thus, we can conclude that in case of identical
twins the difference between them as they
grow old is due to differences in their habits
which changes the way their genes are turned
on and off.
Genes are not just the puppets or blueprints.
Nor just the carriers of heredity.
They are active during life span,they respond to
the environment.
There are both cause and consequence of our
actions.
7. Researchers have known for a long time that
victims of bullies often, but not always,
develop serious emotional problems later in
childhood or adolescence.
Having a particular genetic profile involving
serotonin, one of the chemical messengers
8. As we know that each cell in our body except
blood cells and sperm or egg cell have two
comlpete copies of human genome,that contain
instructions for building a human body.
Your personnel set of instructions is called as
genotype which interacts with environment to
produce observable characteristic called
phenotype.
9. A single human can produce 2^23 (8,388,608)
different combinations of his or her
chromosome.
Inspite of this much potential variation , we
remain very similar to our genetic relatives.
Relatedness is defined as the probability that
two persons share copies of the same allele
from a common ancestor.
10. When factors other than genotype itself
produces changes in phenotype , its called as
epigenetic change.
The environment can determine if and when a
particular gene is active.
In one dramatic example it was observed that
the rats which were licked(similar to hug)by
their moms were calmer than the other rats
which were infrequently huged.
By licking their pups,these mothers have
influence the expression of gene that determine
responses to stress hormone.
11. The field of behavioural genetics attempts to
identify and understand the links between
genetics and behaviour.
Behavioral geneticists are less interested in
genes we share with other species than in those
that make us different from them.
Recent research points to difference between
humans and chimpanzee in a single gene ,the
Fox p2 that appears to have had a significant
effect on distinctly human behaviours including
spoken language.
12. Behavioral geneticists often speak in terms of
the heritability of a particular trait, or the
statistical likelihood that variations observed
across individuals in a population are due to
genetics.
Heritability is usually presented as a ratio of the
amount of variation observed in a population
due to genetics relative to the total amount of
variation due to both genetic and environmental
influences.
For example, genes are responsible for us
having hearts, but there is no individual
variation in the population in terms of the
presence of a heart—we all have one.
Consequently, the heritability of having a heart
is 0.0.
13. All variation in the population in terms of having or
not having a fatal neurological condition known as
Huntington’s disease is entirely due to genetics. If
you inherit a Huntington’s gene from one parent,
you will develop the condition, so the heritability of
Huntington’s is 1.0.
Heritability always refers to populations, not to
individuals.
Heritability cannot be assessed without taking the
environment into account some researchers
question the use of adoption studies for assessing
the relative influences of genetics and environment
on child development.
These studies compare adopted children to their
biological and adoptive parents in an effort to
assess the relative impact of heritability.
14. It is important to remember that genes encode for
proteins, not behaviors. Genes build proteins that
are used to construct brains, and brains may or may
not initiate the behavior of drinking alcohol.
15. The human genome is the product of millions of
years of evolution, defined by modern
biologists as “descent with modification from
a common ancestor.”
Charles Darwin proposed that species evolve or
change from one form to the next in an orderly
manner.
Gregor Mendel (1822–1884), who discovered
ways to outline and predict the inheritance of
particular traits, like the color of flowers, in his
research on pea plants (Mendel, 1866).
16. In addition to the process of natural selection
described by Darwin, evolution can result from
mutation, migration, and genetic drift.
Type B blood is virtually absent in
contemporary populations of Native Americans,
most likely due to chance (Halverson & Bolnick,
2008).
The handful of ancestors crossing the Bering
Strait 10,000 years ago appears to have
included no individuals with the Type B allele.
Adaptation can refer to either the process or
the result of change due to natural selection.
17. Although we can understand the advantages of
big, intelligent brains to survival, we do not
know why advances such as agriculture,
literacy, and urbanization have not been
accompanied by additional increases in brain
size.
Genes involved with brain development appear
to have changed as recently as 6,000 years ago.
IQ test scores have increased dramatically
worldwide over the last 100 years.
It is likely that environmental factors, including
nutrition and education, might account for the
improvement.
18. Behaviour can be adaptive but behaviour as a
phenotype is considerably more complex.
Behaviour is not an anatomical structure like a
wing or an eye.
In his Descent of Man, Darwin writes:
The difference in mind between man and the higher
animals, great as it is, certainly is one of degree
and not of kind. We have seen that the senses and
intuitions, the various emotions and faculties, such
as love, memory, attention, curiosity, imitation,
reason, etc., of which man boasts, may be found in
an incipient, or even sometimes in a well-
developed condition in lower animals.
19. A number of factors are believed to influence the
social behavior of any particular species, including
mating systems, the availability of resources such
as food, water, and shelter, the exposure to
predators, and competition.
In typical environments, individual animals are
likely to come into contact with others, leading to a
variety of possible interactions and outcomes.
In altruism, one individual sacrifices himself or
herself to benefit another individual.
A honeybee sting, which is suicidal behavior on the
part of the bee in an effort to protect its hive .
20. Charles Darwin himself was puzzled by the apparent
sacrifice of some individuals that led to the survival
of the group.
If altruism results in the destruction of the
individual with altruistic genes, why doesn’t this
behavior disappear?
In cases of reciprocal altruism, it is customary to
help another individual when you can reasonably
expect the other individual to return the favor at
some future date.
21. Sexual selection was Darwin’s term for the
development of traits that help an individual
compete for mates.
Genghis Khan may have been the most prolific
human male in history. His distinctive Y
chromosome has been identified in 16 million
living men, or 0.5% of the world’s current total.
Women have the ability to make very accurate
predictions of a man’s interest in children, simply
by looking at a photograph of his face.
22.
23. Sexual selection might occur in two ways. In
intrasexual selection (intra means “within”),
members of one gender compete with each
other for access to the other gender.
In intersexual selection (inter means
“between”), characteristics of one gender
that attract the other might become sexually
selected.
Evolutionary psychologists have argued that a
number of human traits might have been
subjected to sexual selection, including
humor and vocabulary.
24. According to the researchers, environmental
influences, such as peer attitudes and
exposure to “Dad’s humor,” may have
dominated the development of each woman’s
sense of humor.
Significant evidence points to a very
important role for humor in human mate
selection.
Men were interested in women who
appreciated, rather than produced, humor,
while women were interested in men who
made them laugh.
Women appear to signal their interest in a
man by laughing frequently ,whereas the
frequency of men’s laughter appears to be
unrelated to their judgment of a woman’s
attractiveness
25. Producing a good joke requires sophisticated
cognitive skills, creativity,and the ability to
see situations from more than one point of
view, qualities that signal the good
intellectual and social functioning preferred
by females.
According to evolutionary psychologists,
humor might be used by humans to attract
mates, because humor indicates intelligence.
26. The human mind has been shaped by its
history.
The evolutionary approach, suggests that
another type of compatibility is important
for relationships—a compatibility of genes
that contribute to the immune system.
A cluster of genes known as the major
histocompatibility complex (MHC) appears
to be subject to sexual selection.
27. A child with a heterozygous set of MHC genes
is better prepared to battle infections than is
a child with MHC genes that are similar to
one another.
As a result, our children are more likely to
survive if we select a mate that has a
different set of MHC genes than we do.
Short of asking potential mates to undergo
DNA testing,how are we supposed to
accomplish this?
Different configurations of the MHC genes
produce distinctive body odors that are
easily detected and distinguished from one
another.
28. When men and women were asked to rate
the pleasantness of the odors of T-shirts.
They preferred smells associated with MHC
genotypes that were different from their
own.
Gender did not play a role—smell preference
was not influenced by whether the T-shirt
wearer had been of the same or the opposite
gender as the perceiver.