This document discusses mental processes and learning theories. It begins by defining mental processes as what the human mind can naturally do, such as memory, emotion, perception, imagination, thinking, reasoning. It then covers two main approaches: the cognitive approach, which relates to learning and brain functions like memory and problem-solving, and the neurocognitive approach, which examines brain functions and mental processes. Specific learning theories covered include Piaget's stages of cognitive development and Vygotsky's sociocultural theory. Metacognition, or self-monitoring of one's own learning, is also discussed along with cognitive and metacognitive strategies to improve learning.